Business Law: Legal Solutions for Business Problems

This report explores various legal solutions for common business problems, including constructive dismissal, misrepresentation in advertising, and the benefits of incorporating as a limited liability partnership. It also examines the effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods in resolving disputes, such as the case of Uber drivers seeking employee status. The report provides practical advice and insights for businesses to navigate legal complexities and protect their interests.

Business Law
1

Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................3
LO1 Explain the basic nature of the legal system.............................................................4
P1 Explain different sources of law and laws that organisations must comply with......4
P2 Explain the role of government in law-making and how statutory and common law
is applied in the justice courts........................................................................................8
M1 Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal system in terms of recent reforms and
developments...............................................................................................................11
M2 Differentiate and analyse the potential impacts of regulations, legislation and
standards......................................................................................................................15
D1 Provide a coherent and critical evaluation of the legal system and law, with
evidence drawn from a range of different relevant examples to support judgements.16
Task 2..............................................................................................................................17
LO3 Suggest appropriate legal solutions to business problems.................................17
P4 Suggest appropriate legal solutions for a range of business problems..............18
P5 Provide justifications for the use of appropriate legal solutions..........................22
M3 Assess the positive and negative impacts of legal solutions to business
problems...................................................................................................................23
LO4 Recommend appropriate legal solutions based upon alternative legal advice
provided........................................................................................................................24
P6 Recommend legal solutions based upon a different country’s legal system
and/or a different legal framework............................................................................25
M4 Compare and contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations................26
D2 Critically review and evaluate the use of appropriate legal solutions in
comparison with alternative legal advice..................................................................27
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................28
2

References.......................................................................................................................29
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Introduction
Law is a broad term and it states the principles and rules for guiding the behaviours of
human beings and which on the other hand is enforceable by the enforcing body
appointed by the state. There are different kinds and nature of laws that exist for the
different kind of activities that are to be regulated. Like private affairs in the trading
sector is governed by the contract law and illegal conduct of the companies and
organisation is governed by the criminal law which is applicable over all without any
special qualification. The main functions that are performed by the laws in every
country varies from peace maintenance to shaping moral standards, status quo,
rendering the basis for compromise and ensuring the freedom of individual. The English
legal system jurisdiction goes for covering the England and Wales. For developing the
legal compliance for start-up, business selected is Vodafone. Each and every aspect of
the legal compliance by the company have been covered under it. Starting from nature,
sources and applicable laws and their application over the given case studies etc. have
been covered fully.
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LO1 Explain the basic nature of the legal system.
P1 Explain different sources of law and laws that organisations must comply
with.
Every law is the outcome of some source of information on the basis of which law is
settled. There is no single and uniform source from which every law get its basis. The
various sources used in UK for formulating new laws or amending the existing ones are
given below:
Explanation of Sources of laws:
Primary Legislation:
Act of the parliament is source if statute. Parliament requires three formal readings
along with the committee examination along with the Royal Assent. Therefore it is main
and most authoritative source of law. There are two kinds of Acts that are made by the
legislature i.e. Public and Private Acts. The amendments also takes place are also done
5
Sources of English
Law
Primary
Legislation (ACT)
Seconday
Legislation
(Regulations)
Regulation by
ministers
Laws made by
developed
Assmblies
Regulations and
by laws made by
local
Councils
Common law
by courts
Common Law
Law of Equity
EU Law
European Union
The European
Cnvention on
Human Rights

