Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Strategies in Bay Area

The sedimentary rocks are broken down into lower tiers by creating devastating conditions. The Cypress Street Viaduct, a multi-tier structure in California, has been broken down due to faulty construction infrastructure. This led to the collapse of heavy concrete roads and created earthquakes with a magnitude of approximately 6.9. Bay area is also threatened by pollution from oil spills and coal extraction. San Jose, Santa Clara County, and surrounding areas are prone to violent shaking, which can be caused by underground explosions, plate collisions, or movement within fault planes. Earthquake affected regions need proper security measures, including retrofitting homes and maintaining infrastructure. Additionally, earthquake emergency kits and home survival kits should be prepared with essential items such as food, water, medicine, and cash.

EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS GUIDE

Table of contents
Question 1........................................................................................................................................3
Question 2........................................................................................................................................3
Question 3........................................................................................................................................3
Question 4........................................................................................................................................4
Question 5........................................................................................................................................4
Question 6........................................................................................................................................4
Question 7........................................................................................................................................5
Question 8........................................................................................................................................5
Question 9........................................................................................................................................5
Question 10......................................................................................................................................6
Question 11......................................................................................................................................6
Question 12......................................................................................................................................6
Question 13......................................................................................................................................7
Question 14......................................................................................................................................7
Question 15......................................................................................................................................7
Question 16......................................................................................................................................7
Question 17......................................................................................................................................8
Reference list...................................................................................................................................9
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Question 1
Cascadia Subduction Zone is a one of the biggest and dangerous earthquake generated zone
widen up to 1000 km. It creates long dipped valley by creating the horizontal lines of the
earthquakes. It is the source of earthquake by creating conflicts within sediment plates. The
internal plates are widening from Northern Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino.
Cascadia Subduction Zone is mainly located in northern America near California.
Plates named as Juan de Fuca and North America Plates would meet into the boundary of the
offshore for creating Earthquake. In this way newly generated Juan de Fuca Plate can help to
maintain the sub divisional boundary.
Question 2
Cascadia Subduction Zone suffers some dangerous earthquake because of its unstable plate
arrangement. It has seen that in 1906 San Francisco earthquake had created major impacts on the
place. However, the Geological examination states if the magnitude of the earthquake in the Bay
region is greater than 8 it can create a dangerous simulation by creating a devastating frequency
within the specific region by accumulating the power. Magnitude of the earthquake is
proportional to the length and stability (Afkar et al. 2013, p.69).
The large magnitude of the earthquake wave can deform the plate structure by destroying the
stability and increases the range of frequency. It is dangerous for nature by destroying the
environmental balance.
Question 3
As the plate of earthquake is located into the middle of the bay the earthquakes frequency is high
in the bay offshore. It would be most harmful to stay in between the sea offshore area (Al-
Rousan et al. 2014, p.510).
In 1906, San Francisco earthquake had occurred with the estimated magnitude of 7.8 by
maximizing the intensity and the frequency within the bay area. As the intensity of the
earthquake’s wave was extreme it was propagated within small time. Devastating condition of
fires within the whole region was occurred throughout the city. It needs a huge time to maintain
the entire process.
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Question 4
According to Paton et al. (2015, p.39), it can be stated that the large magnitude earthquake in
Bay area creates a devastating conditions by emerging frequency of the earthquake. It affects the
offshore and beach area. There is 99 percent probability of destroying the infrastructure and the
structural designing of the plates if the magnitude of the earthquake is greater than 6.7 or more.
It has a probability can be said that more than 99 percentage of earthquakes in next 30 years
would be occurred into California throughout US. The likelihood of suffering huge magnitude
wave’s propagation would be high in future days.
