This report analyzes data from the 2018 Social Progress Index to understand its impact on achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals. It examines the relationship between various social indicators and sustainable development, using statistical techniques like hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression.
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BUSINESS STATISTICS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarises data collectedon 50 variables belonging to 182 countries that are randomly selected from the 12 categories of 2018 Social Progress Index. Based on these data values, an analysis has been carried out so as to infer statistically what role this index played in successful fulfilment of UN Sustainable Development Goals to make the world a better place by 2030. The report randomly selected 5 variables from the 12 categories described in the Index were Deaths from infectious diseases (Category 1), Availability of Affordable Houses (Category 3), Total Number of Enrolments in Primary School (Category 5), Life Expectancy at 60 (Category 7), Private Property Rights(Category 9)and Religious Tolerance(Category 11). Also, it employs various techniques such as Hypothesis Testing, Correlation and Regression among others depending on the nature and size of the variables taken into account. Using these techniques, Social Progress Index has numerous variables that may impact the sustainable development of a country domestically as well as Internationally. It was also ascertained through hypothesis testing that variables such as Well being, Deaths from diseases, Personal Rights and Access to Basic Knowledge have different benchmarks in different countries. Also, these variables are either negatively correlated or weak in nature, thus having little or no impact on each other. Thus, it is recommended that in order to achieve the goals on Sustainable Development set by UN, it is important to have access to basic knowledge and ensure that different countries' progress is generalised on a given benchmark for the same. This will help in an easier analysis of social progress all around the world and enable much more authenticity as well as relevancy to the given issue.
Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 SAMPLE SELECTION...................................................................................................................1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS.........................................................................................................2 Category 1: Nutrition and Basic Medical Care......................................................................2 Category 3: Shelter.................................................................................................................4 Category 5: Access to Basic Knowledge................................................................................7 Category 7: Health and Wellness...........................................................................................8 Category 9: Personal Rights...................................................................................................9 Category 11: Tolerance and Inclusion..................................................................................10 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL.........................................................................................................11 Average Category 3..............................................................................................................11 Average Category 11............................................................................................................11 HYPOTHESIS TESTING.............................................................................................................12 1. Evaluating the level of Access to Basic Knowledge among American and African Countries ..............................................................................................................................................12 2. Evaluating the difference in Personal Rights among Asian and European Countries.....13 3. Evaluating the difference in Health and Wellness among European and American Countries ..............................................................................................................................................13 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION........................................................................................13 1.Nutrition and Basic Medical Care related variables (Category 1) and Health and Wellness13 variables (Category 7)..........................................................................................................13 2. Access to Basic Knowledge related variables (Category 5) and Personal Rights variables14 (Category 9)..........................................................................................................................14 CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS.........................................................................................16 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17 APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................18