by the legislative instrument or delegated legislation instrument. Example of legislation
includes Companies Act 2006 (Law Teacher, 2018).
Secondary delegated legislation:
The delegated bodies can only make the changes and amendment in the existing laws
if the same is expressly mentioned in the act itself that further amendment and changes
will be such as prescribed by the named body in the act. Like Data Protection
Regulation are made in 2018 under the Data Protection Act. In case statutory
instrument is there the delegated power can be given to the ministers or government
department and if By-Laws made by the Local Authority are there in that case.
Common Law:
Common law are held in the decision of the court. King Henery second started with the
use of common law and recoding of the same for authoritative purposes. The common
law branch includes the number of decided cases in the filed of contract and tort laws.
Example of common law Isle of Wight Council (Appellant) v Platt (Respondent)
[2017] UKSC 28 in which the parent of children were only liable for the absence of their
children when his attendance were below the set scale for attendance in the Education
Act (Marriottco and Co., 2018).
Another common law is “Equity” which is based on the principles of natural justice. It is
the product of court of Chancery. Under this common law decisions delivered by the
judges of the court can be challenged in the court if on front face of the case basic
natural principles are not followed. Paul v. Constance [1977] 1 ALL ER 195 in which
the declaration of trust was held.
European Law:
In making of the EU legislation there is important role that is played by the Commission
and parliament. The main sources on law of EU are Treaties, regulations, directives,
decisions and recommendation and opinion. Another source is European Convection
on Human Rights which makes the laws on treaty provisions. The example of EU Law
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includes Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2002] EWCA Civ 1533; [2004] UKHL 30 in
which sexual orientation was held violation of article 14.
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Laws that organisation must comply:
There are three main laws that applies over the business, Consumer Protection law,
Health and Safety law and Data protection laws.
Consumer Protection Law
For protecting the rights of the consumer from every kind of illegal practices there are
various laws and regulations. Sales and Consumer Protection Law includes the
Electronic Commerce Regulation 2002, Consumer Contract Regulation 2013,
Consumer Protection regulation 2014 and Consumer Protection Act 2015.
These regulations and laws serves the purpose of protecting the innocent consumers
from unfair contract and notices. The rights and responsibilities of the business and the
consumer in the agreement between the two must contain the fair terms. Under these
laws the fair and transparent agreement has to be there. The unfair terms has to be
eliminated in total like total denial of payment by business even on its own default and
failures to perform the contracts. If the agreement contains the unfair terms in that case
that agreement becomes void and ineffective (Banker, et. al., 2013).
Health and Safety Laws
Health and safety laws exist for protecting the public and employee of the organisation
from danger. Employer is required to perform series of task to avoid the unfavourable
results. Law states that employer having more than five employees must carry out the
risk assessment. For regulating the standards of work various laws are there like
Factories Act 1961, Health and Safety (Offences) Act 2008 and Health and Safety
at work Act 1974. All standard and practices must be followed in the organisation.
Data protection Law
With the use of information and technological system in the organisation danger of loss
of information by the business has become common and the deal with these data
protection laws have been made. Data Protection Act 1998 contains the manner to
control the data and rights of people whose information are there. The law of computer
Misuse Act 1990, Communication Act 2003 and Digital Economy Act 2017 have
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been made for enforcing the legal rights as to privacy and security of information at the
digital platform.
9

P2 Explain the role of government in law-making and how statutory and common
law is applied in the justice courts.
The detail process is given in relation to legal system in United Kingdom. Under this
Government executive proposes the law and parliament legislates and enacts the law
and judges applies the law to the issues before it by interpretation. The other authorities
are there which enforces the laws.
Passing of laws
The polices of decision making starts with the political group agendas. In the common
parlance the government department discusses the issues and publish their result
called “Green Paper” and then civil society organisation and other members of the
public are also invited to read the document and give the comment over it. On the basis
of response received on the green paper “white paper” is prepared. The comments
received over it are sent to the government for finalisation of the policy.
The draft bill is drawn and the approval of the cabinet is taken over it and then it is sent
to the lower house along with the publication in the official Gazette. If the bill is public it
is drafted by the government and if it is private then it is proposed by body of MPs.
There is no hard mechanism that bill will be introduced in pone house first and then in
another house and it can be introduced in any of two (Banker, et. la., 2013).
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Application of Statutory and Common Law
No law can be effective if there is no strong mechanism is there for application whether
it is common law or statutory law. We have the example of consequences of the failure
of lack of effective enforcement mechanism i.e. International Law. In case of statutory
law it is binging over all court without any qualification however n case of common law
the validity and applicability of the set common law depends on the court which passed
the decision. The higher court decision are binding over all other courts. For better
enforcement the tribunals and specialised courts are also introduced. First the statutory
acts of parliament are applied by the court deciding the issues and when there is no
statutory work over the issue and decision of the higher jurisdiction is there then it will
work as legal principle. Judicial decision are binding over the lower court due to the
principle of Judicial Precedent and Statre Decisis. These principles are the result of
interpretation done by the judges of court with the three rules of Literal rule, golden
11
First reading requires reading out of bill in the house on its
introduction.
Second reading is elaborated one and each and every provision is
read in detail .
Committee stage is there wherein the member of the parliament
constitute the committee and jargon test and discussion over is done
in order to submit the report as to whether the draft prepared will be
able to meet the ends for which it is proposed
Reporting stage requires the result report submission by the
committee about the suitability of the act.
Third reading involves the final one wherein the voting takes place
and the bill is forwarded for assent of monarch.
Royal Assent is received.

