Business Finance and Economics

This document discusses the role of accounting in business finance and economics, emphasizing its significance in terms of reporting and decision-making. It also explores the major determinants that influence business performance and distinguishes between microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. Additionally, it provides an overview of the main financial statements and describes the structure and terms included in each. The document concludes with a calculation and interpretation of various financial ratios for XYZ Plc for the years 2019 and 2020.

Business Finance and Economics

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Main Body.......................................................................................................................................3
Outline the major determinants that influence business performance as well as
distinguish whether they are microeconomic or macroeconomic. Discussion on the economic
factors which influence an organization's competitive environment:..........................................3
Explain role of the accounting in an organization and emphasize its significance in terms of
reporting as well as decision-making:.........................................................................................5
Differentiate from the main financial statements as well as describe the structure and terms
included in each:..........................................................................................................................6
Calculate and interpret the following ratios for XYZ Plc for the years ended March 31 2019
and 2020, respectively:................................................................................................................7
Define the management accounting and explain why it is vital for organizational planning,
monitoring, and decision-making:...............................................................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11

Introduction
Business finance known as the corporate finance in business world, relates to allocating
capital, developing economic forecasts, evaluating equity as well as debt funding options, and
performing other operations within the company (Melé, Rosanas and Fontrodona, 2017). Small
companies, on the whole, do not have large finance team, but these roles may be present in the
organization. The study covers different tasks covering multiple aspects of business finance like
role of accounting, micro and macro factors affecting business environment, ratio analysis as
well as through discussion on concept of management accounting.
Main Body
Outline the major determinants that influence business performance as well as
distinguish whether they are microeconomic or macroeconomic. Discussion on the
economic factors which influence an organization's competitive environment:
In external business environment, there're two types of components: micro as well as macro.
These external forces are beyond businesses' power, but they do have an impact on decisions
taken while developing a tactical business model.
Factors in the Microenvironment
Suppliers: If suppliers have power, they will influence the company's performance.
When supplier is the sole or main distributor to their products; the customer is not critical
to supplier's operation; and supplier's inventory is an integral part of purchaser's end product
and business, supplier possesses control.
Resellers: Whether a company's product is sold by third-party resellers or industry intermediaries
like retailers, wholesalers, including distributors, those resellers have an effect on the company 's
business performance. If retail vendor has a good reputation, for instance, this could be used to
advertise the product.
Customers: How business sell their items / products/services to them will be heavily influenced
by who are their customers (B2B or Business to customer, regional or foreign, etc.) as well
as their motives for purchasing the product (Pendley, 2018).
The competition: The business competition consists of those that offer the same or even similar
goods and services as corporation, as well as the manner they sell must be considered. What

influence do price differences and products differentiation have on business? How
does business use this to improve your performance and also get ahead of competition?
The public at large: company has a responsibility to the general public. Every action taken by the
organization must be seen through the eyes of general public as well as how it affects them. The
general populace has the ability to assist business in achieving thier objectives as well as to
discourage from doing so.
Macro Environment Factors
Demographic forces: Popular demographic forces, such as country/region; age group; ethnicity;
educational attainment; family lifestyle; cultural factors and trends, all have an effect on different
consumer segments.
Economic: factors Both organization's efficiency and the customer's decision-making processes
are affected by the economic climate.
Natural/physical forces: This is essential to consider the Earth's regeneration of environmental
resource base like trees, farm commodities, marine products, and so on. Traditional non -
renewable resources including such oil, coals, minerals, and others can also have an effect on the
organization's production.
Technological factors: The expertise and experience used in manufacturing, as well as the
technologies and materials used for production of goods and services, may all have an effect on
the corporation's smooth operation and should be taken into account.
Political and regulatory forces: When making marketing decisions, that's crucial to keep in mind
the organization's and marketplaces' political and legal changes (Fields, 2016).
Social and cultural forces: Social as well as cultural influence of the goods and services company
brings to marketplace should be addressed. To demonstrate that the company is socially
responsible, all aspects of the manufacturing process or products lines which are detrimental to
societies should be removed. The environment is recent instance of this, with many industries
being compelled to rethink their products/services in attempt to become environmentally
sustainable.
Environmental factors like micro as well as macro variables have a direct effect on the
performance of marketing campaigns, so they must be carefully considered during development
of strategic marketing strategy. These considerations would boost the long-term effectiveness of
your company's marketing strategy as well as the brand's credibility.

