Business Law: Nature of Legal System, Impacts on Business, Legal Structures and Organizations
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This report explains the nature of the legal system, the role of government in law making, and the way common and statutory law is applied. It also discusses the potential impacts of the law on a business, the difference between legislation, regulation, and standards, and various legal structures and organizations.
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UNIT 7: BUSINESS LAW
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1 LO1..................................................................................................................................................1 Explanation about the nature of the legal system........................................................................1 The role of government in law making and the way common and statutory law is applied.......4 LO2..................................................................................................................................................5 Potentialimpactsof the lawon abusinessalongwith differencebetweenlegislation, regulation and standards to evaluate potential impacts...............................................................5 LO3..................................................................................................................................................6 Unincorporated VC incorporated legal structure.........................................................................6 Different type of business organization and legal structure........................................................6 Classification of company...........................................................................................................7 Formalities required related to starting and registration of business...........................................7 LO4..................................................................................................................................................8 Brief overview of Contract law, employment law, Company law..............................................8 Salient legal points of each case;.................................................................................................8 Legal solution to each of the problems........................................................................................9 Justification for the advice and solution....................................................................................10 Compare & contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations............................................10 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION Business law is a kind of knowledge that helps the businessmen and managers while taking sound decisions regarding their work within the organization.There are countless laws and regulations that applied within the commercial enterprise world. These laws can enable the firm in defining the honourable activities, providing firmness and discarding risks along with cognitive state.Moreover, they also helps in resolving the conflicts (McCorquodale and et.al., 2017).This report will basically describes the complete concept of business law along with the judicial scheme and statute law that influences the company within the UK.Apart from this, the study will also highlight the description about procedure of law making along with differences in common law and statutory law.The second part of the report will describe various essential laws in discourse of given scenarios.Moreover, the potential effects of the law on an organization are also will be assess. In the last section, legal solutions and advices will be given according to provided case studies. MAIN BODY LO1 Explanation about the nature of the legal system Law is basically a set of rules that are created and implemented by particular country through social and political establishments to modulate the activities of its members. The primary purpose of law is to maintain order, resolve disputes, establishment of standards and also in order to protect rights of an individuals. There are five types of legal system i.e. civil law, customary law, legal law, mixed law and religious law.The European country judicial scheme follows a particular power structure, on top of which is the Supreme court (Canestrari, 2019). The finding of facts given by this judicial body are binding on all the judicial bodies within the hierarchy. Even after the Supreme court is given the advanced court, decisions of European court of justice must be followed by each and every courts in the United Kingdom under various sub sections of the European communities Act 1972 (Stepanovienė, 2017). The major difference between between Criminal and Civil court has been explained below with the help of pictorial representation: 1
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From the above picture it has been clearly identified that the court of prayer falls beneath the Supreme court within the pecking order and is categorised into Criminal and Civil dimensions. The lower court have to stay by the decisions that have been prepared by two of these courts but the civil court division provide some powers that makes it an exception to this rule. The fractional courts comes under the threesome high court divisions in which judicial bodies are bounded by following decisions that has been taken by Supreme Court and the court of appeal (Malsukhum, 2021). Then comes the crown court that comes under the condemnable court division. It is not necessary to follow the verdicts given by its previous section. Below the crown court, functionary court are existing which is not at all bounded by any different courts and is not likely to follow its premature determination. The major difference among both the laws are Criminal law and civil law are: Criminal LawCivil Law Their major aim is to maintain stability within the state or society. The decision of court in a criminal case Civil law purpose to handle disputes among the companies and individuals. Cases generally involve compensation 2