rule and mischief rule (Williams, 2012). The following up of the principle will result in
legal fulfilment and failure will give rise to action of contempt of court. In this way both
the statutory and common law applied in the efficient manner in UK and these
implementation contribution in the making the legal system effective (Williams, 2012).
Title: Hierarchy of Court
Source: (Law Teacher, 2018)
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M1 Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal system in terms of recent reforms and
developments.
Reforms are the lifeline of UK legal system. The example of it is Constitutional
Reforms Act 2005, is there under which various changes are introduced like
entrustment of duty on the government ministers to uphold independent judiciary,
transfer of functions of Lord Chancellor to Chief justice. Independent Supreme court is
established. Independent ombudsman has been appointed to recommend the reforms.
In the year of 2008 Tribunal, Courts and Enforcement Act has been established.
Reforms also have been done in the companies and employment act as well. These
reforms are contributing in making the commercial trading by the business organisation
effective. The reforms helps in dealing with the growing complex issues. Employees’
right are also given special focus and they are secured from the malpractices by the
employer. These amendments have helped in establishing the safe corporate place for
all stakeholders. The reforms have been done for protecting the consumers as well
which is also a great contribution in making the system fair, secure and transparent
(Pyper, 2018).
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LO2 Illustrate the potential impact of the law on a business.
P3 Using specific examples illustrate how company, employment and contract
law has a potential impact upon business.
Vodafone will have to follow the legal requirements discussed below. The term
employment law refers to the rules and regulation governing the relation between
employer and employee. It gives the rights of one party and prescribes the duties of
another party. The various employment law that applies over work place includes:
 Employment Act 2002 and Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulation 2002
are there. Under this act employer will have to provide maternity relief to female
workers.
 Equality Act 2010 is also there wherein the employer will have to deal with
employees in equal manner and they must be provided equal rights and
opportunities (Davey, 2018).
 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is also there which also puts liability on the
employer to render the effective equipment to employees and ensure their safety
at most. Instance of employee hazards will cause the legal obligation for
employer at work.
 Trade Union and Labour Relation Act 1992 also applies over the business
organisation. Under this employees have the right to join the trade union. They
must not be stopped and prohibited from joining the trade union of their choice.
 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 provide the equal right to employees having
certain kind of disability. Under this act employer have to manage the workplace
and opportunities for the workers in such a manner that person with disability
also get access to all opportunities equally (Perren, et. al., 2012).
 Employment Tribunal Act 1996 provides right to set the grievance by the
employees against the employer at work. Tribunal is expert body to deal with the
employment issues and fair results must be pronounced by it.
 Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 puts liability over the owner of business to
keep the information of public if any it has to secure the information of public from
unauthorised use.
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 Data Protection Act 1998 applies for securing the data that is stored and
collected in the business for trading purpose. The information has to be stored in
the highly secured mode so that it cannot be misused.
 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 prescribe the minimum slab of wages that is
to be paid to the workers working for the employer. Payment of wages below the
set limit also attracts the criminal liability for the employer and may sometime
result in imposing of the heavy penalty of pecuniary nature.
 Human Rights Act 1998 exist there to provide basic human right to human
beings. Employees and employer both are human beings and therefore the act
applies over the business organisation as well. The basic human rights must not
be violated in any case and the business trading must not in any way cause
detriment to human rights (McGregor, 2015).
 Employment Relation Act 2004 (1999) prescribes the standards for regulating
the standards of contract between the employer and employee.
Contract Law
Contract law governs the trading contract between the various parties involved in the
business. Staring from governing the relation between employer and employee,
customers and organisation, dealers and owner of the business etc. No business can
be run without understanding the legal requirements as to contract since the business
organisation have to deal with the varying nature of contract on regular basis in
transacting the business.
Company Law
It postulates the legal compliance requirements by the company. The Companies Act
2006 is there which governs the entire journey of business starting from formation of
company to winding up of company. It governs the roles and responsibilities of the
important offices of the company. The different identity of the company is also result of
Companies Act 2006 only. The legality of the business is also decided within the ambit
of requirements of the given act only. In this way no company can be run unless
requirements under the Companies Act 2006 are complied with (Khan, 2015).
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M2 Differentiate and analyse the potential impacts of regulations, legislation and
standards.
The regulations, Bye laws and standards that are discussed above under the various
type of laws serves the useful purpose. If the organisation runs its business by
following up legal formalities it will be able to achieve the trust and confidence of people
and neither its business will have the adverse impact due to the legal enforcement
formalities. Everyone wants to work and deal with the organisation is not subject to any