Explain role of the accounting in an organization and emphasize its significance in terms of
reporting as well as decision-making:
Accounting assists a company in achieving its goals and objectives by collecting, arranging, and
sharing data about its operations. As a result, it is important in today's business world. Apart
from accounting, the position of individual accountant or reporting professionals in modern
organization is critical because this employee, or division, is responsible for two different
accounting concepts: financial accounting and the managerial accounting. Recognizing what
such 2 categories of accounting would help to clarify and justify role of accounting in today's
world (Hertz and Friedman, 2015).
Accounting's goal is to offer financial reports to the corporation's stakeholders: management,
customers, and lenders. Accounting tracks and describes the corporation 's activities and reports
the findings to executives and other stakeholder groups.
Management teams need reliable and timely accounting data in order to make informed
decisions, and accounting professionals provide this data. As the accounting phase gathers data
and describes it in variety of reports, accounting professionals assist in interpreting the reports'
implications and suggesting ways to use information to solve enterprise issues.
Management as well as fiscal accounting are the two types of accounting. Accounting reports
about how well company is going, whereas management accounting assists in its operation.
Importance with respect to both reporting and decision-making:
Accurate data regarding the corporation 's assets, liabilities, income, and cash position is required
to run a corporation. Accounting is the source of this vital data. Accounting is important in
determining the feasibility of investments made. An investment's adequate consideration
necessitates a thorough examination of expenses and estimates of expected potential cash flows
Some conditions must, be achieved such as identifying barriers to returns on investment.
Consider problem that many managers face when deciding whether to build a new factory or
extend existing ones. Investing $1 million in new manufacturing facility or spending $300,000 to
extend production line could be an option. Each option would have distinct cash outflows
in beginning and distinct cash inflows in future. The return on the investment for each strategy
would be distinct. So, which of the two should management pick? The company's accounting
professionals will examine the numbers with each investment, measure rate of return, and report
their results to management (Galarza, 2017). This is situation in which accounting procedures

generate the necessary financial data for management to take informed decisions They must also
investigate different financing options for these investments. Relevant facts and data should
always be used to support decisions.
Differentiate from the main financial statements as well as describe the structure and terms
included in each:
Balance sheet or the statement of financial position, income statement, cash flows statement, as
well as statement of changes in shareholders' equity are the four fundamental financial
statements used by an organization. Balance sheet is an overview of an organization at a certain
point in time. On a given date, it lists entity's assets, different liabilities, and, in case of a
company, stockholders' equity.
Income statement summarizes a corporation's sales, earnings, costs, losses, and net incomes or
loss over a given time span. This statement resembles moving picture of corporation's activities
over the course of this time span. During a given timeframe, the cash flows statement outlines an
entity's cash collections and cash pay-outs related to its working, spending, and funding
activities. The start of the time equity of enterprise is reconciled with ending balance in statement
showing changes in shareholders' equity or the stockholders' equity (Fabozzi, 2016).
Elements of Financial Statement:
Assets are the probable outcome economic benefits that a single individual will receive or
manage as a consequence of previous transactions or events.
Comprehensive income is shift in a corporation's equity (overall net assets) over time as a result
of sales as well as certain non-owner occurrences and situations. Except for changes in equity
arising from owner contributions and dividends to owners, this covers all improvements in equity
over a timeframe.
Distributions to company owners are reductions in a company's net assets as result of selling
assets, rendering facilities, or levying liabilities to the company's owners. Ownership stake or
equity in company is reduced as a result of dividends to owners.
After subtracting a corporation's liabilities, equity is remaining interest in assets. Ownership
interest in corporate company is referred to as equity.
Expenses implies outflows or other utilizes of assets or occurring of liabilities resulting
from entity's continuing main or core activity, such as shipping or processing products, rendering
facilities, or carry out some other operations.