Question 5
Northern California is the most probable area of having the tendency of emerging earthquakes
within Hayward- Rodgers Creek Fault. It creates the 31% probability of occurring disasters. It
can be deadly bay area for suffering the devastating earthquakes of high magnitude. Earthquake
Geological model, Seismological model can help to estimate the source of the future earthquake
within the unstable positions of the entire earth surface. As described into the following
description the highest faulty area within the bay of the source would be 6.9 magnitudes by
creating faults of sedimentary layers.
Question 6
Using of Geographic Information System (GIS) can measure the distribution of the process and
slope measurement by ensuring the ground motion. Ground Motion is the most important factor.
Landslide generation and filling with the triggered structure can be able to control the earthquake
wave’s propagation. Land image mapping and slope configuration and measurement is a factor
of for controlling earthquake (Bourque, 2015, p.1921).
Virtual ground motion based propagation of the earthquakes wave by estimating the horizontal
peak ground acceleration motion. PGA is the other factors for controlling earthquakes.
Question 7
In Loma Prieta earthquake at 1989 upper tiers of the sedimentary rocks are broken down into the
lower tier by creating the devastating conditions (Vatenmacher et al. 2017, p.765). Huge amount
of people are victimized for this earthquake. Cypress Street Viaduct known as Cypress structure
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is constructed by using concrete within a multi tier structure in California. It has widened up to
470 km long and has broken down by the earthquake infrastructure. Due to the faulty
constructive infrastructure of Cypress Street had been broken down. Breaking of the multi tier
infrastructure of the concrete based road and multi tier structure created earthquakes within the
area. The collapse down of the heavy amount concrete road creates devastating waves of
earthquakes where the magnitude was all about 6.9 approximately.
Question 8
1. The biggest threats in Bay area would be pollutions. As San Francisco Bay contains the
transport of various ships these can emerge oils into the bay waters. The oil is the
continuous risks of the entire bay structure by polluting the environment and reduces the
stability.
2. Using the extracted things or direct using of coals and trashes into the San Francisco Bay
can make the pollutions. It can reduce the flexibility into the underwater sedimentary
layers by creating rapid earthquakes.
3. Toxic extraction from the industry can reduce the ecological balance of the San Francisco
Bay.
4. Derailment of the train of oil can be considered as the huge risks of the bay area by
reducing the adaptation power of ecology.
These hazards can reduce the ecological balance, flexibility of the underwater sedimentary
sections by creating the unstable situations and creating of earthquakes wave propagations.
Question 9
Violent shaking of the earth surface can be seen sometimes at the bay region. It is devastating
and dangerous to suffer the violent shaking earthquakes.
Violent shaking can be occurred into the underground movement within the fault plane within
the earth surface.
Other factors of developing violent shaking would be vibration of the tectonic plates into the
rocks by creating collision.
Underground explosion within the adjacent continental plates can help to create the violent
shaking by creating devastating wave propagation of the earthquakes.
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Question 10
Santa Clara County creates the faults of San Andreas's by separating two popular county plates.
Santa Clara County path creates some earthquakes which are stable by low frequency based
earthquakes by emerging the specifications. The specific region named as San Jose is also
suffered from devastating shaking hazards. It is considered into the Violent shaking by creating
the hazards into the specified ranges. Violent shaking can reduce the estimation but it can
increase the probability of the earthquakes within uncertain timing. The place is suffered from
violent shaking hazards.
Question 11
According to the map the neighbourhood area, named as San Jose in Santa Clara County needs
to maintain the low susceptibility from the aspect of liquefaction. It can reduce the chance of
huge effects and harmful conditions while creating of huge wave related earthquakes. Low
Susceptibility can ensure the well structured sandy materials for reducing the chance of huge
devastating earthquake.
Question 12
The region between the highways 880 and 101 has the high or very high susceptibility to
liquefaction. It can be discussed by creating of very strong and violent susceptibility MMI 9. It is
very unstable and reduces the flexibility of the entire process of earthquakes. MMI 9 means the
intensity of the earthquake in this limited area is all over violent series by maintaining the
damage of the entire earthquakes. As stated by Tuohy et al. (2014, p.196), it can help to maintain
the positive intensity and susceptibility of the entire quakes and shaking related hazards.
