BCO5501 Business Process Engineering: A Review of Time-Aware Changes

This paper reviews the application of multiple change operations in time-aware processes, focusing on the importance of temporal constraints in business process management. It discusses the limitations of contemporary process-aware information systems (PAIS) in supporting time-aware processes and highlights the need for dynamic adaptation to unforeseen events. The review covers the ATSPIS extension, which incorporates temporal constraints, and emphasizes the critical role of time in business process support systems. It also examines the challenges in integrating temporal constraints with the design and runtime components of PAIS, including the verification of time-aware business processes using constrained Horn Clauses. The paper concludes by discussing the implementation of a prototype based on AristaFlow, demonstrating the practical application of the approach and the importance of flexible adaptation to deviations in time-aware processes.

Running head: DEALING WITH CHANGES OF TIME-AWARE PROCESSES
DEALING WITH CHANGES OF TIME-AWARE PROCESSES
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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DEALING WITH CHANGES OF TIME-AWARE PROCESSES
Introduction:
The handling of constraints is very important for very organization. It is claimed in
the study that the execution of time cannot be neglected and it has to be flexible as they study
has clearly stated that time cannot be stopped or slowed. Thus, it is important to deal with
changes of time aware process in the business management system. The paper by Lanz and
Reichert (2014, September) relates to the application of multiple change operation which
states that based on the observation of the study it becomes possible to apply a sequence of
change to a process model in a single transaction without the need of restoring the minimum
timing for the minimal time model. The study will discuss about the importance of time and
states that time is a crucial factor about supporting the different business processes. The paper
will extend the existing process change operation that will ensure a proper end process with
temporal constraints.
Discussion:
The proper handling of temporal process constraints is important in various
application domains. The contemporary process ware information system lacks support of
time aware processes. The execution of time aware process needs to be flexible as time
cannot be stopped or slowed. The proper handling of temporal process is crucial in various
application domains. Therefore it should be possible to dynamically adapt the time aware
process to mix with the unforeseen events. The study presents the ATSPIS that extends the
well -established process changes with the temporal constraints. It also provides with pre and
post conditions for the operations that assure temporal consistency (Campos, Díez and
Cantador 2014). The study claims that the time is a critical and crucial factor related to the
business process support system. In many application areas the temporal constraint handling
becomes an important factor for successful execution of process. The study has particularly

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stated the factor that the PAIS lacks comprehensive support of such process that include time
awareness. A proper integration of temporal constraints with the design and run time
component of PIAS has to be identifies with the key challenges to remedy this situation.
There is considerable work on managing the temporal constraints for business
processes. The approaches focus on design time issues like the modelling and verification of
time aware processes. The dynamic changes in the processes were extensively explored in the
past. A comprehensive survey of approach allowing the dynamic changes is provided in the
study. The study has hi-lighted the various aspects that are to be considered while changing
the time aware process and temporal consistency is one in that (Lanz and Reichert, 2014).
Time aware process:
The time aware process is needed for every temporal constraint for providing proper
definition. It is considered that the business models are well structured and are specified with
blocks. These blocks are known as SESE regions. The companies are adopting the process
aware information system to analyse, monitor and coordinate their business processes. The
proper management of temporal constraints is crucial for many applications. In general the
algorithm for ensuring controllability of time aware process instances during the run time.
During the run time the process instances might be created or executed according to the
process model. It is assumed that the process instance is presented by cloning the process
model. In return the activity represents the execution of single process steps.
It states that if the process model has XOR blocks it becomes uncertain as all
instances perform exactly in a similar manner. The concept allows to identify which activity
re actually performing while an execution is carried on. A string containing the activity
identifiers of the execution path sorted with respect to their execution order can also describe
an execution path.

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According to McMullen and Dimov (2013) the study it is stated that the time aware
process is enacted for performing the activities in the specified manner. In general the time
aware process is denoted as temporally consistent is it can perform all the task without
violating the constraints involved in it. Any PAIS that is supporting time aware process and
its instances has a fundamental prerequisite for the error free execution. This can be
challenging as the constraint might interact and result can be complex. This model is used as
they allow exploiting and reusing correct algorithm. They also need to violate the constraints
for maintenance if the entire process in an efficient manner. The ATAPIS allows creating
time aware process schemas that is based on a well founded language. It also allows checking
the proper time aware process schemas for consistency and to assure their scope for
execution.
The study has discussed about the basic change operation. It states that the changing
process instance. Every IT management should change over time and the old technologies
must be altered with the latest technologies that are best suited for he development and
growth of organization. The ITIL provides a set of best practises for change management that
will make the process easy for the IT professionals to prioritize changes effectively. The
organization must make required changes in their management process to compete with the
growing industries and assure a well- framed development skill for the organization. Thus, to
stay competitive and avoid stress from the rival enterprises the organizations ahs to
management changed regarding the business management system. This includes the change
in time aware process too. The ITIL is not very prescriptive and while it comes to implement
the processes, it is further less prescriptive. The management that has been referred in this
study is designed to understand and minimize the risk during the period when the changes are
being made. The businesses generally have two expectations from the IT sectors that are:
1. Stable, reliable and predictable service