INTRODUCTION Businessstatisticsinvolves the application of statistical tools in the area of marketing, production, finance, research and developmentandmanpower planningamong others(Ji-fan Ren and et.al, 2017). to extract relevant information for the purpose of decision making. Through statistical tools and techniques the manager of business can calculate about field which is related to business activities of public and private enterprises. In the report, different taskshave been consideredwherein 5 variables have beenselectedusing random sampling from the 182 countries belonging to Social Progress Index. SAMPLE SELECTION A random sample is a subset of a statistical population where each member of the subset has an equal probability of being selected.Here, the randomized sample is presented as an unbiased of a group.For example, in the present scenario, there are 182 countries that constitute the population of interest, from these 100countries are selected using random sampling technique(Jones, Cournane and et.al, 2016). Random sampling has been used to conduct randomized control tests or blinded experiments. It is considered as simplest forms of collecting data from the total populations. In this method, equal opportunitiesare providedto every member.Then,from each categories, labelledwith an odd number such as categories 1,3,5,7,9 and 11, have been taken into account.In total, there are12 categories present in the Social Progress Indexand each categories divided into different types of variables.From these categories one variable has been selected to present different sample.For instance, in category 1 Nutrition and basic medical care,there are 5 variables which are mentioned hereunder: ï‚·Undernourishment ï‚·Depth of food deficit ï‚·Maternal mortality rate ï‚·Child mortality rate ï‚·Deaths from infectious diseases From these Deaths from infectious diseases has been chosen. This process has been repeated for rest of the categories too. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ContinentNo of Countries 1
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AFRICA14 AMERICA15 ASIA15 EUROPE16 As per the above tables, different Continents have been identified that mainly constitute the Social Progress Index. The table clearly states the number of countries analysed for each continent in order to successfully complete the creation of Social Progress Index of 2018. AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE 1313.51414.51515.51616.5 14 1515 16 Count of Continent The presented graph has been created through above table wherein it shows that ContinentsEurope, Africa, America and Asia.It can be clearly observed that Europe has the highest number of countries included for the given index which comes to 16 in comparison to other continents such as AfricaandAmerica whose numbers are equivalent to 15. Africa has 14 countrieswhich is lesser than number of countries chosen from rest of the continents. Category 1: Nutrition and Basic Medical Care 2
Continents TotalNumberofDeathsfromInfectious Diseases AFRICA6185.5561860397 AMERICA970.6054168193 ASIA1631.1151300995 EUROPE327.4231623123 The variable selected fromCategory OneisDeaths from Infectious Diseases.The rationale for this particular selection is that it is easily measurable. Also, the (un)availability of basic Nutrition and medical care would be clearly observable in the form of (in)decrease of diseases prevalent in that country. This is due to the fact thatif people cannot get medical and nutrition care on time so they easily get disease(Viswanadham, 2018).As per the above table, the total number of people who got serious disease as a result of inadequate basic nutrition and medical care has been calculated. Wherein the highest number of deaths has been recorded in Africa (6185.56), followed by Asia (1631.11) and least in Europe (327.42). 3
AFRICAAMERICAASIAEUROPE 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 6185.56 970.61 1631.12 327.42 Total Number of Deaths from Infectious Diseases Continents Number of Deaths From theabovepresented graph, total number of deaths from infectious diseasescan be clearly noted, which is much more for Africa due to create major issues. Some of the factors contributing to infectious diseases are poverty, unemployment, lack of nutrition in food, lack of medical facility.Thus,increasing number of deaths which is 6185.56. On the other side, Europe have lesser number of death because they are using advanced technology for treatment as well as focusing on development of the country. Category 3: Shelter Continents Availability of Affordable HousesAverage AvailabilityStandard Deviation AFRICA5.970.420.09 AMERICA7.070.470.07 ASIA9.610.640.17 EUROPE7.580.470.15 4
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InCategory Third, the selected variable isAvailability of Affordable Houses.Shelters are one of the basic necessities and indicators of Social Progress, the more the number of houses available to the citizens of an economy, the more socially progressed that country is. Looking at the average availability, America and Europe are equivalent to each other at 0.47. This may be attributed to the high standard of living present in these continents. Even then, Africa is not far from reaching this point as it only has a difference of 0.05 (=0.47-0.42). The standard deviation here is highest among the European countries and least in American Countries. 5
AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 5 .9 7 7 .0 7 9 .6 1 7 .5 8 0.42 0.47 0.64 0.47 0.09 0.07 0.17 0.15 C a te g o ry 3 : A v a ila b ility o f a ff o rd a b le h o u s in g Av aila b ility of Afford a b le H ou s es Av erag e Av aila b ility S tan d a rd D e- v iati on Affordable Housing Continent Names 6