Gains are improvements in equity or overall net assets resulting from entity's incidental
transactions including other transactions, activities, and situations affecting the organization over
time, except those resulting from sales or investments made by owner.
Owner investments constitute improvements in a company's net assets as result of transferring
something of values to this from other individuals in order to acquire or raise
ownerships interests (or capital appreciation) in it.
Liabilities are expected potential economic losses resulting from a company's current
commitments to transfer business assets or to offer services to some other companies in future
as consequence of previous transactions or activities.
Losses are reductions in a corporation's capital (net assets) resulting from
peripherals transactions, and most other transactions, activities, and circumstances impacting the
entity over a period, excluding those resulting from expenditures or allocations to shareholders.
Revenues implies inflows or other improvements of entity's assets or disposal of liabilities (or a
mixture of both) over a time resulting from the delivery or production of products, providing
facilities, or other events that comprise entity's ongoing main or core operations (McLaney and
Atrill, 2016).
Calculate and interpret the following ratios for XYZ Plc for the years ended March 31 2019 and
2020, respectively:
 ROSF (Return on Ordinary Shareholder’s Funds):
Return on Ordinary Shareholder’s Funds 2019 2020
Net Income 167 12
Ordinary shareholder's fund 675 645
Return on Ordinary Shareholder’s Funds = Net Income /
Return on ordinary shareholder fund * 100
24.74 1.86
Analysis shows that ROSF of company has been declined from 24.74 % (year 2019) to
1.86 % (year 2020). This decline in ratio shows that business’s efficiency to provide
return upon equity employed by their shareholders has been majorly declined.
 ROCE (Return on Capital Employed):
Return on capital employed 2019 2020

EBIT 240 35
Capital Employed 925 995
Return on capital employed = EBIT / Capital Employed * 100 25.94 3.52
Working:
Capital Employed 2019 2020
Total Assets 1115 1290
Less: Current Liabilities 190 295
925 995
Analysis of ROCE of company shows that Company’s ROCE for 2019 was 25.94 %
which has been declined heavily and reached to 3.52% reflecting declining downward trend in
ratio. This decline in ratio implies that business’s overall efficiency to generate profits on overall
capital employed has been drooped (Loughran and McDonald, 2016).
 Operating Profit Margin:
Operating Profit Margin 2019 2020
Operating Profit 240 35
Sales 2500 2750
Operating Profit Margin = Operating Profit / Sales * 100 9.6 1.272727
Operating margin of company was 9.6% for 2019 which has been declined to 1.27 in year
2020 implying decremental trend in ratio. This decrement in ratio shows that company’s
operational effectiveness to generate profits has been dropped over the said period,
 Current Ratio:
Current Ratio 2019 2020
Current Assets 595 690
Current Liabilities 190 295
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities 3.131579 2.338983
Current ratio of company is above one in both years. However, company’s current ratio
has been decreased from 3.13 to 2.34 with minor decline. This declining trend in ration shows
that corporation’s short-range liquidity position has been decreased.
 EPS (Earnings Per Share)

EPS 2019 2020
Net Profit 167 12
Ordinary number of shares outstanding 800 800
EPS = Net Profit / Ordinary number of shares outstanding 0.20875 0.015
EPS of company also decreased from 0.2087 in year 2019 to 0.015 in year 2020 implying
declining trend. This decline in ratio exhibits that business’s effectiveness to provide profit on
each of the share issued by company.
Overall analysis shows that business total financial performance has been declined as
there is decline in profitability position as well as short term liquidity position of company.
Define the management accounting and explain why it is vital for organizational planning,
monitoring, and decision-making:
The presentation of financial as well as non-fiscal decision-making information to executives is
known as the management accounting. Under the management accounting managers incorporate
accounting data to effectively understand themselves prior to actually making decisions in their
organisations, allowing them to monitor and govern more effectively. Management accounting
practices is the branch of accounting which assists administrators in taking key decisions by
supplying financial information. MA is key subset of accounting. This is a cutting-edge,
theoretical accounting breakthrough. Accounting process for efficient management is known as
the management accounting. It facilitates management in carrying out all of its responsibilities,
such as planning, coordinating, managing, directing, and controlling. In other terms, MA is the
branch of accounting which offers economic as well as financial data to managers as well as
other inner users (Popovic, Ugirnovic and Tomasevic, 2015). In this regard following is decision
about why MA practices are vital for planning, control and decision- making within an
enterprise, as follows:
Decision Making: Decision Making: Perception being rarely used to make good decisions.
Consistently successful decisions are the product of careful information gathering and
assessment. Managerial accounting includes the information necessary to make informed
decisions. Planning, guiding, and managing are three interconnected business procedures that can
be used to characterize managerial decisions. Development of business values is the result of
proper implementation of all of these operations. Failure to prepare, steer, or monitor, on the
other hand, is a disaster waiting to happen.

