Board Diversity and Firm Performance

This assignment examines the impact of board diversity on firm performance. It requires a critical analysis of existing research, exploring various dimensions of board diversity (e.g., gender, ethnicity) and their influence on financial outcomes, risk management, and corporate social responsibility. Students are expected to synthesize findings from multiple studies and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of board diversity initiatives.

Running Head: BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT
Business Research Project
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Executive Summary
The main aim of this research is to give details on a professional project aimed at finding
business performance of top 50 Australian companies. The research question is to what extent is
the profit of the firm associated with remuneration of the directors’ data that has been collected
from the annual reports of the top 50 Australian companies. This has been analyzed by
evaluating the correlation between the independent directors and profitability. The result is very
clear that on all the three years, remuneration earned by the directors of the company do not
depend on the performance of the company.

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................4
1.2 Research Aims and Research Questions................................................................................4
2.0 Literature Review......................................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5
1.3.2 Agency Theory...............................................................................................................5
1.3.3 Resource Dependency Theory........................................................................................6
1.3.4 Corporate Law................................................................................................................7
1.3.5 Board diversity of expertise:...........................................................................................7
1.3.6 Board heterogeneity and fit for purpose:........................................................................8
1.3.7 Gap in literature:.............................................................................................................8
1.3.8 Summary:........................................................................................................................9
3.0 Research Methodology............................................................................................................10
3.1 Data Collection....................................................................................................................10
3.2 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Descriptive Analysis.....................................................................................................11
3.2.2 Remuneration and Business Performance....................................................................11
Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................11

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Data Study.................................................................................................................................11
Correlation Analysis..................................................................................................................14
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................17
References......................................................................................................................................18

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1.0 Introduction
The most ideal career path for a student of Master of Professional Accounting student
would be to become a professional accountant. This research is about the study of the business
performances of top 50 Australian companies. The project background, research aims and
objectives and the literature review will constitute the first part. In the second part, the research
methodology, findings, discussions and conclusions will be explained.
1.1 Problem Statement
Fro the last few decades, general public get more interests in the way of companies
performing business and affecting the environment. This is mainly because different people have
different types of interests. Some are interested in shopping. So they will be concerned about the
retail stores and companies and would like to know about their profits or losses. Some people are
into investments. They will be interested in knowing the status of a financial company and judge
from there the appropriate company to choose. Similarly, people with different interests are
concerned about different types of industries. Thus, this research has been conducted.
1.2 Research Aims and Research Questions
The main aim of this research is to study the business performance of top 50 Australian
Companies over three financial years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Thus, the following research
questions can be framed to analyze the aim of this research:
 To what extent is the profit of the firm associated to the remuneration of the directors?

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2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This section of the study aims to focus on different theories that contains the information
on the relationship between the remuneration earned by the directors and the profits of the
companies. The basic theories that have been included in this section are the theory of the
agencies and the dependency theory of the resources. Moreover, discussion of the corporate law
has also been done to establish the relationship between the variablesdirectors’ remuneration and
profits of the companies and also by discussing the board diversity of expertise. Further, the gap
in the literature will be identified along with the limitations of this study.
1.3.2 Agency Theory
The major work that this board performs is exercising the control and the provision which
is related to the observation of management. This role which the board performs has been
evaluated via the theory of the agency. When ownership and control of the assets are separated,
the problem related to the agents arises. Moreover, the shareholders cannot influence any control
over the management practically. It is not possible for the shareholders to do so. A major role has
been played by the board to oversee the management and protect the shareholders’ rights along
with equitable treatments (Terjesen, Couto & Francisco, 2016). This conflict can give rise to
some moral risks and invalid information. As a result of this conflict, the directors are able to
collect a lot more information. With the help of this information collected, they try to gain the
trust of the principal and this might result in the fact that that this act will go for opposing the
principal (Low, Roberts & Whiting, 2015).

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According to the theory, the managers will not be involving themselves in any kinds of
behaviours that will be disadvantageous to the organization. The values of the shareholders are
increased due to the effectiveness of the agents. The need for monitoring the issue further will
thus be minimized as the cost of transaction will be increased. It is never possible to agree
completely with the shareholders in each and every such situation. Hence, according to the
corporate governance domain, it is important to find out a solution that will be effective to
control the stakeholders association and minimize the conflict between them (Adams et al.,
2015).
1.3.3 The Dependency Theory of the Resources
According to some observations, the organizational operating area is inclusive of the
ecosystem. The factors that are significant in this case are raw materials, labour and capital. The
better the availability of these factors, the ore will be the success of the company. Developing
strategic connections with other companies is critical. To do this, the directors have come up
with a theory. According to this theory, at least two of the major responsibilities of the directors
must be taken care of (Kaczmarek, Kimino & Pye, 2014). In order to retain the employees, the
directors will have to pay the employees a proper remuneration. This is one of the factors for the
retention of the employees (Triana, Miller & Trzebiatowski, 2013).
Now, as the employees will be working more for the company, the company will be
earning more profit based on the performance of the employees. This profit will influence the
remuneration earned by the independent directors. With the increase in the profits earned by the
company, it can be assumed that the remunerations earned by the directors will increase. All the
payments of the company are done on the basis of the profits earned by the company. Thus, the

