Business Law and Ethics: Breach of Contract and Remedies, Ethical Issues at Union Carbide
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This document discusses the concepts of breach of contract and remedies in business law, along with a case study of the Bhopal gas tragedy at Union Carbide. It explores the legal obligations, rights, and consequences in contractual relationships, as well as the ethical issues surrounding the incident.
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3 PART 1............................................................................................................................................3 Breach of contractual relationships and remedies.......................................................................3 PART 2............................................................................................................................................6 Ethical issues at Union Carbide..................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION Business law provides the minimum standards of the behaviour which is expected by the companies and businesses to follow in order to work legally. Business ethics can be referred to as the study of the appropriate policies and practices of business in context to controversial subjects like corporate governance, bribery, discrimination, fiduciary relationship and corporate social responsibility(Halbert and Ingulli, 2020). The businesses are regulated by the laws like contract law, companies Act, employment law and many other. The contract law is a branch of civil law which regulate the rights, obligations, conduct and relation of the parties who have entered into a valid contract. The general contract law is based on conception which generally the parties have by the agreement which creates legal obligations and rights. It is personal in nature and is enforceable by the law only by the action of the party who is aggrieved by the breach of contract.This report shall deal with the case scenario on breach of contractual relationships and remedies and a case study of Bhopal gas tragedy. PART 1 Breach of contractual relationships and remedies. Contract law regulates the conduct, relations, obligations and rights of the parties who have entered into a legally binding contract. An agreement which is either written or oral and concerns with the sales, employment or tenancy and is enforceable by the law is called a contract. The contract law provides the essentials of the valid contract which involves an offer by one party, the acceptance by the other party, a considerationis involved in the contract and the parties have an intention to create a legal relations(Roessing and El-Jourbagy, 2018). In order to enforce the contract and create a binding effect on it, it is necessary that the contract must fulfil the essential requirements of it. Earlier, before the case ofBalfour v. Balfour, the intention to create a legal relations was not an essential requirement but in this case, Denning J held that when an agreement is made which is commercial in nature, a presumption is raised by the law that the parties have intention to create a legal relation. So this is also one of the important essential requirement of a valid contract. In this case, Raymond runs a consultancy firm which specialises in taxation advice and also works on part time basis in a firm of accountants. Raymond entered into a contract with Samantha who is a struggling artist and agreed to draft the business accounts for her for the past
three years. The consideration fixed by them wasยฃ800. when the work was completed by Raymond, Samantha told him that she could only afford to pay ยฃ200. A bitter argument broke between them and Raymond reluctantly accepted ยฃ200 as full and final settlement. After few time, Samantha's painting was sold in ยฃ20000 and Raymond saw it in newspaper and wishes to claim the remaining balance. In this case scenario, the parties have entered into a valid contract as the essentials of the valid contract is fulfilled. There was an offer by one party and the acceptance by the other party. The consideration of ยฃ800 is also fixed by the parties and they both have the intention to create the legal relations. The law of contract provides various remedies in case any party breaches the valid legal contract. In such a case, an aggrieved party may claim the remedy which the contract law offers. There are many remedies which the law provides which includes firstly thedamages. It is an award of the money which is given to the innocent party as a compensation. The main purpose of this is to place the aggrieved party into the position which would have been if the contract was performed. Another remedy isrepudiationwhich involves ending the contract. Third remedy is rescissionwhich involves placing the party in the pre contractual position. It can be awarded when the vitiating factor is present in the contract like undue influence, fraud misrepresentation, etc. Another remedy isspecific performance of contractwhich involves order from the court to perform the contractual obligations(Dove and Bryant, 2019). In the present case scenario, Raymond can claim the remedy of damages or specific performance of contract. Raymond had performed its contractual obligation and Samantha had refused to provide the full consideration so he is entitled to claim any of the two remedies. In this case scenario, if Samantha had paid ยฃ200 before three weeks when the debt become due, the situation would have been different. In such a circumstance, there would have been a counter offer by Samantha that she would only pay the consideration of ยฃ200. counter offers are such offer which destruct the original offer and works as new offer and not acceptance to the original offer. In the case ofHyde v. Wrench, the court held that counter offer destroys the original offer and it is not open for the offeree to accept it. Raymond would have an option to either accept the counter offer or reject it. If he would have accepted the counter offer, there would not have been any issue and consideration shall be fixed of ยฃ200 and if he would have