legal liabilities and whose business is free from legal complication. Therefore
compliance with law will attract better deals for the business. The reputation of the
business will also be positive (Belman & Wolfson, 2014).
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D1 Provide a coherent and critical evaluation of the legal system and law, with
evidence drawn from a range of different relevant examples to support
judgements.
The legal system which is existing in UK is effective with the dominance of court.
However with the growing complexities in the world the nature of crime and ways of
violation of laws have been changed and these requires the fast and effective solution
to the problems. The legal system is prepared to work in complexities with the
amendments and reforms discussed above. The developments have also been made in
the country by introducing the amendments in the constitution, companies act and
various other laws. These laws makes the legal system effective however deficiencies
cannot be denied on the other hand wherein the critical court process is there and high
court changes, time taking process etc. are there which further requires reforms for
making the system further effective (Banker, et. al., 2013).
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Task 2
LO3 Suggest appropriate legal solutions to business problems.
Introduction
In this report, various legal solutions have been suggested to problems faced in
business. These problems relate to remedies available to an employer in case of
constructive and unfair dismissal of an employee, misrepresentation of facts in an
advertisement and benefits and opportunities when incorporating as a limited liability
partnership.
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P4 Suggest appropriate legal solutions for a range of business problems.
Case 1
Facts of the case:
Lina took 2 weeks holiday as her mother was ill. When she rejoined, Lina’s manager’s
conduct was not very familiar. He shifted her shifts to nights, changed all her break
timings and removed her photos from staff notice board. She resigned from her job
because of conduct of her employer. She later filed a case against her manager at
employment tribunal for constructive dismissal.
Issue Involved:
How the manager can avoid legal actions such as unfair and constructive dismissal
lawsuit by Lina?
Laws Applicable:
In given case, provisions of Employment Rights Act 1996 are applicable. This case
relates to constructive and unfair dismissal of an employee. Constructive dismissal is
when an employee is indirectly forced by his employer to resign from job through his
conduct (Pyper, 2018) The facts of this case are similar to decided case British Home
Stores Ltd v Burchell [1978] IRLR 379. In this case, a 3-stage test called Burchell
Test was conducted to find if constructive dismissal was involved.
Suggestions to Manager:
The manager of BP Petrol Station when alleged for constructive and unfair dismissal
can prove against the allegation in court of law. This can be done through the famous
Burchell Test as conducted in the given decided case law. Under this three-stage test,
the manager must prove that he had reasons to believe that there has been misconduct
on part of employee. The employer must also prove that such belief is based on
reasonable grounds. Further, he must prove that he carried out reasonable investigation
into the matter (Coe, 2015).
If the manger is able to prove all the above-mentioned facts, then the case may be
decided in his favor.
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Case 2
Facts of case:
Darum purchased the internet services online from Little Britain Telecom Ltd.
assuming monthly cost of service to be £29.33 per month or £528 for 18 months. The
company later decided to increase the monthly charge by £5 and gave option to
customers to terminate the contract if increased price does not suit them. Darum
decided to terminate the contract and found that the termination fee was £31 which was
not mentioned earlier. He decided to make a complaint for misrepresentation against
the company.
Issue Involved:
Based on laws relating to Misrepresentation Act, 1967 and Consumer Rights Act,
2015, the marketing manager of Little Britain Telecom must be suggested on how to
advertise its products and services.
Laws Applicable:
In given case scenario, Misrepresentation Act, 1967, Consumer Rights Act, 2015
and Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 are applicable.
Suggestions to marketing manager:
The marketing manager of Little Britain Telecom must keep in mind following facts while
advertising its products and services:
 The advertisement must not make any misrepresentation by making an untrue
statement and hiding the actual facts.
 The notices or advertisements issued by businesses must ensure that the
wordings used are fair and transparent.
 The advertisement must use plain language and avoid jargons.
 Any fraudulent misrepresentation must not be made in advertisement (Lewis,
2012).
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Case 3
Facts of case:
Lama and Simsons is a partnership firm that sells LED Decorative Lights. The liability of
partners is unlimited. They want to convert their unlimited partnership into limited
company and they do not want to borrow any money.
Issue Involved:
Whether new opportunities can be opened when a company is incorporated under
companies Act?
Applicable law:
The law applicable in given case scenario shall be Companies Act, 2006.
Suggestions to partners:
The partners of Lama and Simsons can convert their business in a Limited Liability
Partnership (LLP) and can get registered under Companies Act, 2006. Such LLP shall
be a separate legal entity as decided in Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd (1897). The
liability shall also shift to company and the partners will remain liable only for the share
contributed by them. Incorporation as an LLP shall also open certain opportunities and
provide benefits for the company such as lower tax rates including certain exemptions,
offsetting of losses, limited liability, tax deferral, longevity of business and secured
funding. The compliance cost for LLP is also not very high.
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22
Benefits of
LLP
Tax
exemptions
Offsetting
of losses
Limited
liability
Tax deferral
Secured
Funding
Business
longetivity

