Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its Implications

This essay discusses the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its implications in determining the return value for the stock of a business. It covers the principles, methods, and theories related to CAPM, along with its limitations and testing. The essay includes a breakdown of the CAPM theory and its five factors.

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STRATEGIC FINANCE

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Introduction
The main purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
which is being used by the industry in order to determine the return value for the stock of
business. In the recent development area of business, CAPM has also become an important part
of the corporate to assess the value of business. The CAPM is assessed in order to identify the
required rate of return in order to make the decision for business portfolio. Along with this,
principles, methods and theories with respect to the capital asset pricing model are described for
demonstrating the ideas and concept accurately. On the other hand, the in-depth knowledge
about the CAPM is carried out for calculations along with the breaking down the CAPM theory
and model including the examples related to the determination of rate of return.

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Analysis of CAPM with reference to rate of return
Definition and background information about CAPM
The capital asset pricing model is a method which entails about the determination of relationship
in between the expected return for an asset and systematic risk (KUEHN, et. al, 2017). It is
basically used for the identification of rate of return on particular asset for instance as stock. In
recent years, the usability of CAPM method has evolved as major concept which plays important
role in recognition of risk with a particular stock. It is also applicable in order to establish the
investment portfolio about an asset (Corporatefinanceinstitute, 2018). It can also be defined as
the approach which denotes the expected return on a stock is equal to the return over risk free
plus a risk premium. At the same time, the modern age of financial investment market, CAPM
occupies a crucial position with relation to the investment purpose.
Principles of Capital Asset Pricing Model
CAPM is applied as the economic model in order to assess the value of security, stocks,
derivatives and the assets which are risky in its return aspect (Fama and French, 2017). In
context to the concept and idea of capital asset pricing model, it is assessed that the investors
expect the additional return in the situation of accepting the additional risk. It is also used for
pleasing predictions in order to measuring the risk and return relationship with attribution of a
specific asset. It is developed over the portfolio choice in which the mean and variance about the
risk and return is chosen (He, et. al, 2017).
Assumptions of Capital Asset Pricing Model
CAPM basically envisages the return and risk on an individual risky security. This model of
asset valuation over its risk is based on the assumptions about providing the suitable and

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appropriate decisions about the security. The major assumptions of capital asset pricing model
are as follows
Market efficiency: In relation to the investment portfolio, it is assumed that the market
efficiency shows the reflection over the share price of the stock (Herskovic, 2018). The related
information to the security influenced from the market efficiency that exists in the perspective
market. On the other hand, the investors might not be able to influence the security prices (Fama
and French, 2015). In relation to this, it seems that there are many investors who have small
amount of capital.
Risk aversion and mean variance optimization: It is denoted that the investors are risk averse
and the investors do not want to take the higher risk for its investment because of losing their
money in the fluctuation market (Constantinides, 2017). The investors assess the risk and return
in relation to the variance or standards deviation of the asset value. Along with this, the investors
are interested in having higher return on the purchased security. It shows that the investors
optimize the mean variance in the efficient portfolio of asset management (Barinov et. al, 2018).
Homogeneous expectations: It is also assumed that the investors are having the similar
expectations about the risk of stock and expected return (Putra et. al, 2017).
Single time period: The decisions of investors are treated over a single time period duration as
the security fluctuation varieties at the same time duration as the Singaporean index changes in a
second and there is no stock for which the valuation of stock is changed after that time period
(Gruber, et. al, 2017).
Risk free rate: It is assumed that the investors are able to borrow and lend at the risk free rate of
interest. On the other hand, they engaged into the security for instance as

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Break down the CAPM theory
Methods and theories in relevancy of CAPM
The capital assets pricing method is used for identifying the risk and return aspect for a security.
For the implications of CAPM, several models and theories have been determined which are as
follows
SML theory
In relation to the CAPM method, the SML theory is relevant for the model as it denotes the
security market line in which the risk of a security is assessed over the return of particular
security (Bao et. al, H2018). The determined or individual risk is considered as the systematic
risk about a security. The systematic risk for a stock is measured as of the identification of
covariance of an individual risk for a security and the portfolio of market. The security market
line is represented as below
Figure: Security Market Line

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(Source: Levy, 2011)
As per the depicted security market line figure in the chart is denoted as the line which measures
the relationship in between the covariance and the market portfolio of a particular security
(Valencia-Herrera and López-Herrera, 2018). The covariance is also called the security beta and
the market portfolio is denoting the fluctuation in the individual security. Along with this, the
unsystematic risk is zero then the systematic risk of a security is measured for the dimension of
security. When the beta is zero than it denotes that the security is riskless (Karp and van Vuuren,
2017). With respect to this, the securities below the straight line for value of before zero value of
beta than theses securities called defensive security but on the other hand, security after the beta
value on the X axis, the securities called the aggressive security and these are also higher risk but
the expected return might also be higher in the perspective market (Gruber et. al, 2017).
Calculation of return
Formula of CAPM = Ra = Rrf + [Ba × (Rm – Rrf)] (Adesokan et. al, 2017)
Ra is denoted as expected as the return on the security and Ba is depicted as Beta of the security.
Along with this, Rrf is measured as the risk – free rate and Rm expected return on market. The
risk premium is calculated as the expected return is deducted from risk free rate of the security.
For instance, the Beta is given as 1.5%%, risk free rate = 2.8%
Market risk premium = 9%
= Rrf + [Ba × (Rm – Rrf)] (Bajpai and Sharma, 2017)
= 2.8% + (1.5 × 9%)
= 16.3%
Expected return = Risk – Free Rate + (Beta × Market Risk Premium) (Lund and Nymoen, 2018)
APT theory