Question 13
The Earthquake affected region needs to have the proper security to rescue the communities,
assets, resources from the rapid ranges of earthquakes. It is most effective to retrofit the home
which is mainly located into the earthquake affected region. Preparing the homely guidelines by
creating the effective constructions of the housing infrastructure, taking the help of the retrofit
contractors and engineers, security of the mobile home based constructions, standard planning of
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maintaining the Seismic safety would be the effective ways to retrofit the safety guidelines
within the home (Perez-Fuentes et al. 2016, p.260).
Question 14
It is mostly advantageous to create the action planning within the home by creating the
guidelines. Having the emergency planning and substitute decisions at a moment within a
devastating earthquake conditions can help to reduce the harmful effects percentage within the
affected area. Having the earthquake protected kits, making the ideal planning for rescuing, and
storing of the resources for ensuring the requirements would help to reduce various disasters
related to earthquake.
Question 15
The second beneficial steps with effective guidelines would be maintaining the security of the
living places by assuring the infrastructural components within the earthquake affected area.
Maintaining the security of the constructional infrastructure under the Governmental acts would
be another beneficial strategy for establishing the second steps of remedies.
Question 16
Maintaining the safety of Chimney, reducing risks of the entire structure of multi stored building
and its materials, maintaining the security of the water heater, flexible using of furniture’s can
help to maintain the entire infrastructure (Ejeta et al. 2015, p.89). Using the strategy of
maintaining the natural gas safety and the valves safety within the home can reduce the chance of
harmful existence of building architecture from home.
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Question 17
Earthquake emergency kit
It is mainly used for personal safety of the human being for reducing the effects and harmful
situation from earthquake. It helps to take the emergency action for rescuing life. It needs to
include food, water, medicine, and cash mainly. Moreover, it needs to have some other
components as cell phone, battery, lights, hammer, stick, masks, candles, clothes etc.
Home Survival Emergency preparedness kits
It uses some specific technology for developing the infrastructure of the buki8ldimg by
effective materials like concrete etc.
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Reference list
Afkar, A., Mehrabian, F., Shams, M. and Najafi, L., (2013). Assessment of the preparedness
level of administrators and state hospitals of guilan against earthquake. Life Sci J, 10(2), pp.67-
71.
Al-Rousan, T.M., Rubenstein, L.M. and Wallace, R.B., (2014). Preparedness for natural disasters
among older US adults: a nationwide survey. American journal of public health, 104(3), pp.506-
511.
Bourque, L.B., (2015). Demographic Characteristics, Sources of Information, and Preparedness
for Earthquakes in California. Earthquake Spectra, 31(4), pp.1909-1930.
Ejeta, L.T., Ardalan, A. and Paton, D., (2015). Application of behavioral theories to disaster and
emergency health preparedness: A systematic review. PLoS currents, 7(4), pp.80-94.
Paton, D., Anderson, E., Becker, J. and Petersen, J., (2015). Developing a comprehensive model
of hazard preparedness: lessons from the Christchurch earthquake. International Journal of
Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, pp.37-45.
Perez-Fuentes, G., Verrucci, E. and Joffe, H., (2016). A Review of Current Earthquake and Fire
Preparedness Campaigns: What Works?. In Dynamics of Disasters—Key Concepts, Models,
Algorithms, and Insights (pp. 257-267). Springer International Publishing.
Tuohy, R., Stephens, C. and Johnston, D., (2014). Older adults׳ disaster preparedness in the
context of the September 2010–December 2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence. International
journal of disaster risk reduction, 9, pp.194-203.
Vatenmacher, M., Isaac, S. and Svoray, T., (2017). Resource-Constrained Information
Management: Providing Governments with Information for Earthquake
Preparedness. Environmental management, 59(5), pp.762-776.
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