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2. It should be able to change rapidly to meet the requirements f the business.
The term change is required in every field however, this study will discuss mostly about the
change in time awareness that must be implemented I every organization. The time awareness
is a vital factor, as it is known that time cannot be slowed or stopped by anyone. Thus, a
proper utilization of times is highly required for every organization. However the decision to
approve a change or deny is a strategic one.
The ten principal of change management are:
 Address the human side- the change management is supported with the article
claiming that the change in business system in very important. at the same time it s
important to consider time to be an important factor in organization.
 Start at the top- the initiatives has to be taken with respect to the requirement for the
organization.
The study states that when changing the process mode the soundness of the latter has to
be confirmed. Thus to attain the situation it is important to abstract from low level to high
level change operations with well defined conditions. The study has also given an overview
about the important operation changes required for modifying the process. This operation can
be combined to form complex change patterns. The set is exchanges with a new set of change
operation that allowing them to modify the temporal constraints. Like inserting a time lag.
These change operations also allows a change in the time aware model and also guarantees a
structural and behavioural effect in the resulting model.
Application of change operation in Time aware process:
The study states that when the model is modifies then it must ensure the result model to
be temporal consistent. The section defines the basic criteria ensuring that the application of a
change operation. The detail analyse if the local impact of particular change operation has on
the temporal properties. However, it also states that if the change operation is applied to the

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process instances then the pre and post conditions has to be met. They apply to the time
aware processes as well and hence they are not considered in the above conditions.
The study has also discussed about the activity delete activity. It has stated that the
operation allows deleting activities from a process model, removing, and replacing the
activity by a new control edge between the predecessor and successor. As a pre condition it
is expected that the activity will be removed. However, it also states that when a n activity is
deleted from the process it is impossible to determine which of the value previously got
removed while establishing minimality of the time model.
The study stated the verification of the time aware business processes using constrained Horn
Clauses:
They have stated a method for verifying the properties of time aware business processes,
where the time constraint are explicitly taken into account. The business processes aer
specified and while using an extension of the business process modelling notation and the
duration is defined by the constraints over the integer numbers. The verification method
consist of two steps, they specialize the OpSem with respect to a given temporal property that
needs to be verified and also getting a set of CHC whose satisfaction level is equivalent to the
validity of the mentioned property. The second step includes the usage of the art solvers for
CHC’s to check the level of satisfaction for these clauses.
The study also states that when the change operation on time aware processes take place
they must update the corresponding process model and the time models. The study also
claimed that the minimal time model must be restored in the context. If it s done then only
they can assure that there can be another change in the same transaction which can be applied
without violating the consistency of the process model. In a precise manner it can be said
that the complexity is referred to as O(n^3 2^k) where n is the number of time points and k is
the number of observation time points in the time model. The issues becomes more serious

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when a large set of process instances will be migrated to a new process version. The
maximum effect of the change has on the minimal time model. Depending on this the
organization can decide whether to or not to make another change operation.
The paper relates to the application of multiple change operation which states that based
on the observation of the study it becomes possible to apply a sequence of change to a
process model in a single transaction without the need of restoring the minimum timing for
the minimal time model. They have illustrated the approach along with the example from the
diagrams.
Conclusion:
The approach that was implemented as a proof of concept was based on the
AristaFlow. This type of prototype helps the users to create a time aware process model and
automatically generates time model that are based on the CSTN. It also states that the model
operation also may be applied to the process model and corresponding instances. The
prototype demonstrates the chances for application for the approach. Thus, it can be said the
time has a concept about the operational support of the business. As the process execution
does not always abide by the plan, the enterprise must be able to react in a flexible manner to
deviate in the time aware processes without affecting the rest of the properties. The paper was
considered dynamic process change in the context of time aware processes. Firstly, it has
defined the change operation for the time aware processes. Secondly, they specified the pre-
and post condition for the operation that has ensured the change process model will remain
constant. They also have analysed the effects the change operation has on the constraints.
They also approximated the end result that stated the properties of the entire process model.
This allows to reduce the complexity of the required time calculation in the context in a
significant manner. A powerful proof of concept prototype was also implemented to
demonstrate the feasibility of the presented approach. In future they are planning to examine

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how the result that is presented can be applied to the evolution. Finally they are they are
integrating the advanced time management capabilities into the AristaFlow to obtain a full
fledge time and process aware information system.

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References:
Campos, P.G., Díez, F. and Cantador, I., 2014. Time-aware recommender systems: a
comprehensive survey and analysis of existing evaluation protocols. User Modeling and
User-Adapted Interaction, 24(1-2), pp.67-119.
Kelman, H.C., 2017. Processes of opinion change. In Attitude Change (pp. 205-233).
Routledge.
Lanz, A. and Reichert, M., 2014, September. Dealing with changes of time-aware processes.
In International Conference on Business Process Management (pp. 217-233). Springer,
Cham.
McMullen, J.S. and Dimov, D., 2013. Time and the entrepreneurial journey: The problems
and promise of studying entrepreneurship as a process. Journal of Management
Studies, 50(8), pp.1481-1512.