Cardiovascular Disease in Australia: Risk Factors, Incidence, and Countermeasures

This paper discusses the risk factors, incidence, and countermeasures for cardiovascular disease in Australia. It highlights the significant role of international agencies and health commissions in managing the disease at the country level. The paper also suggests population-based approaches and improved infrastructure for reducing the disease.

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
Public health nursing
Name of the student:
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Introduction:
Cardiovascular disease is a significant and ever-growing disease in Australia that is
accounting for nearly one third of the all death in Australia (Woodruffe et al., 2015)
Cardiovascular is also defined a number of heart conditions which maximizes the premature
disability and morbidity while reducing the quality of life (Saundankar et al., 2014) . This
disease is a very common cause of economic burden and especially highlighted due to the
change of traditional lifestyle, which introduces the huge risk factors for the diseases. However,
the burden of the disease can be decreased by reduction of risk factors, primary prevention of
health priorities, making policies and legislate the act. Therefore, this paper will illustrate key the
key risk factors, incident and affected people, countermeasures in the following paragraphs.
Discussion:
Cardiovascular disease (CDV) is one of the greater heart diseases that become a huge
economic burden even if the advanced treatment procedure exists. It is considered as the heart
and blood vessels disease including numerous health issues that increase the morbidity rate
exponentially (Davis et al., 2015). According to the report of the Australian Bureau of
statistics, cardiovascular disease kills one Australian per 12 minutes (Davis et al., 2015). In
2014, massive number of hospitals report suggested that cardiovascular disease was the prime
cause of high expenditure of healthcare system. It is predominate in high-income countries
however the morbidity rate is higher in low and middle-income countries (Biswas et al.,
2015).Most of the older individuals over 65 years are currently living with the long-term
cardiovascular disease (Woodruffe et al., 2015). The lower socioeconomic groups,
aboriginal people who live on Remote Island are also affected groups (Kaukonen et al.,

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2014). It was estimated that approximately 40000 people experience any of the cardiovascular
diseases every year increases the economic burden (De Souza, et al., 2015)..
WHO estimated that over 75 % of the premature CVD are preventable by reducing
potential, risk factors and changing the lifestyle (Patel et al., 2015). A report by Australian
health and welfare association suggested that approximately 6 million people of 65 years have
high blood pressure greater than 140/90, which enhances the progression of cardiovascular
diseases. Consumption of high poor quality of diet containing refining grains and added sugar,
unhealthy fat can lead to the cardiovascular disease (Townsend et al., 2015). Few
accumulated evidence suggested that one third of adult Australian have high cholesterol, which
represents 5.6 million people (De Souza, et al., 2015). Subsequently, the incident of
cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction increases exponentially. A quantitative
study elucidate different lifestyle can lead to the heart diseases such as smoking, consumption of
junk foods can lead to CDV (Nichols et al., 2014). In the majority of the cases, obesity and
diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver leads to the cardiovascular disease. Therefore, economic
burden increase along with the co morbidity rate. Health belief model can be used for guiding
the health promotion and disease prevention program for reducing the burden of the disease
(Kaukonen et al., 2014). Health belief model can be used to design interventions and
countermeasures for reducing the potential risk of the disease so that individuals can lead the
disease-free quality life (De Souza, et al., 2015).
There are different countermeasures can be taken for preventing the incidence of
cardiovascular disease which will reduce the economic burden (Skinner et al., 2015). There

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are few health strategies that can be designed to manage the disease such as quit smoking,
exercising for 30 minutes every day, eating heart-healthy diets, maintaining the healthy weight,
getting enough quality of sleep and managing stress (Biswas et al., 2015). Carbon mono
oxide in cigarette replace the oxygen, therefore, quit smoking reduces the level of it. Physical
activity for 30 minutes helps to manage weight and reduces the heart disease. The diet containing
lower calorie and more fruits reduce the probability of incident (Nichols et al., 2014).
Researches often overlook the significant role of the infrastructure of the healthcare in
cardiovascular diseases. However, change in infrastructure can lead to lowering the occurrence
of disease. Intervention approaches can be taken such as effective scale-up, maintenance and
dissemination. Advanced technology for monitoring the heart disease and biomarkers is the
important part of the intervention plan for managing a disease. Measuring the cause-specific risk
factors such as mortality , biological and with sound health professionals are the important part
of agencies (Skinner et al.,2015). International agencies along with health commissions and
health and welfare association are the key members of funding who play an important role in
managing the disease in country level (Kaukonen et al., 2014). Clinical managers can be
the potential target for the changing the infrastructure since they have the direct relationship with
the healthcare settings (Patel et al., 2015). The population based approached can be taken
such as changes in setting and changes in policies and regulation along with legislation of the
act. The tobacco control policy for taxation and regulations on production of tobacco, regulation
on the tobacco consumption can be used for managing a disease (De Souza, et al., 2015).
Healthy eating and active living policy can be implemented in the health care centers for
managing heart disease. This will enhance the quality of life. Australian Institute of Health

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and Welfare Act 1987 can be legislated in the healthcare setting for managing the diseases
(Skinner et al.,2015). Australian National Preventive Health Agency Act 2010 and Food
Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 can be applied in the public sector for reducing the
disease (Kelsey , 2015).
Along with selected population-based approaches, the prime step of reducing burden is to
strengthen the health system for superior care. Providing the different strategies to educating
nurses for the monitoring essential signs of cardiovascular disease are important to reduce the
incident. Development of healthy workplace environment, care process, and access to the crucial
medical technologies along with educating nurses for important for reducing the occurrence of
the disease (De Souza, et al., 2015). Potential drugs should be designed that will reduce the
burden without causing any further side effect of the disease. Proper chronic care should be
given to every patient for managing the disease. Nurses play important role in therapeutic
communication with the patient to understand their area of concern and providing the
information to the family members of the patients. Implement population-based approaches to
the target population such as older people in the Australian can be a great countermeasure for
reducing the health burden of the country.
Conclusion:
Cardiovascular disease is a significant disease in Australia that reduces the quality of life.
It is considered as the heart and blood vessels disease including numerous health issues that
increase the morbidity rate exponentially. Most of the older individuals over 65 years are

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currently living with the long-term cardiovascular disease. Few health strategies such as quit
smoking, exercising for 30 minutes every day, eating heart-healthy diets, maintaining the healthy
weight, getting enough quality of sleep and managing stress. There is the significant role of
international agencies along with health commissions in managing the disease in country level
since they are the prime fundraiser. Implement of population-based approaches in addition to the
improved infrastructure in Australian can be used for reducing the disease.

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