Business Finance

This report covers topics such as cash budgeting, accounting equation, benefits of having a firm registered with the securities, stakeholders in a large listed company, and the difference between profit and cash. The report focuses on Marks and Spencer, a UK-based retailer dealing in home, food, and clothing items.

Business Finance

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Develop a three-month cash budget for the fiscal year that ends on 31 March, 2021...........3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
With help of examples, define Accounting equation.............................................................5
What are the benefits of having a firm registered with the securities?..................................5
Who are the stakeholders in a large listed company like Marks and Spencer?......................7
Are profits an appropriate metric for displaying cash balances? Make a distinction between
profit and cash........................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Accounting addresses the strategy for recording all of the money related trades associated
with the business. There are two parts of this cycle. Introductory one is on cash premise in which
simply those things are given importance that have happened in real form of money. The other is
accrual basis. In this system, the firm records all the methodology of the firm whether they are
on cash or credit. It keeps track on all of the advantages, expenses and hardships close by the
assets and liabilities (Bello, Halim and Alshuabi, 2018). In this report, the association picked in
this report is Marks and Spencer. It is a UK based retailer overseeing in home, food and dress
things. The report is into two areas. First part recognizes the things of money spending plan by
recording the exchange it. The resulting part gives explanation of bookkeeping condition close
by its working. It moreover finds the partners of given association and checks regardless of
whether an advantage is a trustworthy indication of cash close by its qualification.
TASK 1
Develop a three-month cash budget for the fiscal year that ends on 31 March, 2021.
It is a statement prepared by an entity to predict all potential cash inflows and outflows at
a certain moment. It only records the portions that might happen in real currency, and always
around the time when it will exist in future money (Fu and et.al., 2020).
Cash Budget for the year ending on March 31
Particulars January (£) February( £) March (£)
Receipts
Capital 10000
Cash receipts from sales 1260 960 885
Receipts from credit sales 2940 2240
Total cash receipts (A) 1126000 3900 312500
Payments
Purchase of computer 720

Motor Vehicle 3200
Purchases 2800 1500 1750
Electricity 285
Telephone costs 120 120 120
Fuel costs 65 65 65
Drawings 800
Total cash payments (B) 7705 16850 2220
Net Receipts (A-B) 3555 2215 905
Balance brought forward 3555 5770
Balance carried forward 3555 5770 6675
Working Notes:
As per the statement, 30% of total sales are made with cash, while the remainder 70% are made
on credit. The accounts receivable will arrive in the following month.
 January:
Sales = £4200
Cash = 4200 * 30% = £ 1260
Credit = 4200 * 70% = £ 2940 (will be received in February)
 February:
Sales = £ 3200
Cash = 3200 * 30% = £ 960
Credit = 3200 * 70% = £ 2240 (will be received in March)
 March:
Sales = £ 2950
Cash = 2950 * 30% = £ 885
Credit = 2950 * 70% = £ 2065

TASK 2
With help of examples, define Accounting equation.
The 2 different techniques are used in accountancy. It signifies that perhaps the financial
actions that ought to be performed out require cash which are funded to the company through
someone. The resources could also be transferred by those who are not the corporation's
proprietor (Josh Bauerle, 2018). Liabilities refer to the money borrowed in the construction of
these resources, which must be repaid by the company. As a result, the formula could now be
written as:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
It shows that the sum value of assets has always been equivalent towards the entire value of
obligations and equity. These variables vary as a function of company financial transactions, and
the resources will be equivalent to the obligation and current ownership based on the change.
For instance, Gracy, put £ 200000 into his firm. It also purchased a computer for workplace use
with the lending for £ 5000.
Assets Capital +
Liabilities
1 200000 200000
2 5000 5000
Total 205000 205000
The equity of £ 200000 is initiated during first payment, bringing the money and investment
accounting equations into balance. However, within next operation, Gracy acquired computer on
debt for workplace usage, which boosted its asset while also increasing its liabilities relating to
credit purchase.
What are the benefits of having a firm registered with the securities?
The corporation can trade publicly after being listed on the securities markets. By increasing the
organization ’s operational and goodwill, it is possible to raise cash (Li, Goodell and Shen,
2021). It also allows investors to keep track of the borrower's performance in a positive way.

