Business Report for Manager

This business report provides insights into the impact of working capital on cash flows, ways to improve cash flow using working capital management practices, and effective cash budgeting for Thorne Estates Limited. It includes a detailed analysis of profit and cash flows, definition of working capital and its elements, assessment of working capital changes on cash flows, and recommendations for improving working capital management. The report also includes a monthly cash budget for four months and recommendations for effective cash management.

BUSINESS REPORT FOR
MANAGER

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................1
TASK1.............................................................................................................................................2
a. Stating the meaning of profit and cash-flows with differences................................................2
(b) Defining working capital and its elements.............................................................................2
c. Assessing how working capital changes affect cash-flows .....................................................3
(ii) Assessing the impact of company’s working capital management on financial results........4
(iii) Analysing ways through which cash flow can be improved using WCM practices ............4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
Monthly Cash Budge for four months from 1st January to 30th April 2021. .............................7
Analysing and recommending ways for effective management..................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In Task 1, the key terms in respect to the accounting and finance is evaluated for getting a
basic understanding about the topic. It states about the impact of change in working capital of the
company on its cash flow and recommending ways for improving the working capital
management of Trend Ltd.
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TASK1
a. Stating the meaning of profit and cash-flows with differences
Profit
Profit is financial benefits obtain from business or trade activities after deducting cost
incurred for it. It is the extra amount which is received on investment which classified as gross,
operating, and net profit. In order to find out profit there is a statement called profit and loss
statement. Which helps in the preparation of balance sheet, fund flow and cash flow statement.
Cash-flow
Cash-flow is a statement which shows all in and out flow of cash for associated with
business activities. There are three type of activities included in cash-flow such as operating,
financing and investing activities. For preparation of cash flow there is need of profit and loss
statement and other financial details likes balance sheet, record of purchase and sale of long term
assets etc.
Difference between profit and cash flow
Basis of difference Profit cash-flows
Usability Profit is useful for any company
but in long term purpose term. So
for year to year is more useful for
investors prospective. More profit
attract more investor.
Cash-flows is more useful for top
management for future goal setting
and decision-making.
Accountability For profit, income statement is to
be prepared which in turn
mandatory for all companies
(Soboleva and et.al., 2018).
Cash-flows is find out from cash
flow statement which is not
mandatory for all companies.
Dependability Calculation of profit is depended
on the ledgers trading accounts.
Cash-flows is prepared with the
help of financial statement.
(b) Defining working capital and its elements
Working capital-
It indicates ability to pay short debt or current liabilities, working capital define liquidity
level what are the sources to pay the short term liabilities that incurred in production activities.
Working capital= current assets-current liabilities.
Receivable-
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Receivable are debtors of organization, Organization has provided stock or some assets
on credit and write as receivables in balance sheet because money will be received is future
dates. In reference to working capital it will more important because greater level of receivable
lead delay in payment impact working capital.
Inventory-
Inventory is term used for all the stock that incudes raw material, finished goods, work in
progress etc. It is useful when finding cost of goods sold and cost of production. Inventory
become more useful when it comes to working capital because as many as inventory is hold by
organization delays working cycle cannot convert into cash easily (Margasova and et.al., 2019).
Payables-
Payables are part of current liabilities that means company has obtained material,
overheads and some services at on credit for that company need to pay in future so it called as
payables because company need to pay amount for that. Company can make more payable to
make delay in payments.
c. Assessing how working capital changes affect cash-flows
Impact of working capital on cash flow-
To find out net cash flow of the organization, one should closely monitor working capital
moreover much part of cash flow is related with current assets and current liabilities. Which not
directly impact cash flow but impact indirectly. Company's much part of working capital is
relevant to cash activities like in and out of cash as the production activities take place.
For instance: If organization sells its fixed assets than the inflow of cash which increase
in cash and working capital will also go up and similarly if fixed assets is purchase, then it will
increase the value working capital and cash outflow.
Another example is purchase of inventory that not directly impact but it will lead to reduce the
cash so it has indirect impact.
it is understandable that cash flow not included the working capital part because it is related to
short term period that are not directly included cash(Roychaudhuri and et.al.,2017). Working
capital is the most impacted part of cash so it should give due consideration to working capital.
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(ii) Assessing the impact of company’s working capital management on financial results
Organization is working in field of cloths where the production activities became more
important. So the value of working capital will be most, and value of cash-flows are to be high.
Organization should manage these activities with due respect because in industries like textiles
and manufacturing cash and working cycle became more essentials. So the organization is
receiving investment TL company can be used for the purpose of improving working capital.
Step can be taken for improvement of cash-flows and working capital-
Reduction in period of receivable-
Company can opt a policy where reduction in the period of receivable can be made to
make more useful and convincing for the payment to supplier.