The core concept is that (1) good decisions resulting in value proposition, (2) decisions should
happen across a continuum of planning, guiding, and regulating operations, and (3) quality
decisions making could only be reliably achieved through knowledge reliance.
Planning: A company must prepare for its success. What is the concept of planning? It's all about
agreeing on course of actions to achieve a specific goal. All stages of planning are required.
First, it happens at the very top of setting key strategy hierarchy. It then goes on to more broad-
based discussion of how to find the best “position” to increase the likelihood of achieving goals.
Eventually, planning must take into account fiscal realities/constraints as well as expected
monetary results (budgets). A company enterprise may be formed of a large number of people.
Such individuals should be brought together to function in unison.
It's crucial that they communicate and comprehend the church's plans. In nutshell, "everyone
must be on same page." As a result, consistent communication is critical.
Monitoring: There are lot of positive plans which never come to fruition. A plan's realization
necessitates the start and course of various acts. These acts must frequently be well-
coordinated and scheduled. Resources should be, available and approvals has to be within order
to allow people to carry out the plan. The managerial accountant, plays a critical role in putting
business strategies into motion. To enable management to manoeuvre the company, information
structures must be created. Management should be confident that stock will be accessible when
required that efficient resources (individuals and industrial equipment) will be accessible when
necessary and also that transportations networks will be accessible to produce production, among
other things. In addition, administration must be prepared to show that contracts and legislation
are being followed. These are difficult tasks that can only be accomplished with the help of good
information tools offered by management accounting professionals (Macve, 2015).
Conclusion
Form above study this has been articulated that Every company has bottom line that
stems from organization's objectives. Company can define fiscal targets and decide what
performance looks like in terms of bottom line through using the business finance. Financial
targets tell about approaching sustainability or whether company is stuck in a rut despite best
efforts.

References
Books and Journals:
Melé, D., Rosanas, J.M. and Fontrodona, J., 2017. Ethics in finance and accounting: Editorial
introduction. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(4), pp.609-613.
Pendley, J.A., 2018. Finance and accounting professionals and cybersecurity awareness. Journal
of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 29(1), pp.53-58.
Fields, E., 2016. The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. Amacom.
Hertz, S. and Friedman, H.H., 2015. Why Spirituality Belongs in the Finance and Accounting
Curricula. Journal of Accounting & Finance (2158-3625), 15(5).
Galarza, M., 2017. The changing nature of accounting. Strategic Finance, 98(8), p.50.
Fabozzi, F.J., 2016. Entrepreneurial Finance and Accounting for High-Tech Companies. MIT
Press.
McLaney, E. and Atrill, P., 2016. Accounting and finance: an introduction. Prentice Hill.
Loughran, T. and McDonald, B., 2016. Textual analysis in accounting and finance: A
survey. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(4), pp.1187-1230.
Macve, R.H., 2015. Fair value vs conservatism? Aspects of the history of accounting, auditing,
business and finance from ancient Mesopotamia to modern China. The British
Accounting Review, 47(2), pp.124-141.
Popovic, S., Ugirnovic, M. and Tomasevic, S., 2015. Management of agricultural enterprises by
means of fair financial reporting in accordance with international standards of the
finance and accounting reporting. Communications in Dependability and Quality
Management, 18(3), pp.24-30.