The advantages of becoming registered on a stock market include:
Access to cash for growth: One of the most major impediments to a company's growth is a lack
of adequate money. Organizations listed company, on either hand, can surely raise funds by
selling more shares to external shareholders. The funds raised will be used to further the
company's expansion.
Disclosure: Each country's financial market is overseen by a public administration, such as with
the London Stock Exchange with in United Kingdom. This market operates according to its
regulations, as well as the entities in charge of trading stocks, market transparency, and
shareholder authorisation. This means whenever a fiscal contributor invests in the stock
exchange, the governing bodies guarantee both their money and its entitlements (Liang and
Renneboog, 2021). This protects them against any wrongful actions taken by the organisation to
which they have paid. This increases the security of the initiatives and assured of the confidence
and assurance that no calamities would occur.
Flexibility: The marketplace is challenging for a novice in the capital market, as well as the
chances of risks must be limited. They must invest in conservative equities in order to achieve
this. Here is where the stock markets can assist the investor. It allows them to be more adaptable
with their estimations. These small investments should be able to make by investing in low- and
medium enterprises. Stock do not require a large original investment. Another advantage of
buying stocks immediately is that it can be purchased as per the choice of the investor; not any
individual is obligated to give a set amount every month.
Liquidity: Stocks are considered unstable assets so they can get converted to cash quickly and
also have a substantial percentage of purchasers at any given time. Not all resources are of the
same nature; some, such as land and buildings, are difficult to sell. To see such a benefit from the
assumption, it could take quite a long time. Shares, on either hand, make it significantly less
complicated. If the regular number of trades is significant, it can be assumed that there are a
number of buyers and sellers for such particular investment (Liu, 2019). Because the loop will
never cease, the liquidity of a capital market is among the most significant benefit for financial
supporters.
Collateral Value of Securities: Banks recognise recorded safeguards as safety for credit
operations and accept them as deposit. A publicly traded company is also qualified to obtain
financial institutions successfully since capital banks value it highly. Furthermore, such a

government can elect to raise extra funds from the people through the elevated recent problem
marketplace. As a result, it is still another benefit of publishing.
Increased Exposure: Companies that are listed on the stock exchange have more transparency
over others. Financial investors are also more interested in investing in registered groups. If more
individuals donate more money, the organisation grows (Mahapatra, Raveendran and De, 2018).
Who are the stakeholders in a large listed company like Marks and Spencer?
Stakeholders are any group or individuals who can affect or are influenced by the achievement of
the organization's goals. It defines partners as any person, organisation, or government that can
make a case for its consideration, assets, or yield, or who are influenced by that output. Workers,
customers, market and investment investors, suppliers, communities, and governments are all
collaborators for Marks and Spencer. Some of these associates are on the inside, while others are
on the outside. They are interested in the firm because they would invest their own money in it,
and if the business loses money, they will as well. They will also receive any benefits that the
company generates, thus if the company generates greater cash flow, so will the owners
(Meiryani and et.al., 2021). There are numerous types of proprietorship, such as sole traders,
organisations, group proprietors, or the government, but all of these types of proprietors have the
same goal in mind: to succeed as a business. Businessmen are the colleagues who have the most
influence on the company because they have a say in everything that has to do with it.
1. Customers: Customers are important partners for Marks & Spencer because they are the
ones who buy the company's products. Consumers will require excellent things and offers
with a wide range of options and choices at a reasonable price. Marks and Spencer
monitors the evolution of their products through deals, and they may predict client wants
based on deal data. They can reach out to customers, lead evaluations to uncover client
demands and preferences, and provide feedback to customers via their Retail Customer
Support.
2. Providers: Suppliers are organisations which provide goods or unprocessed components
to a company. Marks and Spencer's suppliers are located all over the world, and they
want solid agreements as well as reasonable prices for their goods and services (Novak,
2021). The influence of suppliers is determined by their aggregate size and the number of
providers available.