P5 Provide justifications for the use of appropriate legal solutions.
Case 1
In the given case scenario, manager wants to avoid the legal consequences against him
for constructive dismissal. In a decided case of Adams v Derby City Council [1986]
IRLR 163, it was held that the burden to proof that there was no constructive dismissal
lies on the employer. Based on this case, the manager must prove the substantial
fairness of dismissal and therefore he can take support of Burchell Test to prove his part
of fairness.
Case 2
Marketing manager of Little Britain Telecom is suggested to ensure that appropriate
care must be taken when advertising the products and services. If advertisements
involve misrepresentations as described under Misrepresentation Act, 1967, then the
consumer can claim damages under this Act or under Consumer Rights Act, 2015
which aims to protect the consumer from contract notices and terms which are unfair.
Part 2 of this Act protects the consumer from the terms which are not fair or transparent
and they may seek a court injunction against the company.
Case 3:
The major problems being faced by the partners in partnership firm are high taxes,
compulsory unanimous decision making, unlimited liability, management and profit
sharing. All these problems could be fixed if the partnership firm is converted in a limited
liability partnership.
23

M3 Assess the positive and negative impacts of legal solutions to business
problems.
Positive Impacts:
Case 1: The employer shall be able to rescue himself from the legal actions against
him. Through Burchell test, manager shall be able to prove the reasonableness of
dismissal.
Case 2: The business shall be able to avoid litigations if it advertises its products and
services complying the applicable laws.
Case 3: The conversion in LLP will make the liability of partners limited to the amount
contributed by them.
Negative Impacts:
Case 1: Burchell test is not always successful. If the manager is not able to pass the
test, then the decision of court may be against him.
Case2: The cost of advertisement may increase as for complying the applicable rules
and regulations, the company shall have to take advice from a legal practitioner.
Case 3: When a partnership is converted in LLP, there shall not remain any privacy in
operations and all the matters are required to be disclosed to public.
Conclusion
The businesses must comply the applicable laws to avoid any legal consequences.
Under this report, suggestions have been given to businesses to protect themselves in
case of legal consequences. A business may face heavy penalties in case of
misrepresentation in advertisements. Therefore, they must ensure that fair and
transparent content is used for advertisement. Further, benefits of LLP when compared
to partnership have also been discussed.
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LO4 Recommend appropriate legal solutions based upon alternative legal advice
provided.
Introduction
In this report, appropriate suggestions have been provided to Uber and its drivers about
resolving the case out of court and by not moving to traditional litigation process. This
report is also critically analyzing and comparing the effectiveness of the recommended
suggestions.
25