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rejected it, there would have been no valid contract between the parties. So if Samantha had earlier offered to pay ยฃ200, the situation would have been different. In this present case study, if Raymond had requested Samantha to pay ยฃ400 as full and final settlement, then the situation would have been different. If Raymond had requested for the consideration of ยฃ400 , there would have been a counter offer.The original offer was made by Raymond for which the consideration was fixed as ยฃ800. but now when Samantha had offered to pay only ยฃ200as full and final settlement then Raymond if requests to pay ยฃ400, it would constitute a counter offer and it would be left for Samantha to either accept it or reject it. If she accepts the counter offer, the contractual obligation would have been fulfilled and if she would have rejected it, Raymond would been entitled to claim remedy as the original offer was for the consideration ofยฃ800 and not any other amount. In the case scenario, if Raymond wishes to claim the remaining balance of ยฃ600, the situation would have been different. As Raymond had reluctantly accepted the counter offer of Samantha to receive only ยฃ200 as full and final settlement, the doctrine of promissory estoppel shall apply. It is a equitable doctrine which stops the person from going back to the promise. It was developed by Denning J in the case ofCentral London Property Trust v. High Trees House where he opined that if the party accepts the smaller sum in discharge of the larger sum, then if acted upon, it would have the binding effect, notwithstanding the absence of the consideration (Clarkson and Miller, 2020). So in the current case, if Raymond wishes to claim the remaining balance of ยฃ600, then this doctrine shall apply and Samantha shall not be entitled to pay any amount to Raymond. But seeing this from the perspective of Raymond, the doctrine of promissory estoppel shall have no relevance and shall not be applied to the present case scenario. In the case ofD & C Builders v. Rees, the court held that the defendant shall not rely on the doctrine as there is no true agreement between them and the defendant had taken advantage of the claimant's position and mislead her financial position(MCLAUGHLIN, 2018). So in this case also, Samantha had also mislead her financial position to Raymond and did not pay full consideration so now when he wishes to claim the remaining balance, Samantha must be entitled to pay the remaining balance of ยฃ600 as the doctrine of promissory estoppel shall not apply and she has adequate money to pay Raymond for the fulfilment of valid contractual obligation.
PART 2 Ethical issues at Union Carbide. Background The incident of the Bhopal gas tragedy is one of the worst commercial disaster in the industrial sector. It is often described as the low probability and high consequence accident. On 3rdDecember 1984, a high toxic cloud of the MIC gas (Methyl Isocyanate) busted from the pesticide plant, known as Union Carbide. At the time of incident, around 800,000 people were living in the city of Bhopal and as the consequence of such incident, 2000 people died immediately and around 300,000 people were permanently disabled and injured. Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) was the 50.9% subsidiary company of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). The organisation Union Carbide India Limited was fully operated by the Indian labour and was founded in Bhopal. Originally, the UCIL plant was arranged in Bombay but the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh arranged to make the transfer of UCIL from Bombay to the city of Bhopal in 1969 and its actual production began in the year 1979(Beatty, Samuelson and Abril, 2018). The company use to manufacture the Sevin pesticide which was manufactured by importing Sevin Technical Concentrate from United States of America and the work of processing was done in Bhopal. The profits of the company was low as the competition was quite high. Due to low demand, the company was expected to produce the 2000 tons of carbaryl but was manufacturing low due to decreasing demand. Moreover, within the time frame of four years, around 30 metric tons of MIC gas was leaked out of the UCIL plant. Warning bell before disaster In the year 1969, when the UCIL plant was producing Sevin using the Methyl Isocyanate as the intermediate, the trade unions began to complain about the pollution within the plant in the year 1976. after few years, one of the worker accidently inhaled the toxic phosgene gas in large amount which resulted in his death after few hours. After the incident, one of the journalist began the investigation and also published its findings in the newspaper by alarming people about the volcano. Then just before two years of Bhopal gas disaster, approximately 45 workers were exposed to phosgene and were admitted to hospital. Between 1983 and 1984, there were leaks of carbon tetrachloride, methyl isocyanate, mono methylamine and phosgene. How did the leak happened