3. Shareholders: These are groups or individuals that have invested in the company by
purchasing shares or injecting cash into the company during a difficult period. They are
committed to the company's growth and to ensuring that the company generates profits. If
things aren't going well, investors will put pressure on the board of directors to adjust
their strategies in order to stay relevant (Rotaru, 2019). As a way of keeping stakeholders
informed, Marks and Spencer holds yearly normal gathering, events and parties with
institution financial investors, and SRI information and data requests.
4. Local communities: It provides a client base for sales. They have the power to decide
whether a store should be located nearby or otherwise, but when they're not properly
trained, they can tarnish the company's brand. Marks and Spencer maintains a strong
relationship with the community through tours and conferences, cooperative projects, and
associate gatherings, among many other things.
5. Government: It establishes laws and guidelines that govern trading as well as how Marks
and Spencer must operate and manage its employees. They ensure that the organisation
complies with all applicable laws, including the firm's acts, well-being and safety
programmes, and various customs. The government also assures that the company can
create additional work opportunities for residents and owes taxation (Scott, 2019). Marks
and Spencer organises talks with government officials, speaks with trade bodies, hosts
partner talks, and responds to media.
6. Employees: Representatives have an effect on business operations at Marks and Spencer
since they attend workplace gatherings where they can express their opinions. If any
reasonable idea is expressed, the management and development groups may put it into
action. In this way, the agent has some influence in the company. These collaborate with
worker's organisations to fulfil various representative requests; both desire a higher
income and suitable conditions of employment.

Are profits an appropriate metric for displaying cash balances? Make a distinction between profit
and cash.
No, profits are not a good predictor of the cash position. The term "cash" refers to the amount of
money held in physical form by an organisation and kept in a bank. It comes to the firm in the
form of finances, transactions, and revenues, and it goes away in the form of costs, purchases,
and payments. When a significant number of things happen or are acknowledged in cash, they
are related with money. Profits, on the other hand, are not based on money. The benefit of the
accumulation framework is independent of whether or not the events took place in actual money.
It simply indicates how an exchange should be associated with a specific time period and should
be recorded in records (Webb, 2018). The sections that are associated with cash but are not
accounted for in cash are also accounted for in it.
Gains are equal to paying short costs, as represented by numerical articulation. In any event, it is
impossible to say whether or not these expenses and salaries have happened in the true financial
sector. As a result, business profits are unquestionably not a reliable indicator of cash holdings.
This means that while a company may appear to have a high level of profits, it may not have a
large amount of cash assets. This is only due to the concept of benefits, which includes non-cash
exchanges.
Distinction among profit and cash
1. Profit includes both money and non-monetary items, whereas cash only includes portions that
have transpired in cash.
2. The money balance refers to the amount of money retained by a company after it has paid and
received money through various transactions such as contributing, working, and financing.
Benefits, on the other hand, are limited to work-related activities.
3. Earnings do not reflect a company's true liquidity; nevertheless, cash reflects and presents a
company's cash property and aids in determining its true situation.
Overall, it can be concluded that a business cannot rely solely on its net profit; instead, it
must give equal weight to its revenue. Ignoring this viewpoint might cause a lot of problems in
the workplace.

CONCLUSION
According to the preceding study, the double pass architecture has properly dealt with the record
of a relatively large number of monetary items. It aids organisations in separating the two-way
aspects of their entries. The cash budget created using this methodology aids in determining
which transactions can be included and which cannot. The table of offers assists a company in
arranging its resources from the general public and stakeholders, as well as analysing the
company's financial status. This is because the listed firms must file their financial reports with
stock exchange and reveal all relevant data. It is also clear that money and advantages are not
synonymous. Both of these concepts have important differences, one of which is the reporting of
non-cash transactions in the income statement.

REFERENCES
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