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profits earned by the companies at the end of the financial year is said to be influencing the
remunerations earned by the independent directors (Ferreira, 2015).
1.3.4 Board diversity of expertise:
Very little research studies have been there in which the expertise of the directors and the
professional background have been analysed until today. According to Gray and Nowland
(2015), the board of expertise has been formed by the directors and they will be providing with
the classification of the expertise that the directors possess into 11 different groups. These groups
are formed of the groups of accountants, bankers, doctors, engineers, academics, consultants,
scientists, lawyers, politicians, executives and other CEO’s (Nielsen & Nielsen, 2013). In
accordance to the researchers, the board of expertise can be as diversified as stated above but the
performance of the firm is not dependent on this diversity. There has been found a negative
association between these non-business expertise and the performance of the firm (García-Meca,
García-Sánchez & Martínez-Ferrero, 2015).
1.3.5 Board heterogeneity and fit for purpose:
According to the discussed theories of the agencies and the resource dependencies,
different effective boards would be effective in enhancing the shareholders’ wealths and the
performance of the organizations. The homogeneous boards of the directors never used to
consider the different viewpoints of the backgrounds of gender, age, wealth and ethnicity
(Perryman, Fernando & Tripathy, 2016). The directors who do not have very good access with
the CEO of the company will be under strict monitoring (Martín-Ugedo&Minguez-Vera, 2014).

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1.3.6 Literature Gap
A lot of theories are present in support of the matter of the relation of the board of
directors and the shareholders’ wealth. This research is mainly based on the profit of the
organization and remunerations earned as a result by the independent directors. The profit of the
organization is in turn dependent on the shareholders. Thus, the above literature was worth
discussing. The “UK Corporate Governance Code 2014”, “Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002” and the
“ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations 2014” improve the beliefs of the
independent directors. This research explores the dependencies of the remunerations of the board
of directors of a company with the profit earned by the company in a financial year.
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Data Collection
The main aim of this research is to study the business performance of top 50 Australian
Companies over three financial years 2014, 2015 and 2016. To do this research, the yearly
profits of the companies and the remuneration of the directors of the respective companies are
collected from the annual reports of the respective companies. The data thus collected for this
research can be termed as secondary data as the data was collected from previous records and not
directly from the field of research. The 50 companies that were selected belonged to various
sectors such as utilities, materials, financials, consumer discretionary, industrials, energy, health
care, real estates, consumer staples, information technology and telecommunication services. The
profits and the remunerations of the directors of these different sectors will be compared in this
study.

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3.2 Data Analysis
Quantitative data, such as earnings per share and year-end share prices are collected from
annual reports and financial websites. Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2013) mentioned that it is
appropriate to use quantitative methods for researches that measure facts on variables where
reliability is important, a large number of samples and data can be analyzed statistically. They
will be analyzed by using correlation and regression analysis and by using t-test, so as to find out
the relationship between directors remuneration and business performance. MS Excel software is
used to conduct the analysis.
3.2.1 Descriptive Analysis
This is the first part of the analysis. In this part, the average remuneration of the directors
earned at the end of each financial year for each of the 11 sectors of the 50 selected companies.
Also, the average profit earned by the companies for these three years for the 11 sectors of 50
companies will also be determined and discussed.
3.2.2 Remuneration and Business Performance
This is the second part of the analysis. In this part the research questions will be
answered. To do that some hypothesis will be framed and the truthfulness of those hypotheses
will be tested using appropriate statistical techniques. To test the research question, whether
there is any relation between the remuneration of the directors and the firm’s performance,
correlation and regression analysis has been conducted.
Following the above discussions and the research questions framed above, the following
hypothesis can be framed.