As per the presented chartabove, blue colourshows'Availability of affordable houses', orange plotshows'average availability' and yellow plotshows'standard deviation'. The chart presented fourcontinentsdetailed data regarding to affordable housing. Analysing the chart, it is ascertainedthat Asia has much more affordable housing compared to other continents.This is because Asia has much more population which demands a proper allocation of affordable housing facilities among such masses.In Africa there is less affordable housing due to low population and desert(Kiedrowicz and Koszela, 2016). Category 5: Access to Basic Knowledge Continents TotalNumberof Enrolments in Primary School PrimarySchool Enrolment (Maximum) Minimum EnrolmentsRanges AFRICA1266.4999.873.3126.49 AMERICA1433.1699.0588.7510.3 ASIA1422.5899.8380.2319.6 EUROPE1554.799.7291.588.14 InCategory Fifth, theselected variable isPrimary School Enrolment.In the presented table from total number of enrolments, maximum and minimumas well as range has been calculatedwhich is difference of maximum and minimum. Almost all Continents have maximum of 99 Primary School Enrolments whereas the minimum of 73 enrolled in African Countries. European countries had the highest enrolments in Primary School as compared to other continents with minimum of 92 people enrolling for primary education. 7
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AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE 0500100015002000 Ranges Minimum Enrollments Primary School Enrollment (Maximum) Total Number of Enrollments in Primary School Continents Primary School Enrollments From the presented chart, Blue plot shows total number of enrolments in primary school, orange plot shows maximum primary school enrolment, yellow plot shows minimum enrolments and green plot shows range(Ben Mansour, 2016).The range is lowest for European Countries and highest for African Countries as more primary school enrolments occur in the former as compared to the latter. Also, total number of enrolments for primary education is maximum in European Countries and lowest for African Countries. Whereas African and American Countries are almost similar for this categorical variable. Category 7: Health and Wellness ContinentsLife Expectancy at 60 (Average) AFRICA16.59 AMERICA22.36 ASIA18.68 EUROPE21.47 The above table presentsChosen Life Expectancy at 60selected fromCategory 7of 2018SocialProgressIndex.Thetableshowstheaveragelifeexpectancyat60ofthe aforementioned continents.Again, Life Expectancy can be easily linked to other selected 8
variables such as Nutrition and Basic Medical Care and Primary School Enrolments among others. Following this rationale, it only makes sense that Europe has the highestLife Expectancy at 60 with Africa being the lowest in this case. AFRICAAMERICAASIAEUROPE 0 5 10 15 20 25 16.59 22.36 18.68 21.47 Life Expectancy at 60 (Average) Continents Average Life Expectancy at 60 The above chart presentslife expectancy at 60 for different continents. In America, Life Expectancyis highbecause people enjoy their life and fulfil their wishes.Whereas, in Africa expectancy is lesser because people can not survive due to inadequate health and wellness facilities. Category 9: Personal Rights Continents PrivateProperty Rights (Average) Maximum Personal Rights Minimum Personal Rights RangeofPersonal Rights AFRICA32.86701060 AMERICA37.67851075 ASIA33.33701060 EUROPE47.50902070 9
As per the above table it is getting that in category nine selected variable Private property rights which means different continents allow to keep private property in numbers. It is easy to calculate and it is calculate in average and get minimum and maximum of rights. Category 11: Tolerance and Inclusion Continents Average Religious Tolerance Maximum Religious Tolerance Minimum Religious Tolerance Rangeof Religious Tolerance AFRICA3.43422 AMERICA3.73422 ASIA2.47413 EUROPE3.06422 In theCategory elevenselected variable isReligious tolerance.As different countries have different religions, a continent may have a wide array of religious tolerance. Asia has the highest range of religious tolerance among all continents. 10
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AFRICAAMERICAASIAEUROPE 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 3.43 3.73 2.47 3.06 Average Reli- gious Tolerance Continents Religious Tolerance (%) The presented graph shows America being highest tolerant and inclusive of various religions on an average with Asia being lowest in the same category. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL In statistics a confidence interval is a type of interval predication, calculated from the statistics of the analysed data, that might contain the true value of an unknown population parameter. Most commonly confidence level use about 95%, however other confidence levels can be used, for example 90% and 99%(Wu and Lin, R., 2016). Average Category 3 Column1 Mean0.5 Standard Error0.0192837312 Median0.4914447681 Mode#N/A Standard Deviation0.1493711398 Sample Variance0.0223117374 Kurtosis-0.068624975 11
Skewness0.5501931819 Range0.6265721111 Minimum0.2536068437 Maximum0.8801789547 Sum30.1392240176 Count60 Largest(1)0.8801789547 Smallest(1)0.2536068437 Confidence Level(95.0%)0.04 In category third Shelter wherein calculate average of selected variable Availability of affordable housing after then compute mean of total number which is 0.50 at 95% confidence level. Average Category 11 Column1 Mean3.1666666667 Standard Error0.1238886567 Median3.5 Mode4 Standard Deviation0.959637408 Sample Variance0.9209039548 Kurtosis-0.8017976547 Skewness-0.7032308455 Range3 12