is guilty or not guilty. Only defendants can appeal for the decision of the court. Cases are generally filled by the government. Only the defendant can appeal the decision of the court. relating to finances. Cases are filed by private parties. The decision of court is liable or non liable. Either party can able to appeal in civil cases. Different sources of law are: There are majorly two premier rootage of law such as primary source and secondary source that can also be divided into various sub sources:1.Primary sources: The first source of message are:Precedents:These are the common-law philosophy that is settled on the early judgments of the court that are normally cited by the lower level tribunal or similar plane.The guidance is only taken under the circumstances of ideal case or situation with the previous case (Dusunge, 2018).Customs:These laws have been set by particular community and trade with definite regulations that were fit by citizens in the ancient times.European laws:These laws are made by associate state of EU and court of justice. Laws can overpower the UK's statutory laws.Legislations:These are also known as enactment laws and created by legislative assembly of UK ans also applicator to each and every citizen of United Kingdom. International Laws:These laws are created by worldwide physical structure such as WHO, UNICEF, etc. and are generally recognized by the social unit nations(Fierro, 2020). 2.Secondary sources: It includes magazines, books, articles and journals that are based on acts, legislation and regulations. They are best source to provide terminologies that are often utilised in law suits. Moreover, occupational group may also refer to similar issues and also easily able to realize with the examples. They basically compound the important message recovered in first hand sources. 3
The functions of government in law making and the way common and statutory law is applied The fundamental law of the UK are partly cursive due to which governance are created by legislature of UK. The law production procedure is depends on the deuce important gatherings such as House of commons and house of lords. The government of UK is selected in every quint years and selected nominees symbolize the house of commons.The government tries to attend different issues that UK is facing. To resolve such challenges, government proposes a bill in parliament. The house of lords is the Supreme court which re-evaluates the legal document if required and suggest some changes. After the completion of evaluation the bill is sent back to house of commons again to make necessary changes. Once the improvisation are completed the legal instrument again sent rearward to monarch (Buckel, 2020). The queen finally approves the bill and then it is gazetted and the act is passed finally. The law making strategy are: Issue emerges on the governments declaration Experts are connected Cabinet ministers explicate the message Content are restructured into legal instrument Political party argumentation Parliamentary stages Legal document passed Bill transformed into Act The judicial law prepared In order to apply the statutory and common law into the court it has been detected that while devising aggregation, functionary law bring up to common and statutory law.These laws are recorded into year books in order to refer them while taking decisions in similar cases. On a contrary note, enactment laws are constituted by general assembly and are systematize. The laws are practical to every national and are superior to common laws. The legal system of UK are responsible for implementation of laws and policies. UK is continuously changing and requires significant reformations time by time (Dusunge, 2018). Involvement of biological science susceptibility under the company act 2006, security of people 4
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private data are recommended, avoid discrimination and many others in the certain reforms that are presented in extant legislation of UK. LO2 Potential impacts of the law on a business along with difference between legislation, regulation and standards to evaluate potential impacts Laws and regulations are straightforward the business to preclude themselves against any dishonest circumstances. It impacts the businesses in both positive as well as negative manner. Laws bound the directors to follow some pre-determined regulation and utilize them in their office expound. According to the Companies Act 2006, there are definite responsibilities of the directors of the firm are that they are responsible for the success of the company for the betterment of their employees and liable to workout sensible skill among their workforce (Boichenko, 2020).For example in the firm Nisa in which company preparing to run public limited firm to raise its monetary resources from the extraneous affairs. The challenges occurred in such procedure are it may lead to assets de-solution, and second one is that the owners may loose their governing rights.Going public is not always a better option as the procedure is time overwhelming,big-ticketandextraneouspaperworkencumbranceonthefirm.Additive responsibilities such as, HR and CSR policies comes in the way of the company. Few more obligations that comes under their way are: Safety and health regulations: In UK, the Health and Safety Act 1974 set out liabilities for the owners of the firm. After declaration of public limited organization, Nisa have to do risk management and thus supply necessary preparation to their workers.The organization have to ensure to render safest impermanent environment to their workforce. Data covering: The Data Protection Act 1998, ensures that the private information of employees keeps on safest mode and should not be exploited by any semi public or private social group.Nisa being operational within the market place of UK are also taxable to carry through this law as well. Equal opportunities laws: The Equality Act 2010, compel the employers to treat their each employee in equal terms.The basic purpose of this enactment is to make sure that there are no favouritism in the intrinsic and extraneous environment of the working premises occurs on any basis. 5