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Null Hypothesis (H01): There is no association between the remuneration earned by the
directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA1): There is significant difference between the remuneration earned by
the directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies.
4.0 Data Analysis
4.1 Data Study
At first, from the data collected, a descriptive study of the observations has been done. It
can be seen that, of the 50 selected companies, one company belongs to the Consumer
discretionary sector, three companies belong to the consumer staples sector, 5 companies belong
to the energy sector, eleven companies belong to the financial sector, three companies belong to
the healthcare sector, one company belong to the information technology sector, nine companies
belong to the materials sector, 9 companies deal with real estates, one telecommunication
services providing company and finally 2 companies from the utilities sector. The average
remuneration and profit for the three years 2014, 2015 and 2016 is given in table 1. In the table
1, 2014 R, 2015R and 2016R are represented as the total remuneration earned by the directors of
the company in the financial years 2014, 2015 and 6016 respectively. Again, 2014P, 2015P and
2016P are represented as the performance (profit/ loss) of the firm for the years 2014, 2015 and
2016 respectively. It can be seen clearly from the calculations in table 1 that the maximum
amount of remuneration is paid by the consumer discretionary. It can also be seen that in the
chosen sample, only one company falls under this category. Thus, it can be said that the
consumer discretionary type of industry requires a lot of employments and thus the cost is high.

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Thus, there are very less industries in this sector. Information technology and telecommunication
services experience the least amount of remuneration to be paid to the directors.
From the results of the analysis, it can also be seen that most profitable industry in
Australia is the consumer staples industry. The energy sector, information technology sector and
telecommunication services have experienced the least amount or a negligible amount of profit.
In 2015, the energy sector suffered from a loss annually. This informationis shown in figure 1
and 2.
Table 1: Average Remuneration and Profit (Industry Wise)
Type of Industry 2014R 2015R 2016R 2014P 2015P 2016P
Consumer Discretionary
$89,215.7
7
$61,802.2
1
$79,374.7
2 $167.90 $279.50 $360.20
Consumer Staples
$46,504.9
6
$44,715.3
7
$44,295.8
7
$5,550.6
3
$4,555.2
3
$3,942.0
0
Energy
$19,754.7
5
$23,974.9
4
$26,128.4
8 -$1.24 -$129.59 $110.54
Financials
$31,838.1
7
$34,112.2
2
$37,367.8
4
$2,650.2
8
$3,103.6
2
$2,574.7
4
Health Care
$14,214.1
1
$16,079.9
1
$20,878.0
3 $667.35 $715.26 $736.37
Industrials
$35,398.0
1
$31,004.7
1
$40,980.6
4 -$190.56 $508.02 $606.80
Information Technology $3,207.46 $2,675.30 $2,161.65 $254.53 $157.28 $161.80
Materials
$12,578.6
0
$17,332.6
3
$17,592.6
1
$2,403.7
4 $782.30
$1,284.4
7
Real Estate
$15,065.9
8
$18,150.6
1
$14,478.1
5
$2,048.4
3
$1,639.1
1
$1,726.5
0
Telecommunication
Services $3,207.46 $2,675.30 $2,161.65 $254.53 $157.28 $161.80
Utilities
$60,775.9
6
$66,481.8
9
$26,183.0
8 $540.45 $316.40 $60.15

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Consumer Discretionary
Consumer Staples
Energy
Financials
Health Care
Industrials
Information Technology
Materials
Real Estate
Telecommunication Services
Utilities
$0.00
$10,000.00
$20,000.00
$30,000.00
$40,000.00
$50,000.00
$60,000.00
$70,000.00
$80,000.00
$90,000.00
$100,000.00
Director's Remuneration
2014R
2015R
2016R
Type of Industry
Director's Remuneration
Figure 1: Bar Graph comparing the director’s remuneration in 3 years across different
sectors.

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Consumer Discretionary
Consumer Staples
Energy
Financials
Health Care
Industrials
Information Technology
Materials
Real Estate
Telecommunication Services
Utilities
-$1,000.00
$0.00
$1,000.00
$2,000.00
$3,000.00
$4,000.00
$5,000.00
$6,000.00
Performance of a Firm
2014P
2015P
2016P
Type of Industry
Profit of Firm ($m)
Figure 2: Bar Graph comparing firm performance (profit / loss) in 3 years across different
sectors.
4.2 Correlation Analysis
Next, the remunerations of the directors are compared with the profits or losses of the
companies. The correlation table shows the relationship between the two factors. It can be seen
from the table that in 2014, the performance of the firm is very weakly correlated with the
remuneration of the directors. Thus, with the increase in profit, nothing can be said about the
increase or decrease of the variable. In the year 2015, it can be seen that there is also very weak
relation between director’s remuneration and performance of the firm. The same result is
established from the correlation table for the financial year 2016. Thus, from here, it can be said
clearly that the performance of the firm do not depend on the remuneration earned by the

