Business Operation and Reliability Management

This report focuses on flood disaster in Nigeria in 2018, its impact on the system and environment, failures and causes, and recommendations to prevent re-occurrence.

Running head: BUSINESS OPERATION AND RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS OPERATION AND RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT
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Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................2
Description of System and its working Environment......................................................2
Description of Event (Catastrophic failure).....................................................................3
Effect on the System and Surrounding Environment......................................................4
Failures and Cause which contributed to the Catastrophe...............................................5
Description if less catastrophic event has taken place.....................................................6
Recommendation made to stop the event from re-occurring...........................................7
Management issues raised...............................................................................................8
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................8
Reference...........................................................................................................................10

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Introduction
Flood stand out to be as one of the biggest natural disasters on a global platform. It
merely aims to claim number of life along with causing damage to property and other natural
resources. In Nigeria, the flood was not leading with respect to claiming lives. Flood aims to
effect and displaces much more number of people in comparison to any other disaster. It also
brings huge damage to property (Adelekan and Asiyanbi 2016). In Nigeria, flood disaster stand
out to be perilous to most communities and institution. Flood aims to shatter both built
environment and underdeveloped plan. Flood aims to claim the life and a huge number of
properties which is lost as a result of the occurrence (Bernhofen et al. 2018). One of the
prominent features of flooding is that it does not discriminate but completely marginalizes who
refuses to prepare for it.
In the coming pages of the report, the description and working environment of the system
is provided in details. The next section details with top events that is catastrophic failures and its
effect on system and its environment. The report highlights a fault tree diagram has been
provided for understanding the catastrophic failure.
Description of System and it's working Environment
Flood can be defined as the overflowing of water over the land and not completely
submerged. This stand out to be an extreme weather which merely takes place as a result of
rising global temperature (Adelekan 2016). It merely results in heavy kind of downpour,
expansion of both ocean and glacier. It merely results in increase in overall sea –level resulting
in inundate the coastal land. Flooding stand out to be as one of the common environmental
hazard which claims over more than 20,000 lives in single year. On global platform, it aims to

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affect around 75 million people. On the global platform, flood aims to impose a huge number of
danger to live of common life and its properties (Nkwunonwo, Whitworth and Baily 2016).
Flood merely result in one-third of death, one-third of the injuries and one-third of damage from
different natural disaster. In the case of Nigeria, much similar kind of scenario is seen in the rest
of the world. Flooding is seen in most part of Nigeria which has forced millions of people out of
their house. In addition, it even destroyed business polluted different water resources and also
resulted in an increased risk of diseases.
Nigeria comes up with diverse kind of biophysical characteristics along with ethnic
nationalities, socio-economy and agro-ecological zones. The country comes up with around 36
states (Aja, Elias and Obiahu 2019). The climate of Nigeria is completely characterized by strong
latitude zone which has moved towards the northwards of the coast. Annual rainfall completely
decreases over the value 3,800 on the coast under the 650 mm at extreme north east part of the
country (Aluko, Bobadoye and Adejumo 2019).
Description of Event (Catastrophic failure)
Considering global warming and increase in frequency of extreme weather events.
Individual need to live with some natural hazards like flood where the study stand out to be
significant. It will merely help in reducing the overall damages associated with natural hazards
like flood (Adebimpe et al. 2018). It will merely help the policy makers and stakeholders in
carrying out disaster management in planning and design phase. In addition, it also helps in
implementing disaster management response in the provided area.
Nigeria flood in the year 2018 resulted due to continuous heavy rainfall since the month
of July. It peak is seen in the late September which result in severe and extensive flood in 34 out

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of 36 states in Nigeria (Ganiyu, Mohammed and Ismail 2017). Flood has affected around 1.9
million people and even destroyed around 82,000 houses and displaced more than 210,000
people. It ultimately leads to devastating crop and livestock.
The flood in Nigeria highlighted the weakness of state emergency management agency
(SEMA) and other stakeholders in response to disaster. SEMA merely deals with flood disaster
along with set up committees in most of the affect parts in Nigeria. It merely focuses on affected
person and level of damage and related loss (Berezi, Obafemi and Nwankwoala 2019). SEMA
comes up with setting up camps for the person who are internally displaced. IDP is completely
manned by different members of Nigerian Red Cross Society. In 2018 flood disaster, the state
government comes up with distribution reliefs like blanket, wrapper, foodstuff and drug worth of
million.
Effect on the System and Surrounding Environment
In the 2018 flood, a small village in Nigeria near the Groronyo Town which was
worsened to a large extent. All the inhabitants of the village, home, crop, storage of food was
completely destroyed (Taofik et al. 2017). The main reason behind the flooding of Kagara is due
to the fact that dam gates were opened for releasing the water pressure. Spillway from the dam
has been completely failed so that all the consequences of Kagara gets flooded. The water comes
up in rapid way followed by demolishing the houses and associated buildings (Akpejiori,
Ehiorobo and Izinyon 2017). People make use of the building so storing and destroying the crop.
Around ten thousands of people were displaced and many buildings submerged.
The flood ultimately resulted in loss of around thousands of houses and farmland located
in 11 of the local government (Nwankwoala and Jibril 2019). There were many other areas