Minimum1 Maximum4 Sum190 Count60 Largest(1)4 Smallest(1)1 Confidence Level(95.0%)0.2479006294 In category eleven selected variable religious tolerance, there are calculated mean of total numbers which is 3.17 at 95% confidence level. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 1. Evaluating the level of Access to Basic Knowledge among American and African Countries H1: Level of Access to Basic Knowledge is not greater in American Countries than in African Countries H0: Level of Access to Basic Knowledge is greater in American Countries than in African Countries ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Rows2528.1521120.391.420.212.08 Columns1385.1011385.1016.340.004.32 Error1780.502184.79 Total5693.7643 As per the above analysis it can be observed that the P-value for both countries is greater than 0.05. This means that the null hypothesis is accepted(Bankvall, L., Dubois and Lind, 2017). Hence, it is proved that level of access to basic knowledge is greater in American CountriesascomparedtoAfricaneconomies,especiallyinthecaseofPrimarySchool Enrolments. 13
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2. Evaluating the difference in Personal Rights among Asian and European Countries H1: Personal Rights do not differ among Asian and European Countries H0: Personal Rights differ among Asian and European Countries ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Rows6977.9416436.121.590.182.33 Columns1988.2411988.247.250.024.49 Error4386.7616274.17 Total13352.9433 As per the above analysis it can be observed that the P-value for both countries is greater than 0.05. This means that the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is proved that Personal Rights differ among Asian and European Countries, as far as Private Property Rights are concerned. 3. Evaluating the difference in Health and Wellness among European and American Countries H1: Health and Wellness do not differ among European and American Countries H0: Health and Wellness differ among European and American Countries ANOVA Source of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF crit Rows56.88153.791.270.332.40 Columns5.7215.721.910.194.54 Error44.95153.00 Total107.5531 As per the above analysis it can be observed that the P-value for both countries is greater than 0.05. This means that the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is proved that Health and Wellness differ among European and American Countries especially when life expectancy at 60 years of age is taken into consideration. 14
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 1.Nutrition and Basic Medical Care related variables (Category 1) and Health and Wellness variables (Category 7) CorrelationColumn 1Column 2 Column 11 Column 2-0.70360199751 As per the above result, there is a strong negative correlation between Nutrition and Basic Medical Care and Health Wellness related variables(Park and et.al, 2016). Column 1, here, depicts the Death from Infectious Diseases whereas Column 2 represents Life Expectancy at 60. This true as life expectancy would always be higher for those countries where there are proper provisions for nutrition and Basic Medical Care. Otherwise, the person would not survive longer in the first place. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.70360199 75 R Square 0.49505577 09 Adjusted R Square 0.48634983 59 Standard Error 2.13195097 65 Observations60 ANOVA dfSSMSFSignificance F Regression1258.46258.4656.86 0.000000000361396249602884 Residual58263.624.55 Total59522.08 15
Coefficients Standar d Errort StatP-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 0.0021.520.3561.050.0020.8122.2220.8122.22 0.00-0.010.00-7.540.00-0.01-0.01-0.01-0.01 On the Regression front, f-value is less than 0.05, hence the sample size chosen is of significant nature and there is exists a difference between the two variables. 2. Access to Basic Knowledge related variables (Category 5) and Personal Rights variables (Category 9) CorrelationColumn 1Column 2 Column 11 Column 20.211 As per the above result, there is a weak positive correlation between Access to Basic Knowledge related variables (Category 5) and Personal Rights variables (Category 9). Column 1, here, depicts the Primary School Enrolments whereas Column 2 represents Private Property Rights. This true as life expectancy would always be higher for those countries where there are proper provisions for private rights is higher as they would be able to receive basic necessities such as food, clothing and shelter. Otherwise, the person would not be able to focus on education. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R0.21 R Square0.05 Adjusted R Square0.03 16
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Standard Error5.75 Observations60.00 ANOVA dfSSMSFSignificance F Regression191.3291.322.760.10 Residual581920.9533.12 Total592012.28 Coefficie nts Standard Errort StatP-valueLower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept92.061.7153.780.0088.6395.4888.6395.48 X Variable 10.070.041.660.10-0.010.15-0.010.15 On the Regression front, f-value is less than 0.05, hence the sample size chosen is of significant nature and there is exists a difference between the two variables. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS As per the above analysis, it is inferred that Social Progress Index has numerous variables that may impact the sustainable development of a country domestically as well as Internationally. It was also ascertained through hypothesis testing that variables such as Well being, Deaths from diseases, Personal Rights and Access to Basic Knowledge have different benchmarks in different countries. Also, these variables are either negatively correlated or weak in nature, thus having little or no impact on each other. While conducting the analysis, one of the main limitations that was faced was how to analyse the data based on preference as different variables will have a different result altogether, thus, giving only half satisfied interpretations of the given data. 17
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