Business Research Methodology

This article explores the implementation of PPP projects in China and the UK, the risks involved, and strategies to minimize them. It includes an annotated bibliography, literature review, and aims and objectives. The research aims to investigate the effect of PPP projects, evaluate the types of risks involved, analyze the linkage between the public and private sector, and develop strategies to minimize risks. The findings will be obtained through questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews.

Running head: BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Business Research Methodology
Name of Student
Name of University
Author Note

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Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................1
Section 1 Annotated Bibliography...................................................................................................2
Section 2: Diagram the scope of research........................................................................................4
Section 3: Literature Review...........................................................................................................5
Section 4: Aims and Objectives.......................................................................................................8
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Section 1 Annotated Bibliography
Article Details Detailed Explanation
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P. and Lam, P.T., 2010.
Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–private
partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of
Project Management, 28(5), pp.482-492.
 This is a seminal reference as this article
will help in articulating new concepts and
understanding of the research area.
 I think that this reference or article will help
me proper understanding of the research
area which I am not familiar with. This
article has certainly gained interest in me to
understand and analyze the area of the study
in a comprehensive manner.
 This reference is interesting as this helps in
understanding the wide concepts of the PPP
projects in China.
 This research provides a gap of knowledge
of developing understanding of the
development of the PPP projects in China.
Xu, Y., Chan, A.P. and Yeung, J.F., 2010.
Developing a fuzzy risk allocation model for PPP
projects in China. Journal of construction
engineering and management, 136(8), pp.894-903.
 This is a seminal reference as this area of
research will help in constituting and
making the understanding of new method
for the exploration of opportunities or the
new researchers working on this area of

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domain.
 I think this reference should be help for me
to understand new theories on a particular
method which is explained in this article.
 This reference is interesting as this will
provide clear understanding of the fuzzy
logic t be developed for the infrastructural
projects to be developed in China.
 This article locates a potential gap in
understanding that how the risks are
allocated between the public and the private
enterprises.
Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J. and
Hardcastle, C., 2005. The allocation of risk in
PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK.
International Journal of project management, 23(1),
pp.25-35.
 This is also a seminal reference as this is
useful in understanding and analyzing that
how the PPP projects helps in the allocation
of the risks to be identified for the UK
construction projects.
 I think that this is a topic which provides
interest in me as I could b able to gain
knowledge on the construction projects to be
taken place in UK. Yes this provides me
interest in relation to the research topic.
 This reference is interesting as this should be

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developing knowledge in the impact of
PPP/PFI construction projects in UK.
 This reference will locate a potential gap in
risk allocation method of how the public and
the private entities are separated and acting
differently in making the construction
projects in UK to be successful.
Section 2: Diagram the scope of research
(Source: Osei-Kyei and Chan 2015)
ImplementationofPPPprFlexibilityinPPPpro

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The research topic basically comes from the implementation of PPP projects in China and
UK. It also comes from the risks experienced in the development and implementation of
construction projects in UK and China.
The field of research around it is basically the development of the PPP projects which is
held responsible for enhancing competitiveness and flexibility in the construction of
infrastructural projects in UK as well in China which is indicated in this study (Ke et al. 2010).
My research is placed in identifying and understanding of the concept of risk allocation
scheme and how the risk allocation is useful in the comprehensive construction of the PPP
projects for the development of infrastructure in China as well in UK. The scope of the research
is that it should be providing the opportunities to the new and existing researchers to review the
existing and new concepts of PPP projects and its construction in one of the most planned
economic countries which include China. The scope of this research is to identify how the public
and private sector has been involved in the development of the PPP projects and how risks are
allocated and aligned with the total project life as well.
The articles will be addressing that how the risks are equally divided or segmented
around the public and the private sector that are responsible for the implementation of the PPP
projects in China as well in UK. The topic will also address the flexibility in the contracts made
between the public and the private sector for PPP projects.
Section 3: Literature Review
The topic is about the success of the implementation of the PPP projects in the Western
countries as the PPP projects are at high risks and the risks need to be managed effectively in the
successful implementation of the PPP projects. The management of the risks in the

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implementation of the PPP projects has certainly become a serious issue in the construction
sector. There were past studies ad literature on the risk allocation. According to Mladenovic et al.
(2013) the risks in managing the PPP projects in the Western countries like UK as well in the
Asian giants like China is very tough as the risk allocation scheme is not proper and defined it in
a comprehensive manner. The PPP projects in China have become successful only due to the risk
allocation has been good but it is only for some of the PPP projects. They do not have the risk
sharing method to be implemented positively for the development of the PPP projects. The topic
is also about the understanding of the concept of risk allocation scheme which is applicable for
both the private and the public sectors. This topic is also about managing the degree or
measurement of the risks identified and experienced by the private sectors as compared with the
public sector for the construction of the PPP projects across the globe. There is no much of the
history of this research activity to be seen as there were no relative evidence to be found out in
the success and failure of the development of the PPP projects.
The current knowledge and the research activity indicate that the risk allocation
mechanism is the ultimate solution for the analysis, assessing as well as managing the risks for
the development of the PPP projects.
The scope of your interest set within this file of research is that how the risk shar8ing or
risk allocation is segmented between the private and the public sector. The interest of how the
risks could be managed at lowest of prices for the overall performance of the PPP projects to be
improved in China as well in the Western countries. The proper risk management plan and the
PPP/PFI procurement process deals with the management and control of the risks for
constructing PPP projects. The scope of interest for me to know in detail about the negotiation
process to be implemented between the private and the public sector and how the risks are shared