The company Union CarbideIndia Limited had three 68000 litre liquid storage tank of MIC which are E610, E611 and E619. Before the tragedy took place, the production of MIC was in production and was also being filled into the tanks. It was said that no tank must be filled more than its 50% capacity and tanks were pressurised with the nitrogen gas. This gas pressurization allowed the liquid MIC to get pumped out of the tanks.The rules stated that tanks must not be filled more than the 30 tonnes of the liquid MIC but this tank had around 42 tonnes. The failure resulted in halted of the MIC production and the plant was partly shut for the maintenance. Again on 1sr December, an attempt was made to make the tanks functional but the attempt failed. Also the MIC related safety systems of the plant were malfunctioning and as per the reports, on the eve of 2ndDecember, the water entered the malfunctioning tank which resulted in chemicalreactionandthepressureinthetankincreasedbyfivetimesbythenight (Ghahramani, 2018). By the mid night, the effects of MIC were felt by the workers who were near MIC area. Immediate decision was taken to address the leak but till that time the chemical reaction was reached a critical state in the tank. Around 30 tonnes of the MIC escaped from tank and went into the atmosphere in an hour. Causes of release The causes of the release of the MIC is classified into three errors which are system, hard and human errors. These are discussed below- Hard errors- A slip band is required near the valve to lose the rest of the system when the washing of the pipelines was done. In order to ensure the safe working environment, a piping or the maintaining equipment must be isolated. Due to absence of this, the workers while washing the pipeline accidently entered the water into the MIC tank. As the water was entered, it reacted with the generated hydrochloric acid and phosgene and the high temperature and other factors helped in speeding up the reaction. No worker was aware that there is a reaction between water and MIC and also no emergency steps were taken to avoid it. Another hard error was malfunctioning of the temperature sensor for MIC storage tank for the period of four years. The record of the temperature was not done which resulted in the reaction and leak of the MIC(Mili, Gharbi and Teulon, 2019). Human error-
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One of the main human error was that the operator failed to recognise the water entry in the MIC storage tank. Also the operator ignored the fact that the pressure rised from 3 PSI to 10 psi and does not considered it a serious problem. Another error was that the previous operator did not communicate with the current operator regarding the rise in pressure which resulted in communication error between the workers. System error- Despite the previous accidents and the warnings before the disaster, there was poor examination in the Union Carbide India Limited. There was no proper and systematic procedure being made to remove the regulations of safety. Also insufficient operational procedure took place when examining the valves status at the time when MIC storage tank failed to get the pressure and the operator also failed to switched on vent gas scrubber(Faheem, 2017). Other causes- ๏ทThere was no supervisor for maintenance of the plant at the night shift. ๏ทThe emergency squad of the plant which were fire and rescue squad were not properly trained and qualified to avoid the harm caused by the reaction. ๏ทWhen the accident took place, the vent gas scrubber was not operating properly which resulted in reaction of the water and MIC due to rise in pressure. ๏ทThe flare tower was under maintenance before the accident as from 25thNovember 1984 and its maintenance was not completed. This negligence also resulted in leakage of MIC. Consequences of Bhopal gas disaster Death rates as per the government records, the immediate death toll was around 2259 and the Madhya Pradesh government confirmed the total death of around 3787 which were related to gas release. When the disaster took place, it was estimated that around 8000 people died within the period of 2 weeks and another more than 8000 people died from the gas related diseases(Le Menestrel, 2020). Health effects There were many health effects faced by the people due to the gas leak in the city of Bhopal. Apart from MIC, there was a dense of the gas cloud which contained carbon dioxide,