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The APT theory is determined as the arbitrage pricing theory which seeks about to take the
benefits from the different in between the two or more markets and this action is referred as the
arbitrage about a security (Karp et. al, 2017). In this method, the mispriced assess is brought into
the expected price. On the other hand, the mispriced asset is termed as the asset where there is
difference in between the current price of the security and the price which is measured by the
model implications.
Apart from this, the CAPM might not be able to assess the risk through beta measurement
always; this has lead towards the new way for introducing the alternative approach which is
called the arbitrage – pricing theory (YAN et. al, 2017). The APT theory does not assess that the
investors do not assume the mean- variance. Under the concept of return under the arbitrage
pricing method is measured in two ways such as predictable and unpredictable, in this situation,
the return will be as
E(Rj) = Rf + UR (Kou et. al, 2017)
In this equation, the Rf is denominated as the predictable risk or the risk – free return and the UR
is denoted as unpredictable return on a security. The risk under the APT approach is devised as
the unsystematic risk for a security and the market risk is basically take place due to the
sensitivity of return for an asset.
Five factor of CAPM
The five factor theory of CAPM is consisting with the aspects such as value, profitability, size
and pattern of investment in order to performing for average return on an asset. As per the
comparison of three factors and five factor model, the five factor model is denoted as the higher
performer (Kroencke, 2017). On the other hand, the five factor model is limited in relation to the

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lower average return about the small securities in the market. The three factor model is focused
in the market capitalization, outstanding shares and the price times.
The three factor model can be assessed in the center of time series as
Rit–RFt = ai+bi (RMt–RFt) + siSMBt + hiHMLt + eit (Poornima and Swathiga, 2017) Here, Rit
is return on security, i denotes the time period, RMt is return as value weight.
Characteristic line
The characteristics line is determined with the risks which are related to the risks with related to
the security. This line denotes the risks as systematic risks and unsystematic risks. The
systematic risk might not be reduced from the security and the unsystematic risk can be reduced
through diversification (Martin, 2017). For instance, the market portfolio is resulted as with the
security value of ABC Company as the market conditions are rising and the rerun is denoted as
25%, but the return on the ABC company share the expected return is calculated as
= 0.5 * 25 + 0.5 * 20 = 22.5%

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Implications of CAPM
The capital asset pricing model has the below discussed implications such as
 The investors engaged into the combining the risk – free assets with the concerned
portfolio of market with relation to the risky assets. The investors capitalize the fund in
risky assets with the higher proportion of market value (Ross, 2017).
 The market investor are seek to compensate for the security which risks cannot be
diversified.
 The investors engaged into the expectations about the return with the proportion of risk
that denotes the relationship in between the beta value and expected return (Kozak et. al,
2018).
Limitations of CAPM
The CAPM approach is assumed as a tool for determining the value of rate of return and risk
with respect to the particular security. On the other hand, the CAPM is also limited over its
assumptions; the major limitations of CAPM are as follows
Unrealistic assumptions: The capital asset pricing model is based on the several assumptions but
the derived assumptions are far from the real world situations (•Berrada et. al, 2018). For
instance, as investor want to have the risk free security but it is too difficult while finding the
risk- free security in the market. On the other hand, the assumptions as lending and the rate of
borrowing are also not correct as the theory detains (Tsuji, 2017). Over the different
circumstances, the capital asset pricing model might not be able to accurately determine the
behavior of investment and the CAPM might not assess the BETA as risk of investment might
not be measured in real manner.

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Testing of CAPM: In relation to this, the validity of CAPM might also not realistic as it is
measured or rested in practical validity aspect. As of the empirical study of CAPM, it is noted
down that the beta denotes the relationship in between the risk and return over the security in a
particular market (Bromiley et. al, 2017). On the other hand of relevancy of CAPM, it was also
not determined the strong relationship in between the return and respective risk for a security.
The return over the security is concerned to the risk but here it is not sure about the relationship
so it is not seems that the CAPM is valid in practical manner (Aggarwal, 2017). In the far
research, there is no existence of relationship in between the return and Beta. In contrast to this,
the size, book value and market value are also found important factor with relation to the return
of a security. The empirical study state the CAPM is determined as the ex-ante method in which
the data are assessed in expected price for testing the CAPM but the researcher detains the
practical implications over past data but the future is also uncertain so the future value of Beta is
not certain.
Stability of beta: The Beta is used in the security market for the purpose of measuring the future
risk about a stock (Furman et. al, 2018). But on the other hand, it is not possible for the investors
to have the future data as they have past data about share price and portfolio of market. In this
circumstances, the historical beta can be used by the investors if it remain stable over a time
period but the stock value of security are not stable for a particular time duration (Squartini et. al,
2017). In relation to this, it can be stated that the historical or past beta are not feasible and poor
indicator for the identification of risk about a security (Binsbergen, et. al, 2017).

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Conclusion
On the basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that the CAPM is really a useful method for
determination of risks and expected return with some limitations about its assumptions. It can
also be concluded that the assumptions with relation to CAPM approach might not be validated
in practical manner. The major theories and models of CAPM are efficient to identify the risk
and return in better manner as SML, APT, Five factors and three factors model.

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