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which affected due to this flood. As per various reports, around 50 of villages were submerged
and around 130,000 of people were displaced.
The effect of flood was not limited to only house and people. Most of the farmlands that
agro-forestry and arable were completely submerged for many weeks (Silas et al. 2019). Even
some of the animals lose their life as a result of flooding due to collapsing of electric poles.
Fig 1: Fault Tree Analysis of 2018 Nigeria Flood
(Source: Robert and Raimi 2019)
Failures and Cause which contributed to the Catastrophe
There is a list of the reason behind the flood in Nigeria which stands out to be main result
of Flood in Nigeria. Some of the Natural Cause of Flood are
 Heavy rainfall/rainstorm
 Ocean storms and tidal waves are seen along the coast

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Some of the human cause are
 Bursting of main water pipes
 Dam spills
In the year 2018, flood merely took place in Nigeria as a result of following points like
 Flooding in coastal areas.
 Flooding of rivers.
 Flood in urban parts.
 Dam spills.
Flooding in coastal areas merely takes place in the belt of low-lying of freshwater and
mangrove. It comes up with swamp along the coast. On the contrary, river flooding merely
occurs in flood plain of large rivers. Flash flood is related with rivers in some of inland areas
where there is heavy rain. It can easily change them into destructive torrent within a short period
of time (Taiwo, Adinya and Edeki 2019). Urban flooding takes place in town which is located in
flat or areas of low lying. This is merely seen where there is no kind of provision for the surface
drainage. The current drainage is blocked due to municipal waste, refuse to erode the soil
sediments (Oriola and Chibuike 2016). Urban flooding can be defined as a phenomenon which is
seen in rainy sessions.
Description if the less catastrophic event has taken place
In the year 2005, a flood disaster took place in Jalingo metropolis and government
agencies. The stakeholder makes complete response where certain efforts were put to complete
the crowd from Nukkai Bridge. This was mainly done because of perceived danger as a result of
the collapse of bridge (Adelekan and Asiyanbi 2016). Most of the people lost their life when

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Nukkai Bridge completely collapsed. Emergency response does not completely end this event,
but there has been continuous cleanup and stages of resettlement. People are looking for
assistance that will provided to them and how they look for assistance (Bernhofen et al. 2018).
Government needs to define the policy response and programs in mere advance. In the complete
absence of these policies, the response stand out to be completely ad-hoc.
Recommendation made to stop the event from re-occurring
From the above pages, it can be recommended that state needs to have a better and
effective disaster management response. It merely helps in ensuring the overall safety of people
and economy. A list of recommendation can be provided below like
 Nigerian Meteorological Agency needs to have equip itself with all the required facilities
for meeting up challenges regarding weather forecast. It also help in meeting up the
challenges related to weather forecast. In addition, it also help in enhancing the number
of weather observation stations and network. It comes up with the ability related to the
warning system and ability to provide reliable and effective information.
 There is need for effective and efficient coordination of activities which lie in between
SEMA and NEMA and other stakeholders in disaster management problem. This
particular step will help in improving the disaster situation in Nigeria.
 There is need for proper logistics like communication gadget, ambulance and vehicle and
lastly capacity building by making use of proper training. This step will ultimately help in
improving the efficiency of disaster management response. There is requirement of
funding in the agency so that it can cope with different challenges in case of disaster
management.

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 It is merely achieved by complete budget allocation to agency. All the required activities
of the agency can be enhanced by establishing local emergency management committee.
It merely helps in catering the need of disaster situation in the provided scenario.
 There is need for constant monitoring of risk related to flooding or a method need for
checking water level in river, dam and streams. There is a requirement for setting up
effective information regarding warning system and areas of population more specifically
in dam.
Management issues raised
Some of the management raised issues are
 SEMA is a new agency established in the year 2009. The agency is battling with large
number of issues in an effort to establish itself.
 There is a lack of some skilled personnel in different aspect of disaster management.
Most of the staff of SEMA is pooled from another minister.
 There is inadequate training among most of the stakeholders which ultimately leads to
disagreement on most of the problem (Adelekan 2016). It is all about taking a decision
which will impact in positive way to most of the person. It is worsened as a result of poor
funding of agency by the government.
 Lack of vehicles and ambulance for facilitating the movement of disaster management.
Volunteers generally hamper the coordination of effort among most of the stakeholders
(Nkwunonwo, Whitworth and Baily 2016). It ultimately leads to delay in distribution for
relief material of affected person.