phosgene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and many other which resulted in short term and long term health effects to the people. The short term health effects included coughing, severe eye irritation, vomiting and also a feeling of suffocation. The people also faced symptoms of burning in respiratory tract and the yes, stomach pain and even breathlessness. The causes of death were pulmonary oedema, reflexogenic circulatory collapse and choking. Thelongtermhealtheffectsinvolvessymptomslikerespiratorydifficulties,eye problems, immune and neurological disorders, female reproductive disorders and many other. Around 100,000 to 200,000 people have suffered permanent injuries. Environmental harm due to the gas disaster in Bhopal, the environment was also harmed. The corporation refused to take responsibility to restore the environment. During the production, the company dumped huge amount of toxic waste inside and outside the plant and around 350 tons of the toxic waste and the residue of the old pesticides were still at the plant site. These waste slowly degraded and polluted the groundwater and soil. In the year 1999 in May, the Greenpeace collected the sample of soil and water from the plant site and tested it. It was found that the soil, water and breast milk contamination is very toxic to the humans(Ram Mohan, 2019). Aftermath of the disaster when the cases were flourished in the courts, the government enacted the Bhopal gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 which gave the central government the exclusive right to act and represent the people who are entitled to make the claims relating to Bhopal gas leak. This action of the government was highly criticised as it evaded the responsibility by stopping the people to initiate the action against the state. The central government filed the case in the New York District court where it argued that the Indian courts are unable to deal with the situation effectively. The court dismissed the claim on ground of the forum non conveniens. THE Union of India filed the complaint in the Bhopal district court to seek the interim compensation of amount 3.5 billion rupees to which Madhya Pradesh High Court reduced it to 2.5 billion rupees. The UCC appealed to the Supreme court of India and the court ordered to pay 470 million dollars as full and final settlement. In June, 2010, the seven former employees were
convicted for negligence to cause death and sentenced for two years imprisonment and a fine of 2000 USD(De and et. al., 2020). Ethical issues Seeing from the perspective of UCC, the internal report of it showed the malfunctions and defects. This report was never forwarded to Bhopal plant. The company also under invested in the safety which resulted in such a disaster but the company claims that it has the sufficient safety system in plant and it was operative in order to prevent the intrusion of water. There was also lack of training to the supervisor of home country as they must be trained according to the value system of America. Also the supervisor in Bhopal plant was not ready to take up the responsibility as it was not trained diversifiedly in order to invoke the personal responsibility.
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CONCLUSION It is concluded from the above report that business law and ethics regulate the working of the businesses as it provide the minimum standard for their operations. The business law is a wide subject which contains many legislations under it which includes contract law, employment law, companies Act and many other. The contract law regulates the obligations, conduct, right and relations of the party who have entered into a valid contract. The remedies which the law provides includes damages, rescission, repudiation and specific performance of contract. The Bhopal gas tragedy is one such disaster which resulted in deaths of thousands and invoked permanent injury to many. The UCC was ethically wrong and did not maintained sufficient safety measures to prevent the accident. The people suffered serious health effects too. The company was negligent in taking care of the plant which resulted in leakage of MIC.
REFERENCES Books and Journals Beatty, J.F., Samuelson, S.S. and Abril, P., 2018.Business law and the legal environment. Cengage Learning. Clarkson, K.W. and Miller, R.L., 2020.Business law: Text and cases. Cengage Learning. De, S., Shanmugasundaram, D., Singh, S., Banerjee, N., Soni, K.K. and Galgalekar, R., 2020. Chronic respiratory morbidity in the Bhopal gas disaster cohorts: a time-trend analysis of cross-sectional data (1986โ2016).Public health,186, pp.20-27. Dove, L.R. and Bryant, N.P., 2019. Welcome, Y'all! Introducing Legal Environment and Business Ethics Courses with Paula Deen.Journal of Legal Studies Education,36(2), pp.189-211. Faheem, H., 2017. The Bhopal Gas tragedy: Revisited after twenty-five years 1. InThe Dark Side 2(pp. 97-126). Routledge. Ghahramani, S., 2018. Business Ethics, Contractarianism, and (Optional?) Fiduciary Duties in Corporate Law.Business Law Review,39(1). Halbert, T. and Ingulli, E., 2020.Law and ethics in the business environment. Cengage Learning. Le Menestrel, M., 2020. Corporate Social Responsibility: The Bhopal Gas Tragedy (Video, Case Study & Discussion) Monday 15th of April, 2013โMarc Le Menestrel. MCLAUGHLIN, J., 2018. LAW, BUSINESS & ETHICS. Mili, M., Gharbi, S. and Teulon, F., 2019. Business ethics, company value and ownership structure.Journal of Management and Governance,23(4), pp.973-987. Ram Mohan, M.P., 2019. Criminal negligence and director's liability under Indian Penal Code: the case of Bhopal gas tragedy. Roessing,M.andEl-Jourbagy,J.,2018.TowardaMorePerfectPedagogy:Developing ConstitutionWeekActivitiestoSupportaBusinessLawandEthics Curriculum.Journal of Legal Studies Education,35(2), pp.255-275.