Increase in period of payable-
It is another tool to increase the level to working capital to can make working cycle easy
for the organization. It provides more liquidity for production and settlement of short term
expenses.
Increase in investment-
TL company has made investment to acquired 30% stake in the organization, lead to
increase the cash amount so excessive amount can be further invested to increase movement of
cash.
Increase in the profit-
From the money received from investment can used for working capital and reinvested to
get more profitability.
If company uses the fund in working capital and for re-investment purpose it will be
better utilization of fund (Aquila and et.al., 2017). It helps in the increases of financial efficiency
and results.
(iii) Analysing ways through which cash flow can be improved using WCM practices
working capital management can be used to get more efficient cash-flows management and
improvement of cash circulation in and out of organization.
Improvement in liquidity-
with the help of increase in volume of working capital, in decrease in the period of
receivable and inverse with payable organization can find more liquidity. It can be used in many
ways to payment of short term loan and liabilities, So the management of cash will also improve.
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Analysing risk and its segmentation -
There are many risks associated with the market that lead to decrease in the efficiency of
working capital. In working capital, the risk which effect most is credit risk due to this many
times payment cannot be received at time and liquidity reduces.
So in accordance with the risk payable can be segmented and better result can be opt. By these
cash cycle will not frequently affect.
Improvement in accounts receivable and payable-
To obtain the better cash cycle organization can make control over all debtors and
creditors. Organization can have classified these in small group and give the rating according to
their behaviour in payment history to allocated group to improvement in future payment and
accountability. It leads to the improvement in management of cash-flows.
Segment for controllable and uncontrollable expenses-
From making segment of cost or expenses organization can control expenses needs to be
control It helps in reduction of cost and wastage (Foerster, Tsagarelis and Wang, 2017). And
the uncontrollable cost can be estimated for the future projects.
Control over working capital-
If all the segment is made, then the control be an easy job for the management and help in
deciding about use of excessive money that is not useable for that period.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In second part of report, forecasted cash budget for the 4 months is being prepared based
on the information given. After creation of budget, the analysis of the same is carried out upon
which the point of suggestion and recommendation is being provided to the Thorne Estates
Limited for effective management of the cash of the company.
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TASK 2
Monthly Cash Budge for four months from 1st January to 30th April 2021.
Cash budget refers to plan or budget of expected receipts and the disbursement during
specific period. The cash inflows and outflows includes revenues, collection from debtors,
expenses paid and the loan receipt and payments. In simple words cash budget refers to estimate
projection of cash position of the company in future period.
The below cash budget has been prepared for four months of Thorne Estate limited.
Month Jan Feb March April
Units Sold 10 15 25 30
Price per unit 1,80,000 1,80,000 1,80,000 1,80,000
Total value of
properties sold 1800000 2700000 4500000 5400000
Cash Inflows
Sales commission
1% in current month 18,000 27,000 45,000 54,000
2% past month 36,000 36,000 54,000 90,000
Sale of vehicles 20,000
Total Cash Inflow 54,000 63,000 99,000 1,64,000
Cash Outflow
Variable Expenses 9,000 13,500 22,500 27,000
Salary 26250 26250 26250 26250
Bonus 6300 12600
Fixed overheads 4300 4300 4300 4300
Loan Interest 3000
Outstanding tax
liability 95800
Total Cash Outflows 39,550 44,050 62,350 1,65,950
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Cash deficit 14,450 18,950 36,650 -1,950
Opening Cash Flow -40000 -25,550 -6,600 30,050
Closing cash flows -25,550 -6,600 30,050 28,100
Analysing and recommending ways for effective management
Cash Budget is an effective tool which is prepared for allocating the resources over
different business operations. There must be adequate allocation of funds among different
business departments so that the business could identify whether there are adequate funds
available or not for carrying out the operations or not. It is made after properly analysing all the
adjustments such as inflation, demand, market rate fluctuations, economic factors and other
factors that could influence the budget. All these adjustments are to be made for preparing
accurate and complete cash budget for the company. Cash budget are prepared based on the
previous budget assessing the trends and flow expenses and incomes related to business. From
the cash budget it could be analysed that whether sufficient funds will be available or not for the
business after end of the month (Husein and Chung, 2018). If sufficient funds are not available to
business it has to take actions for managing the funds to carry out the operations smoothly
without any interruptions. Necessary steps are required to be made for raising the funds from the
most adequate resources. There are number of sources but it has to select sources with least cost
of capital. Cash budget is an essential tool for the management that helps them in decision
making.