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Conclusion
The above pages help us in concluding the point that this report is all about flood disaster
in the year 2018. It merely focus on the unprecedented growth in the last few years. Major parts
of central Nigeria and related states along Nigeria and Benue are completely devastated by flood.
It merely result in huge amount of destruction in both rural and urban infrastructure. The report
highlights the response of stakeholders with respect to flood disaster in the provided area.
Disaster management stakeholders in the provided state come up with weak capacity in making
response to emergency disaster situation in the provided area. Some of the well-known disaster
challenges are inclusive of poor coordination, improper training and bad logistics. To reduce the
flood damage in the area, there is need for development of certain policies, strategies and plans.
This merely helps in tackling risk, which is associated with natural disaster like flood. It is
completely based on proper kind of risk assessment. It mainly needs an integrated approach
along with a range of ways for mitigating risks. Flood alert is generated when there is complete
arrival of flood so that people can take the right decision. Nigeria does not have all the required
equipment’s needed for complete monitoring of weather.

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Reference
Adebimpe, O.A., Oladokun, Y.O., Odedairo, B.O. and Oladokun, V.O., 2018. Developing Flood
Resilient Buildings in Nigeria: A Guide. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 8(3),
pp.143-150.
Adelekan, I.O. and Asiyanbi, A.P., 2016. Flood risk perception in flood-affected communities in
Lagos, Nigeria. Natural Hazards, 80(1), pp.445-469.
Adelekan, I.O., 2016. Flood risk management in the coastal city of Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of
Flood Risk Management, 9(3), pp.255-264.
Aja, D., Elias, E. and Obiahu, O.H., 2019. Flood risk zone mapping using rational model in a
highly weathered Nitisols of Abakaliki Local Government Area, South-eastern Nigeria. Geology,
Ecology, and Landscapes, pp.1-9.
Akpejiori, J.I., Ehiorobo, J.O. and Izinyon, O., 2017. Flood monitoring and flood risk assessment
in Agenebode, Edo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Eng. Appl, 7, pp.53-59.
Aluko, O.J., Bobadoye, A.O. and Adejumo, A.A., 2019. PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF DAMAGE
CAUSED BY FLOOD ON CHANGE IN LIVELIHOOD SECURITY ALONG GENDER LINE
IN IDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA. Journal of Sustainable
Environmental Management. Vol, 11, pp.47-55.
Berezi, O.K., Obafemi, A.A. and Nwankwoala, H.O., 2019. Flood Vulnerability Assessment of
Communities in the Flood Prone Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Bernhofen, M.V., Whyman, C., Trigg, M.A., Sleigh, P.A., Smith, A.M., Sampson, C.C.,
Yamazaki, D., Ward, P.J., Rudari, R., Pappenberger, F. and Dottori, F., 2018. A first collective

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validation of global fluvial flood models for major floods in Nigeria and
Mozambique. Environmental Research Letters, 13(10), p.104007.
Ganiyu, M.A., Mohammed, R. and Ismail, A., 2017. Effective media involvement in flood
disaster management in Nigeria: pressing problems and recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal
of Education, Arts and Sciences, 4(1), pp.120-131.
Nkwunonwo, U., Whitworth, M. and Baily, B., 2016. A review and critical analysis of the efforts
towards urban flood risk management in the Lagos region of Nigeria. Natural Hazards and
Earth System Sciences, 16(2), pp.349-369.
Nwankwoala, H.O. and Jibril, T., 2019. Flood Height Measurement and Analysis in Parts of
Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Engineering
Management Research, 8(2), pp.1-10.
Oriola, E. and Chibuike, C., 2016. Flood risk analysis of Edu local government area (Kwara
State, Nigeria). Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 9(3), pp.106-116.
Robert, O.T. and Raimi, M., 2019. Resettlement and readjustment patterns of rural dwellers
during and after flood disasters in Bayelsa State Nigeria. Odubo Tonbra Robert and Raimi
Morufu Olalekan (2019) Resettlement and Readjustment Patterns of Rural Dwellers During and
After Flood Disasters in Bayelsa State Nigeria. British Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7(3),
pp.45-52.
Silas, M.Y., Taofeek, S.A., Adewale, A.K., Adeyemi, S.S. and Victor, D., 2019. Flood
inundation and monitoring mapping in Nigeria using modis surface reflectance. Journal of
Scientific Research and Reports, pp.1-12.

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Taiwo, E.S., Adinya, I. and Edeki, S.O., 2019, August. Optimal evacuation decision policies for
Benue flood disaster in Nigeria. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1299, No. 1, p.
012137). IOP Publishing.
Taofik, O.K., Innocent, B., Christopher, N., Jidauna, G.G. and James, A.S., 2017. A comparative
analysis of drainage morphometry on hydrologic characteristics of Kereke and Ukoghor Basins
on Flood Vulnerability in Makurdi Town, Nigeria. Hydrology, 5(3), p.32.