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directors of the company. The correlation table is shown in table 2 and the information discussed
above is shown diagrammatically in figure 3, 4 and 5.
Table 2: Correlation Table
2014R 2015R 2016R 2014P 2015P 2016P
2014R 1
2015R
0.81372
1 1
2016R
0.72209
4
0.66014
5 1
2014P
0.05250
9
0.06187
6
0.00591
9 1
2015P
0.07998
5
0.06626
4
0.04181
8
0.83983
3 1
2016P
0.19462
4
0.16213
2
0.16356
9
0.81535
1
0.82812
9 1
$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Director's Remuneration vs Company Performance
(2014)
Series2
Director Remuneration ($'000)
Company Performance ($m)
Figure 3: Scatter Plot showing the relationship between director’s remuneration and
Company’s performance for the financial year 2014 (profit / loss).

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$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Director's Remuneration vs Company Performance
(2015)
Series2
Director Remuneration ($'000)
Company Performance ($m)
Figure 3: Scatter Plot showing the relationship between director’s remuneration and
Company’s performance for the financial year 2015 (profit / loss).
$0.00 $20,000.00 $40,000.00 $60,000.00 $80,000.00 $100,000.00
-$2,000.00
$0.00
$2,000.00
$4,000.00
$6,000.00
$8,000.00
$10,000.00
$12,000.00
Director's Remuneration vs Company Performance (2016)
Series2
Director Remuneration ($'000)
Company Performance ($m)
Figure 3: Scatter Plot showing the relationship between director’s remuneration and
Company’s performance for the financial year 2014 (profit / loss).

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4.3 Regression Analysis
The linear regression analysis considers two types of variables, independent variable and
dependent variable. Here, one Dependent Variable – “Company Profits” and Independent
Variable – “Total Remuneration earned by the Directors”. The regression has been done using
the software Excel. The R squared results have been obtained from the regression analysis. Ony
one independent variable has been considered here. The hypothesis fort the regression analysis
can thus be stated as follows:
Null Hypothesis (H01): There is no association between the remuneration earned by the
directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2014.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA1): There is significant difference between the remuneration earned by
the directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2014.
Table 3: Regression analysis for the year 2014

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The model summary shows that the regression results are 5.25% good fit as only 5.25%
variations of errors can be explained using the regression line. The F statistics results is 0.132
which is less than the critical value of F shows that the unexplained variations are more for the
profits in the top 50 ASX companies. Even the significant value is greater than 0.05, illustrating
insignificant results. The regression line for the independent and the dependent variables can be
given as:
Company profits = 1612.475 + 0.006 * Total Remuneration of the Directors
The hypothesis for the second regression analysis for the financial year 2015 re given below:
Null Hypothesis (H02): There is no association between the remuneration earned by the
directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2015.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA2): There is significant difference between the remuneration earned by
the directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2015.
Table 3: Regression analysis for the year 2015

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The model summary shows that the regression results are 6.62% good fit as only 6.62%
variations of errors can be explained using the regression line. The F statistics results is 0.212
which is less than the critical value of F shows that the unexplained variations are more for the
profits in the top 50 ASX companies. Even the significant value is greater than 0.05, illustrating
insignificant results.The regression line for the independent and the dependent variables can be
given as:
Company profits = 1305.96 + 0.01 * Total Remuneration of the Directors
The hypothesis for the third regression analysis for the financial year 2016 re given below:
Null Hypothesis (H03): There is no association between the remuneration earned by the
directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2016.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA3): There is significant difference between the remuneration earned by
the directors of the companies and the profits of the top 50 ASX listed companies in 2016.
Table 4: Regression analysis for the year 2016

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The model summary shows that the regression results are 2.67% good fit as only 2.67%
variations of errors can be explained using the regression line. The F statistics results is 1.320
which is less than the critical value of F shows that the unexplained variations are more for the
profits in the top 50 ASX companies. Even the significant value is greater than 0.05, illustrating
insignificant results. The regression line for the independent and the dependent variables can be
given as:
Company profits = 1082.08 + 0.01 * Total Remuneration of the Directors
Conclusion
From the above discussions it can be thus concluded that the highest remuneration is
earned by the directors of the consumer’s discretionary sector. Very little remuneration has been
earned by directors of telecommunication sector and the information technology sector. The
remunerations do not much differ from year to year in the same sector. It sometimes increases
and decreases but on an average it remains the same. The most profitable firm is the consumer’s
staple sector. It can also be observed that though this is the most profitable firm, the profit of the
firm is decreasing gradually with the progression of years. From the correlation analysis, it is
very clear that on all the three years, remuneration earned by the directors of the company do not
depend on the performance of the company.

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