It is a well known concept that businesses in recent world have to operate in complex environmentwhichisoftenmodifierandfullofrestrictiveconfinements.Forevery establishment, it is necessary to understand the differences between regulations, standards and legislations. Regulations are quite challenging for the companies as they obligate the firm to keep control over their processes and their employees. While legislations influence the structure of the company and its functioning. It compel the employers to provide safe and risk free environment to the employees. However, standards are able to provide major benefits to the firms especially those are small scale companies (Myslinska, 2020).Earlier they may result in enhancement of operating cost for short period of time but in the long run, they might be profitable for the organization. LO3 Unincorporated VC incorporated legal structure As per the legal law, the company mainly exist in the form of either unincorporated or incorporated, among which individuals select particular legal structure that could be used to run and operate particular business smoothly and effectively. Likewise, the unincorporated legal structure can be stated as collection of individuals that are on position of management of committee. Along with it, they are personally liable for group of action so they should effective analysis associated risk while taking any particular decision. So, it is legal structure that is mainly suitable for individuals that have low income and not have purpose to employ more staff or acquire property (Beames, 2017). On the other hand, incorporated organization structure is an group that have own legal entity thus they are not personally liable for the action of group. Thus they are mainly intended to raise large sum of money or enter into legal binding contract. So, all thesearemajordifferencebetweenUnincorporated(notregulatedbylegalbody)and incorporated legal structure (regulated by at least one legal body). Different type of business organization and legal structure There are different types of business organisation having various legal structure that contribute in smooth flow of enterprise and growth and expansion of firm. Sole traders, partnership and registered company are various type of organisation that can be explained in detailed as follows: 6
1.Sole trader: These are firms in which a person, self-employ himself in order to effective run and operate business with an objective to earn huge profit margin. Thus the company does not have legal entity separate from its owner. 2.Partnership:It is formal agreement between two or more individuals to effectively manage and operate business through sharing profit and loss in equal or appropriate ratio (Clarkson and Miller, 2020). 3.Registered company:Company that have formed and registered with appropriate statutory authority of country as corporation thus it has to comply with many laws of the country. Thereby periodically report to the government about the states of affairs of the organization. Classification of company 1.Public: Company that have ownership with public shareholders or firm is able to freely trade its share on stock exchange or open market in order to get enough capital to start and run business smoothly (Miller, 2021). 2.Private:These are firm that are owned by private individuals and cannot offer their share to general public in order to get capital to effective operate and sustain business. 3.Limited:It is the company in which limited amount of liability has been undertaken by the company shareholders or the amount of shares in which it has invested. 4.Unlimited: On the other hand, this firm have unlimited liabilities that is shareholders are liable to pay all debt of the company through making use of their personal asset or earning (Miklian, Alluri and Katsos, 2019). Formalities required related to starting and registration of business 1.Management of company:The manager is responsible for performing all task related to planning, organizing, integrating, controlling and monitoring key activities or efforts that has been made by each member so that desired goals can be achieved. 2.Appointment of directors:As per the company act 2013, director is an individual that have been appointed and designated as position of director in the company which would be responsible for governing all affairs of the organization (Smith and Williams, 2018). 7
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For example: In case of public company there are 3 directors needs while in private only 2 while the maximum director that can be appointed is around 15 that can be extended through passing special resolution. 3.Company secretary: In order to recruit company secretary a proper notice is given, board meeting is being conducted and written consent has been taken from the person that has been appointed. Finally, a DIR form need to be filled along with ROC within 30 days of appointment of company secretary. 4.Auditor:The first auditor is appointed by the company through passing B/R within 30 days’ period from the date of incorporation of the organization. 5.Role of stakeholder: The stakeholders such as customers, investors and owner of the company are important stakeholders that plays important role in smooth functioning of operation and achievement of goals (Com, 2019). LO4 Brief overview of Contract law, employment law, Company law Contract law:It is the law that involves agreement between the two parties or people and business related to the way profit and loss, capital will be shared in equal or specific ratio. Thus, it helps in defining rights and liabilities of individuals towards the each other so that there are less chances of conflict in future circumstances (Kramer and Sorabji, 2019). Employment law: It is another law that govern as well as regulate relationship between the employees and employers through clearly defining roles and responsibilities of each other. Such as employees need to be complete all task asked by the employer in return to get salary or wage while employer has to ensure health and safety of employees and provide it appropriate salary for work done. Company law:It is law that is governing the right, relationship and conduct of person or company or it helps in understanding the way company are being formulated, funded and governed for achievement of end goals. Salient legal points of each case; CASE 1 8
