Capital Punishment: Its Historical Development

Running head: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Capital Punishment: Its Historical Development
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CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Capital punishment or death penalty is the highest form of punishment pronounced
generally by a competent court of a nation on rarest of the rare cases. The court passes a
sentence that directs the execution of a criminal offender under the provisions of law. The
offences or crimes that attract death penalty is regarded as capital crimes or offences and they
comprises offences like murder, genocide, treason, crimes against humanity, war crimes,
espionage etcetera. According to Wheeler (2018), 103 countries have abolished Capital
punishment completely by way of statutory enactment, while only 56 countries still hold on
to death penalty. This paper strives to discuss about capital punishment as a form of
punishment in modern day, its historical development, public opinion about it, death penalty
for juveniles, movement for painless execution and controversies pertaining to it.
Ancient records of capital punishment have been found as it was a regular practice
since the dawn of civilization. The earliest recorded legal documentation of death penalty has
been found in the ‘code of Hammurabi, an ancient Babylonian code or manuscript which was
performed in the 1700s B.C. (East, 2016). The code records the inclusion of 25 types of
crimes as a punishable offence by death. However to a great surprise, murder was not among
one of them. Death penalty has always been a part of the justice system favouring as a
deterrent factor for not enough variation of different form of punishment was prevalent back
then. Therefore, it is possible to be unrecorded dating even before 1700. Communal
punishment for general wrongdoing comprised of compensation or damages paid by the
offender, branding, corporal punishment, shunning and banishment. While grave offences
like murder, treason, rape, witchcraft, blasphemy would call for death execution. Earlier
vendetta or blood feud between families made killing one another seem easier in absence of a
codified law (Garland, 2018). In the medieval era, capital punishment was treated as a
general form of punishment for it was recorded as many as 72,000 times during the reign of
Henry VIII of England. Such wide volume of use of death penalty still could not pave the

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CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
idea of reformative punishment till 12th century when the Jewish legal thinker, Moses
Maimonides laid down the ethical norm that said it is desirable to acquit a thousand guilty
than to prosecute an innocent man (Ormsby, 2018). Sexual offences (like sodomy) were
regulated by the Buggery Act 1533. With the dawn of modernization, codified laws have
checked and removed the theory of ‘an eye for an eye” and helped distinguish between an act
of vendetta or a case of conquest (Hood and Hoyle, 2015). Some last centuries have
witnessed the formation of the concept of natural and lawful rights with the evolution of
modern states. Jeremy Bentham, the father of modern utilitarianism strongly spoke against
death penalty (Macias, 2017). In the 20th century Nazi Germany rule, three kinds of capital
punishments were observed; hanging, shooting and beheading. Similarly, Stalin executed
over a million soviet citizens during the Great Terror of 1937- 1938 by the means of firing
squads. 800,000 people were executed by Mao Zedong of china during the Cultural
Revolution from 1966-1976. In today’s world, death penalty is practiced under restriction and
in case of the rarest of the rare cases like gang rape, mass murder, treason, war crimes. As per
Ma (2015) in china, offences like financial crimes, corruption, human trafficking is under the
purview of capital punishment. While in most military advanced countries, court martial
imposes death penalty in case of cowardice, desertion, treason and others. Many developed
countries like Canada, Australia, New Zealand, most European countries and developing
country like South Africa have abolished Capital punishment. While some developed
countries like the USA, Japan and developing countries like India, Brazil, Zambia have not
given up on the strictest form of punishment even today.
Public opinion in present world differs from one country and political setup to
another. Citizens of Norway, France, Finland, Italy opposes death penalty, however super
power like USA and other countries like India, China, South Africa has voted in favour of
Capital punishment (Sarat, 2018). Painless and private execution is the present demand in