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for enabling the best and ethical construction practices to be involved for the PPP projects to be
determined and established successfully (Doloi 2012).
This area of research is important in resolving any kind of risks experienced by the public
sector due to the development of the PPP projects in China as well in other Western countries. It
is seen that with the development of technology and rapid competition within the construction
sector there is huge scarcity of the resources to be taken place and this could be involved in high
risks for the future generations to come by and this will ultimately have an impact on the public
sector (Bing et al. 2005). The public sector always does things for the betterment of the common
individuals who are living in this society. The infrastructure projects are very much important in
providing social and cultural benefits to the people living in the society. So there is always an
important ink to be developed between the public and the private sector for the benefit of the
common people. This area of research is also important in analyzing and assessing the risks
involved in the development of the PPP projects. This area of research is also important as the
research is based on the principle of risk allocation mechanism. According to Osei-Kyei and
Chan (2015) this research study will gain the understanding of how the risk allocation method
could be one solution in reducing down the level of risks between the public and the private
sectors with the transfer of highest of risks towards the private sector rather than the public sector
as well. This area of study also provides an understanding of the inability of the public sector to
manage and reduce the risks of developing the PPP projects (Zou et al. 2014). The research also
provides importance to the solution of providing allocation of more risks to the private sector as
they have the best of the capabilities and the compatible resources for the development of the
PPP projects in China as well in the Western countries like UK.

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According to Song et al. (2013) the gap in the research knowledge which is identified is
that how the private and the public sector coincides in the segmentation of the risks and how they
are managing the risks after he risks are segmented. There is always a conflict to be taken place
between the private and public sector about which of the risks they should be managing and how
they will be able to identify the risks coming under their way. There is the missing information
about the handing of the risks identified and assessed and the level of risk to be identified and
operated both by the private and the public sector (Chou et al. 2012). The improvements which
are required for this research area is particularly the identification and the proper implementation
of the risk allocation mechanism for the development of the PPP projects by which there is a
measurement of difference between the public and the private sector could be involved.
According to Zhang et al. (2015) there is the scope of new research to be developed as the
research does not have detailed explanation of the PPF procurement process. There is the scope
of new research on the level of risk transfer from the public to the private sector as well. In
accordance with Xu Chan and Yeung (2010) the public and the private sector have not
categorized and explained the types of risks to be managed and the impact of these risks on the
development of the PPP projects as well. According to Ke et al. (2010) the distribution of the
risks into the private and the public sector helps in the proper allocation of the resources and they
will be conducting their operations based on the resources available.
Section 4: Aims and Objectives
The research questions for this study are highlighted below
 What are the types of risks identified and assessed in the development of the PPP
projects?

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 What should be the effective strategies to be developed in the successful implementation
of PPP projects?
 How the implementation of the PPP projects has an impact on the society and on the
environment?
The research will seek to achieve that how the implementation of PPP projects will become
successful in China as well in the Western countries. This is necessary for the field of research as
the literature states that there are high risks involved in the implementation of the PPP projects
and this becomes a serious issue for the sustainability of the PPP projects in the future. The
impact the proposed research have is on the external environment as well on the society due to
the extreme risks involved in its development.
 To investigate the effect of implementation of PPP projects in China as well in the
Western countries like UK.
 To explore and evaluate the type of risks involved in the implementation of the PPP
projects.
 To analyze linkage between the pubic and the private sector for the development of the
PPP projects.
 To develop strategies in minimizing the risks involved in the construction of PPP
projects.
 The researcher will be able to obtain the findings with the help of the questionnaire
surveys and the face to face interviews to be taken. The questionnaire is prepared for the
private sector investors investing in construction of PPP projects. The interview is also
taken of the government officials for getting ideas on public sector.

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References
Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P.J. and Hardcastle, C., 2005. The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI
construction projects in the UK. International Journal of project management, 23(1), pp.25-35.
Chan, A.P., Lam, P.T., Wen, Y., Ameyaw, E.E., Wang, S. and Ke, Y., 2014. Cross-sectional
analysis of critical risk factors for PPP water projects in China. Journal of Infrastructure
Systems, 21(1), p.04014031.
Chou, J.S., Tserng, H.P., Lin, C. and Yeh, C.P., 2012. Critical factors and risk allocation for PPP
policy: Comparison between HSR and general infrastructure projects. Transport Policy, 22,
pp.36-48.
Doloi, H., 2012. Understanding impacts of time and cost related construction risks on operational
performance of PPP projects. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 16(3),
pp.316-337.
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P. and Lam, P.T., 2010. Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–
private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), pp.482-
492.
Mladenovic, G., Vajdic, N., Wündsch, B. and Temeljotov-Salaj, A., 2013. Use of key
performance indicators for PPP transport projects to meet stakeholders’ performance objectives.
Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 3(2), pp.228-249.
Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for
Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International Journal of Project
Management, 33(6), pp.1335-1346.

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Song, J., Song, D., Zhang, X. and Sun, Y., 2013. Risk identification for PPP waste-to-energy
incineration projects in China. Energy Policy, 61, pp.953-962.
Xu, Y., Chan, A.P. and Yeung, J.F., 2010. Developing a fuzzy risk allocation model for PPP
projects in China. Journal of construction engineering and management, 136(8), pp.894-903.
Xu, Y., Chan, A.P., Xia, B., Qian, Q.K., Liu, Y. and Peng, Y., 2015. Critical risk factors
affecting the implementation of PPP waste-to-energy projects in China. Applied energy, 158,
pp.403-411.
Zhang, S., Gao, Y., Feng, Z. and Sun, W., 2015. PPP application in infrastructure development
in China: Institutional analysis and implications. International Journal of Project Management,
33(3), pp.497-509.
Zou, W., Kumaraswamy, M., Chung, J. and Wong, J., 2014. Identifying the critical success
factors for relationship management in PPP projects. International Journal of Project
Management, 32(2), pp.265-274.