P6 Recommend legal solutions based upon a different country’s legal system
and/or a different legal framework.
Case 4
Facts of the case:
There are more than 40 thousand drivers working for Uber. Two of those drivers alleged
against the company that they must be considered employees of the company and must
be given benefits of an employee. Uber, however denied the status of such drivers as
employees. The employees planned to file a litigation against the company.
Issue Involved:
Both parties need suggestions for resolving the dispute outside the court.
Applicable laws:
The given scenario is based on case of O’Connor vs Uber Technologies (Andoyan,
2017). The parties here required to resolve their issue outside the courts and the
employment status of drivers needs to be determined.
Suggestions to the parties:
The parties to the dispute may resolve their issue outside the court though Alternate
Dispute Resolution (ADR) process. Under ADR process, there are five methods through
which dispute can be resolved. These are arbitration, conciliation, mediation,
adjudication and ombudsman. Another method through which disputes can be resolved
outside court is citizen’s advice. Under this method, free and confidential advice is
provided to people for resolving their disputes. These services have proved to be very
successful (McGregor,2015). The ADR methods are also very effective in resolving
disputes outside court. Under arbitration method, an arbitrator is appointed to resolve
the issue, his decision shall be binding, and it is a formal process. Under adjudication,
adjudicator is appointed for resolving the issue, his decision shall be binding, and it is an
informal process. In mediation and conciliation method, attempt is made to bring the
parties on a settlement. Another method of ADR is Ombudsman in which the disputes in
26

an organization or governmental bodies are resolved. Here, the Ombudsman resolves
the issue (Gill, et. al., 2014).
27

M4 Compare and contrast the effectiveness of these recommendations.
The alternatives available for resolving dispute are resolving through ADR methods or
traditional litigation process. These alternatives can be compared as follows:
Litigation ADR Methods
The decision is given be judges in court
of law.
There may or may not be a decision and
is decided by independent person
appointed for resolving the dispute
(McGregor, 2015).
This process is expensive and time
taking.
This process is less costly and less time
taking.
The decision is binding on both parties. The decision may or may not be binding.
Here, the parties mostly do not intend to
maintain future relations.
Here, the parties mostly intend to
maintain a relationship after resolving of
dispute.
28

D2 Critically review and evaluate the use of appropriate legal solutions in
comparison with alternative legal advice.
The parties to dispute in given case scenario are recommended to resolve their issues
through alternate dispute resolution method. This method is more suitable as the parties
to dispute are willing to resolve their issue outside the court. Under litigation process,
the dispute is resolved by judges in a court of law and the decision of judges is binding
on both parties to dispute. It is also a time taking process and the matter of dispute does
not remain confidential under litigation. However, under ADR process, the matter of
dispute remains confidential and can be resolved involving comparatively less cost.
Conclusion
Through this report, the most appropriate method for resolving disputes outside the
courts could be evaluated. The parties to dispute are suggested to resolve their
disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution Method as it is less complex process.
29

Conclusion
The study of this report has helped in drawing in inference about the legal system of UK
and the sources from which the laws and regulations have emerged. Through the study
of this report, it can be concluded that government plays a significant role in law making.
For any Act to come into force, it must be passed by both houses of Parliament i.e.
House of Lords and House of Commons. The report has also helped in understanding
the application of statutory and common law. Further, the laws relating to business have
been discussed in this report. Appropriate suggestions have been given to businesses
for their conduct relating to misrepresentation, employment laws, dismissal of an
employee and benefits of conversion of an unlimited partnership in limited liability
partnership. All the laws relating to business must be followed, if these laws are not
followed then the business might have to face legal consequences which may involve
heavy penalties. Therefore, it can be concluded that the laws are significant for conduct
of any society or business.
30

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33

In this slide, the matter to be discussed in presentation has been introduced. The case
in which suggestions are required to be made has been discussed here.
34

Here, methods have been suggested to parties for resolving their dispute outside court.
The parties may resolve their dispute outside courts through ADR.
35

In this slide, the methods of Alternate Dispute Resolution Process have been discussed.
These methods include the five categories of methods and they have been explained in
further slides.
36

This slide is describing most common methods of resolving dispute. Under arbitration
method, an arbitrator is appointed who shall hear the parties to dispute and pass an
appropriate decision based on facts of case. Similarly, in adjudication an adjudicator is
appointed but this is comparatively more informal process.
37

In this slide, second method i.e. conciliation for resolving disputes has been discussed.
Under this method, a conciliator is appointed to resolve the issue who shall participate
in the proceedings for settlement.
38

This slide is covering and explaining mediation method of ADR for resolving disputes.
In mediation method, a mediator is appointed for carrying the mediation process
between the parties.
39

In this slide, the method of resolving issues relating to organizations and government
bodies have been discussed. This method provides assistance to whistleblowers as
well.
40

This slide is presenting the conclusions drawn from the study of whole presentation. the
most recommended method in given case scenario is arbitration as its decision is
binding.
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