In the present case Thorne limited is company that sells and advertises the residential
property on behalf of the customers. The average price of each property is 180000 on which
company charges 3% commission. The 1% commission in month of the sale and remaining is
received in following month. The revenues generated by company through commission are
adequate to meet the expenses. Company is having nine employees whose average salary is
35000 per year which means 2916 per month. Further company is paying bonus to its employees
for selling units above 20. In the month of march employees have sold 5 additional properties for
which bonus of 700 is provided and 10 additional properties have been sold in April for which
bonus of 1400 is provided. Variable expenses are 0.5% against value of the property that is sold
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and they have to be paid in same month. These expenses will increase with increase in properties
sold and vice versa. It means company is required to keep proper control over these expenses so
that there is no further increase in expenses. The fixed overheads are 4300 per month that will be
paid in every month in which they occur (Aithal 2017). These are related to the expenditures
which are related to power, rental and hire charges which are constant irrespective of amount of
output. Company is also required to account for the interest expenses in making of cash budget
as it is financial obligation which has to be paid every year at scheduled time. The rent of office
amount at 42000 for the year therefore it will be counted as prepaid rent in the budget and cash
will be taken for rent every year. The rent is to be paid once in year by the company in may.
There is outstanding tax liability for the company which will be paid in April. The tax liability is
charged on business profits amounting to 95800. It will paid in single one time payment by the
company. The amount of tax liability is high and have significant impact on cash flows as it has
to take out one time payment of considerable amount.
Thorne has planned to dispose surplus vehicles that are having book value. Sales
proceeds will be accounted as cash inflows in month of April. The proceeds could be used for
any business purpose as per the policies of company. The vehicles are sold for 20000 on which it
is earning a cash profit of 5000. The profit is received in monetary terms therefore accounted in
cash budget of company. Company had a opening cash balance with deficit of 40000 that is
negative cash balance of 40000. company is running out of cash for which it is required to take
necessary steps so that it could convert the negative balance into positive balance. Company is
required to maintain strong monitoring over the costs and expenses of the business to maintain
the cash flows (Margasova and et.al., 2019). It is essential for the business to maintain proper
inflow and cash outflows for smooth functioning of operations.
Company can negotiate with the officer owner to reduce the rent so that it would reduce
the rent cost. The payment of interest could be broken down into months so that burden is not
laid on one month of whole quarter. It could be analysed from the above budget that company is
not having adequate cash flows throughout the year.
The company's cash flow are fluctuating which makes it important for the company to
make an investment into short term and long terms investment option in order to generate higher
return in the future. By implementing systematic strategy and management plans it will help in
effectively meeting up with the future cash requirements such for expansion. And in addition, the
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organization would not be required to take additional funds in terms of loan or bank overdraft
(Nørreklit, Mitchell and Nielsen, 2017). Also, it is crucial for the company to take into
consideration various aspects such as the size of the excess amount of cash, the time frame for
which it is made available along with the level of risk being associated with different types of
investment instruments. Thorne Estates is required to understand that the investment of the
surplus cash balance is a component of the treasury function and as the size of the company is
not that large, therefore, it can definitely put a close eye on the management of the cash
surpluses.
In addition to this, the negative opening cash balance is expected to be because of the
usage of the overdraft facilities by the company amounting to 40000 in which interest is charged
pertaining to the amount which is overdrawn. But it is highly recommended to the management
to understand the positive and negative implication of bank overdraft on the business. On
positive side, it is very flexible and interest is charged only on the overdrawn amount in contrast
to it, it involves the risk of interest rate which might rise as it is variable. Along with that,
overdraft amount can be called out or repayable at any time on demand. Thus, these are the
certain point of recommendation which the organization if follows will result into effectively and
properly management of the cash flow of the Thorne Estates.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aithal, P.S., 2017. An effective method of developing business case studies based on company
analysis. International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education
(IJERME), ISSN (Online). pp.2455-4200.
Aquila, G., and et.al., 2017. Wind power feasibility analysis under uncertainty in the Brazilian
electricity market. Energy Economics. 65. pp.127-136.
Foerster, S., Tsagarelis, J. and Wang, G., 2017. Are cash flows better stock return predictors than
profits?. Financial Analysts Journal. 73(1). pp.73-99.
Husein, M. and Chung, I.Y., 2018. Optimal design and financial feasibility of a university
campus microgrid considering renewable energy incentives. Applied energy. 225. pp.273-
289.
Margasova, V.,and et.al., 2019. Commercial Banks as a Key Element in Regulating Cash Flows
in the Business Environment. International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering. 8(4). pp.4537-4543.
Nørreklit, H., Mitchell, F. and Nielsen, L. B., 2017. Reflective planning and decision-making. A
philosophy of management accounting: A pragmatic constructivist approach. pp.97-116.
Roychaudhuri, P.S., and et.al.,2017. Selection of energy conservation projects through Financial
Pinch Analysis. Energy. 138. pp.602-615.
Soboleva, Y.P., and et.al., 2018. Monitoring of businesses operations with cash flow
analysis. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 9(11). p.2034.
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