Carbon Capture and Structure in India
Added on 2021-06-17
21 Pages5883 Words32 Views
Mechanical EngineeringEnvironmental EngineeringEnvironmental SciencePolitical Science
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ContentsExecutive Summary...............................................................................................................................................2Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................3Carbon dioxide situation in India.....................................................................................................................4Assessment of projected fossil fuel reserves...............................................................................................5Policies and targets of current climate change...........................................................................................6Current Carbon Capture and Structure activity in India........................................................................6Impact on the energy system.............................................................................................................................8Technical developments......................................................................................................................................9Barriers to CCS technology in India..............................................................................................................12Capacity development needs...........................................................................................................................15Conclusion and view...........................................................................................................................................17References...............................................................................................................................................................20
CARBON CAPTURE AND STRUCTURE, (CCS) IN INDIAExecutive SummaryCarbon Capture and Structure, the separation of carbon dioxide from energy-related and industrial sources, transporting for storage and thus providing long-term isolation from the atmosphere is one of the ways of reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.India is one of the leading emitters of carbon dioxide by total emission due to its large reserves of fossil fuels which form the primary source of energy. Deployment of CCS technology as a climate change mitigation option aimed at achieving zero carbon emissions is still at demonstration stage. There are numerous projects that are related to CCS technology in India despite the caution with which the country approaches this technology citing various barriers andchallenges. Realization of success in the deployment of CCS technology calls for international cooperation.
IntroductionCarbon Capture and Structure defines the separation of carbon dioxide from energy-related and industrial sources, transporting to a location where it is stored and thus providing long-term isolation from the atmosphere. It is one of the strategies and measures that is used in that is takeninto consideration as being able to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions aimed at mitigating climate change[CITATION Bas11 \p 122 \l 1033 ]. In as much as there is no single measure that can be on its own sufficient in addressing the changes in climate and thus mitigating climatic changes, Carbon Capture and Structure in conjunction with renewable energy, improvements in energy efficiency and enhancement of the biological sinks among otherstrategies may prove successful when it comes to reducing emissions that are needed in the realization of climate stabilization.Carbon capture generates a concentrated stream of carbon dioxide that is capable of being compressed, transported and finally stored. While some of the technologies for capturing are feasible in economic terms under certain conditions, others are still undergoing research and extensive and elaborate information about them is yet to be made public. It is estimated that the price of electricity may go up by up to 30% through carbon capture for units of an integrated gasification combined cycles. This price can even go as high as 80% if the units are retrofitted to existing pulverized coal which may also have an effect on the net generation of electricity by about 25%. This is because the power that would be generated would be used by the same plant in capturing and compressing carbon dioxide[CITATION Gos16 \p 215 \l 1033 ].It is predicted that India will feature among the three leading emitters of the world by 2030 with reference to the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted every year. As at the moment, India is ranked sixth globally. Going by the information from the World Coal Association, it is estimated
that the use for coal with an increase by 60% over the same time in which developing countries will contribute up to 97% of this increase mainly to meet rates of electrification that have greatly increased.Carbon dioxide situation in IndiaAt a population of 1.2 billion, India stands as the second most populous country in the world with the largest democracy. This means the large population has the freedom of choice on most of the various undertakings in the country as long as they are within the confines of the Indian constitution. There has been a rapid growth in the economy of India over the past two decade witnessed but due to the large human population, eradication of poverty remains big challenges[CITATION Tho127 \p 177 \l 1033 ]. As at 2007, India produced to the tune of 1727.71 million tines of carbon dioxide emissions from land use, change in land use and forestry. The gross production during that year was 10797.03 million tones which meant that the carbon dioxide generation per capita at the time was 1.3 tones. About 66% of this emission was from theenergy sector in which electricity alone contributed 48% of the gross emission. The industrial sector as well had a chunk share of the emissions, accounting for 27% of the total emissions. A very small proportion of the industrial sector emissions of India is from ammonia. This is attributed partly to the existing utilization of carbon dioxide. This is because urea forms the mainnitrogenous fertilizer that is being manufactured in India. In the natural-gas based plants which are mostly used in the production of ammonia have very limited volumes of carbon dioxide generated from the process streams which is insufficient on the production of urea. This inadequacy is solved by either substituting a portion of the natural gas using naphtha or obtained some carbon dioxide from the combustion of the fuel flue gas stream. To this extent, the net emissions are about 0.7 MT CO2/MT urea from the Indian urea sector[CITATION Ift12 \p 189 \l
1033 ]. This value is much lower than the average net emissions of the world which stands at 0.95MT CO2/MT urea. Going by the statistics on greenhouse emissions experienced in the past years, India's Integrated Energy Policy gives a projection of between 3.9 and 5.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions by the year 2032. These figures will hover be dependent on the economic growth of India, the share of renewables in India's energy mix as well as the carbon intensity of the economy among other factors. When combined with projected India’s population of 1468 million at the time, it will mean that India will have a per capita carbon emission ranging between 2.6 and 3.6 tons by 2032[CITATION Adr09 \p 194 \l 1033 ]. Despite the concise proportion of the emissions generated by the various sections depending on the assumptions that will be followed in arriving at a particular scenario at the time, in every case the share of generation from electricity will still be expected to be responsible for the majority of the carbon emissions.Assessment of projected fossil fuel reservesIndia imports both natural gas and oil and is the third largest producer of coal in the world. This is despite the fact that the coal generated from India is of very low quality which then leads to the need to import metallurgical coal that is used for making steel. There are 114001.6 million tons of coal reserves as per the information from the Indian Ministry of Coal. The actual amount of coal that can be extracted from these coal resources are however lower and ranges between 56and 71 billion tonnes. It is estimated that the coal reserves for India to the depth of 1200 meters are about 276.81 billion tonnes. From this information, it is crystal clear that in comparison to other fossil fuels, India has relatively plentiful resources of coal reserves. This makes coal a very integral aspect of the energy portfolio of India from the perception of energy security[CITATION Tho127 \p 166 \l 1033 ].
Policies and targets of current climate changeDespite India acknowledging the significance of the threat to climate change, a challenge comes in where the country has to ensure it attains the socio-economic development aimed at improvingthe living conditions of its population. That notwithstanding, it should be noted that mitigating climate change and raising the living standard are not mutually exclusive aims as the accompanying energy growth that is used in meeting the needs of improved living standards should be based on options that tend to be low carbon energy. Still, it is acknowledged that the economy of India may be negatively impacted by the impacts ofclimate change, for example, climate change will have negative effects on agriculture productionwhich is the main source of livelihood for a significant fraction of the population[CITATION Die09 \p 562 \l 1033 ]. It is for this reason that the government of India had adopted an approach in which development is given priority to ensure that the developments undertaken in the countryare not only climate-friendly but also sustainable. Current Carbon Capture and Structure activity in IndiaNumerous research and development activities that are in line with Carbon Capture and Structuretake place under the Department of Science and Technology which is part of the Indian Ministry of Science and Technology. The Department of Science and Technology launched the National Program on carbon sequestration Research in the year 207 to aid in competing with other countries in the area of carbon capturing and storage in relation to industrial applications and pure/applied research[CITATION Mal14 \p 142 \l 1033 ]. The program identified four thrust areas of research among them carbon dioxide sequestration using Micro-algae Bio-fixation Techniques, policy development studies, carbon capture process development as well as network terrestrial
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