It is case of Gordon that work as salesman at orange computer LTD store that has been promised to provide annual salary of£10,000 and commission around 9% for selling computer and peripherals. But due to more competition the business sales has been negatively impacted so Gordon was informed that they will only pay the commission amount and he has to forgo his three years’ salary (Eisenberg, 2018). But in 2016, company start growing so Gordon feel that it should get the wages or salary that are due for three years. CASE 2 Janet one of the customers of Virgin media has arrange to purchase and install internet package costing around£35.00 per month, along with the phone line with monthly rental of £11.00. The engineer came and make arrangement at 9Am but Janet is not able to find phone line and he has not come till 3 weeks. So the major issue is that it has been charged for whole package from the day it has been installed thus Janet is extremely upset (Beale and et.al., 2019). CASE 3 While, in the third case,Blackhorse Limitedis an security company that have 50 employees and four main customers that has lead bad debt of around£100,000. So due to bad debt the company needs to pay the due amount to the creditors as the creditors has issue a winding up petition. So the issue is that what are the different options available to client to avoid compulsory winding up. Legal solution to each of the problems CASE 1 For the first case, the legal solution is that as per the contract act and employment, Gordon is entitled to its salary which has been decided around£10,000. So the Gordon has to be given salary of both 2015 and 2016 along with the commission when company have started growing and expanding its business operation. As there is already a contract or agreement between both Gordon and company have been made (Arvind, 2017). CASE 2 For the second case, the solution i.e., Janet is customer that has accepted to take services fromVirgin Media of internet package. But for 3 weeks it was not able to get the services. So the solution is that it will only make payment for services which it has avail such as 3 weeks will only be charged. 9
CASE 3 The solution for the third case isBlackhorse Limited needs to find alternative method that could be used by the company to get the bad debts so that due amount can be paid to the creditors. Justification for the advice and solution From the above it can be stated that all the three suggested options can be helpful in resolving the key issue that are arising due to ineffective performance and not abided as per the contract made previously between the two parties. Compare & contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations The above recommendations are effective as they help in resolving key issue that are present in the case study such as Gordon has to get it payment of salary that has been due because of economic crises or slow growth of business. While, Janet after 3 weeks the internet connection has been added so it has to make payment of only services it has make use (Com, 2019). On the other hand, for case ofBlackhorse Limitedrecovering amount for customers of bad debt is best option for growth and sustainability of business. CONCLUSION From the above report, it can be concluded that different laws help in maintaining peace and harmony is society through resolving their issue in effective manner. Moreover, there are range of laws that company needs to abided while formulating or starting a new firm in the external environment. At last it can be stated that the study has helped in understanding that laws have both positive and negative impact on business. 10
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Arvind, T .T., 2017.Contract law. Oxford University Press. Beale, H and et.al., 2019.Cases, materials and text on contract law. Bloomsbury Publishing. Beames, E., 2017. Technology-based legal document generation services and the regulation of legal practice in Australia.Alternative Law Journal,42(4). pp.297-303. Clarkson, K. W. and Miller, R. L., 2020.Business law: Text and cases. Cengage Learning. Com, B., 2019. Business Regulatory Framework. Eisenberg, M .A., 2018.Foundational principles of contract law. Oxford University Press. Kramer, X. and Sorabji, J., 2019. International Business Courts in Europe and beyond: A Global Competition for Justice.Erasmus L. Rev.,12. p.1. Miklian, J., Alluri, R. M. and Katsos, J. E. eds., 2019.Business, peacebuilding and sustainable development. Routledge. Miller, R .L., 2021.Business Law Today, the Essentials: Text and Summarized Cases. Cengage learning. Smith, D. G. and Williams, C. A., 2018.Business Organizations: Cases, Problems, and Case Studies. Aspen Publishers. McCorquodale, R., and et.al., 2017. Human Rights Due Diligence in Law and Practice: Good Practices and Challenges for Business Enterprises §.Business and Human Rights Journal,2(2). pp.195-224. Stepanovienė, A., 2017. The role of interrelation between language and law for mastering legal English. Malsukhum, V., 2021. Differences Between the English and Australian Legal Cultures. InLegal Culture,LegalityandtheDeterminationoftheGroundsofJudicialReviewof Administrative Action in England and Australia(pp. 31-91). Springer, Singapore. Fierro, M., 2020. Scholars, Jurists and the Legal System٭. InThe Routledge Handbook Of Muslim Iberia(pp. 290-317). Routledge. 11
Buckel, S., 2020. Preface to the English Edition. InSubjectivation and Cohesion. Brill. Canestrari, S., 2019, July. English translation of the paper of" A good good law": Law nr. 219 of 2017 and the doctor-patient relationship. InPerspectives of law and culture on the end- of-life legislations in France, Germany, India, Italy and United Kingdom(pp. 115-120). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. Dusunge, R.B., 2018. Legal English: Background and Perspectives.Language in India,18(3). 12