Review of Public Sector Budgeting and Management

This assignment requires a review of public sector budgeting and management, covering various aspects such as performance management, cost-effectiveness analysis, and innovative business models. It also includes a review of accounting and public management journals, with a focus on the ultimate challenge of performance management in the public sector.

Running head: CASE ANALYSIS
Case Analysis
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:
Course ID:

1CASE ANALYSIS
Introduction:
The current assignment aims to formulate a business plan for adding a new 12-bed short
stay surgical ward in the 32 bed general surgical ward. The first section of the assignment would
focus on discussing steps required to develop a nursing service business plan, type of workload
methodology needed to ascertain nurse supply and staff education issues for the new service. The
second part would concentrate on identifying the benefits of including the nurse manager in
developing cost centre budget and the appropriate budgeting method to be used. In addition, the
three main areas of expenditure taken into account for the expenditure budget and issues related
to the expenditures have been identified as well. Finally, the assignment would shed light on
developing salaries and wages budget for the new combined service.
Question 1:
Question 1.1:
The steps required to form a nursing service business plan and their significance are
demonstrated briefly as follows:
Business case:
In this phase, planning needs to be made about the way of combining short stay surgical
ward in the 32-bed general surgical ward. Such planning would focus on the financial aspect of
the combined service, rational for using resources and the facility of the designed service
(Alviniussen and Jankensgard 2015). This would help in providing a clear depiction to all those
likely to be affected by the project.
Aims and objectives:

2CASE ANALYSIS
In this step, the hospital needs to be clear regarding its aims and objectives of the project.
This would help in clarifying the services to be provided to the patients and other healthcare
professionals referring to the service (Anessi-Pessina et al. 2016). In addition, a clear approach at
this stage would enable in demonstrating the areas to be audited and evaluated in future.
Patient criteria:
This step requires setting up criteria required to meet for accessing the nurse-led clinic.
For instance, the clinic could provide leaflets to the patients regarding the services to be
provided.
Publicity:
It would not be possible for the clinic to succeed, if the patients and referrers do not know
its existence and the services offered. Public needs to be initiated at the planning phase, since it
might prompt discussion leading to adjustment of the designed service (Arnaboldi, Lapsley and
Steccolini 2015). Leaflets, posters, group discussions, web information and visits to those
probable to use it could depict the nature of service, its initiation and explaining the ways and
time of accessing the same.
Location:
This step needs determining the area where the proposed service would be provided. In
this case, the short stay surgical ward would be merged with the 32-bed general surgical ward for
developing a new 12-bed service.
Multidisciplinary support:

3CASE ANALYSIS
Before initiating the service, it is necessary for the healthcare professionals to refer to the
services obtaining the referrals along with suggesting for offering education, support and advice.
It requires taking into account the suggestions for adjustments or adaptation or it is not felt that
the service is warranted at this phase (Baal, Meltzer and Brouwer 2016). Hence, the value of the
business case is immense here in order to make clear argument about the service need and
viability.
Professional development:
This is a significant element of a nurse-led clinic, since it underpins competent service. It
is significant to place structures in place enhancing the ability to view deficits in knowledge base
along with the ability for rectifying them.
Managing medicines:
Medicines could be managed in a variety of ways from supplying them via patient group
directions to independent and supplementary prescribing. In case, the route taken is nurse
prescribing, the clinic needs to consider the way of maintaining professional development in this
area.
Audit and evaluation:
Ongoing audit and evaluation is crucial in order to meet the requirements of the patients.
This implies that the services offered make variation to the service users (Cherry and Jacob
2016). Hence, the service needs to be designed in such a manner that it satisfies the requirements
of all the users.
Closing the loop:

4CASE ANALYSIS
The last step denotes the requirement to be kept in mind is that the clinic is a growing
service. In addition, it is necessary for the clinic in order to assure paperwork like publicity and
job descriptions, which would help in keeping pace with the variations in relation to the offered
service.
Question 1.2:
The data and documents that the hospital needs to collect and analyse for including
additional beds in the ward comprise of the following:
Patients’ clinical records:
These records denote the knowledge of events related to illness of the patients, their
recovery and kind of care that the hospital authority provides (Finkler, Calabrese and Ward
2018). This would help in providing legal protection to the hospital nurses and doctors along
with avoiding work duplication.
Individual staff records:
For the new group of staffs to be recruited, there would be a separate group of record
providing details regarding their sicknesses, career and development activities along with a
personnel note.
Ward records:
Ward records are those records, which are prepared for a specific ward (Greene et al.
2016). Such records would be in the form of round book, duty roaster, ward indent book and
staff-patient assignment record.
Administrative records:

5CASE ANALYSIS
For the new staffs to be appointed, they need to be provided with the organisational chart,
job description and procedure manual. In addition, there needs to be maintenance of treatment
register, personnel performance register along with administration and discharge register.
Question 1.3:
The hospital would use the compulsory hospital nurse to patient staffing ratios for
supplying the excess new nurses to achieve the new service demand. The expansion of the ward
because of the inclusion of additional surgical beds implies that there would be increase in the
number of patients (Dudin et al. 2015). With the help of nurse to patient staffing ratio, it would
be beneficial for the clinic to ascertain the number of nurses to be included. This would help in
assuring that the hospital would not encounter a challenge related to insufficient staffs for
providing health services to the patients.
Question 1.4:
The management of personnel in healthcare setting comprises of blending the staffs of
various professional backgrounds, skills and qualifications with the aim to maximise patient care
(Eldenburg, Krishnan and Krishnan 2017). Even though this staffing method tends to work
effectively, it would result in increased utilisation of less qualified staffs leading to insufficient
service delivery. The clinic, therefore, needs to take into account the issue of employing
numerous less qualified staffs through recruiting employees with the right qualifications.
Question 2:
Question 2.1:
The following are the major benefits of having the nurse manager in developing cost
centre budget:

6CASE ANALYSIS
Function-specific cost:
This enables in keeping track of the expenses related to a specific function. By treating all
the cost centres in the form of a separate unit, the organisation could gauge the amount of money
it utilises every year for supporting a specific service (Jakobsen and Pallesen 2017). In case, the
nurse manager could not establish a cost centre, it would become complex for gauging the cost
of service supply. Hence, with the help of cost centre, the nurse manager could plan, gauge and
control costs for all the particular functions in the hospital.
Resource allocation:
As the cost centre budget enables the nurse manager to detect each function cost, it helps
in allocating the scarce resources in an effective manner (Kuo and Cheng 2018). For example, if
the nurse manager gains an understanding of the actual cost to manage a call centre in the
hospital, it would be helpful in computing the expenditure with the profit estimated from a new
service. This would result in directing new resources to the most valuable business activity
(Webb 2016).
Question 2.2:
Flexible budgeting:
Flexible budget is a budget, which realises the behavioural variation between variable
costs and fixed costs in terms of fluctuations in output, turnover or other variable factors. With
the help of flexible budgeting, the hospital could estimate the performance and income levels at a
provided range of activity levels for this particular service. In addition, it would help in
providing correct evaluation of organisational and managerial performance (Langabeer and
Helton 2015). For applying flexible budgeting, the hospital could carry out the following steps:

7CASE ANALYSIS
Step 1: Specifying the used timeframe
Step 2: Categorising each cost into variable, fixed and semi-variable costs
Step 3: Ascertaining the kinds of standards to be used
Step 4: Evaluating the patterns of cost behaviour in relation to the previous activity levels
Step 5: Developing pertinent flexible budget for particular activity levels
However, flexible budgeting assumes that the costs are linear and it does not consider the
discounts for bulk material purchases. In addition, the method of ascertaining the variable and
fixed components of costs is arbitrary and there is little resemblance of the accurate budgeted
cost for the fixed activity level.
Zero-based budgeting:
It is a budgeting method, which is involved in apportioning funding depending on
program efficiency and necessity. In contrast to traditional budgeting, no previous items are
taken into account while preparing the next budget (Marlowe et al. 2018). The major advantage
of zero-based budgeting is that the resulting budget is justified effectively and it is aligned to
strategy. In addition, it helps in catalysing wider collaboration across the organisation. Finally,
the hospital could minimise costs by avoiding increases in automatic budget and hence, it would
increase its overall savings.
However, this type of budgeting system suffers from certain drawbacks. One of them is
time consuming and costly nature, since budget is developed from scratch annually. Another
drawback is that it might be cost-prohibitive for the hospitals having restricted budget. Finally,

8CASE ANALYSIS
this budgeting system could be risky, if there is uncertainty regarding potential savings
(McConnell 2018).
Output-based budgeting:
In the words of Menifield (2017), output-based budgeting is the method of formulating
budgets depending on the association between funding and estimated outcomes. One of the
major benefits of this budgeting system is that it increases transparency and involvement in the
budgeting process. The stakeholders could be able to draw linkages between allocated funds and
proposed results. However, this budgeting system might be costly and the government-identified
results might be complicated.
Based on the evaluation of the above three budgeting procedures, zero-based budgeting is
considered as the most appropriate. This is because it forms a practical way for the hospital to
redesign its cost structures. This is because it would be able to cut down 25% of expense on
support and overhead functions along with boosting and competitiveness of the new service.
Question 2.3:
The three main areas of expenditure, which could be taken into account for the
expenditure budget of the proposed service, include the following:
Fixed cost:
The fixed cost of the hospital includes overhead expenditure, staff salaries and bonuses
along with building utilities and maintenance. These costs do not change over a short-term in the
hospital (Mukherjee, Al Rahahleh and Lane 2016).
Variable cost:

9CASE ANALYSIS
The variable cost of the hospital constitutes of staff supplies, patient care supplies,
medications along with diagnostic and therapeutic supplies. These costs tend to vary in the
hospital for a shorter timeframe.
Semi-variable cost:
The semi-variable costs are those costs, a part of which remain fixed and part of which
tend to vary over the short-term. Examples of semi-variable expenses in the hospital include
electricity, telephone bills and others.
Issues in the area of expenditure:
It is assumed that the hospital has yearly costs of $200 million with 15,000 patients each
year. The average payment that the patients have made is $13,500 each year, which has lead to
revenue of $202.5 million. 2/3rd of the costs have been fixed, while 1/3rd of the costs have been
variable and semi-variable. Hence, if the community enhances primary care for minimising 10%
people attaining hospital care. In this case, the variable cost of the hospital would decrease by
10% to $60 million, while the fixed costs remain at $133 million (Paulsson 2017). Even though
the overall expense would decline to $193 million, the revenue would fall to $182 million with
10% lower patients resulting in a loss of $11 million.
Question 2.4:
The cost centre that would be generated within the hospital constitute of general services,
ancillary services, in-patient services, outpatient services and other cost centres. The in-patient
services take into account the direct costs of hospital-affiliated nursing facilities along with other
long-term care units (Shanks 2016). The other cost centres comprise of a group of non-
reimbursable cost centres like gift shops and offices of the physicians.

10CASE ANALYSIS
Question 3:
Particulars Amount (in $)
Wages 30,000
Medical insurance 7,200
Retirement benefits 2,400
Workers' compensation
premiums 600
Employer Medicare
taxes 435
Fringe benefits 800
Total wages and
salaries 41,435
Table 1: Salaries and wages budget for the proposed nursing service
(Source: As created by author)
The salaries and wages budget for the proposed nursing service is based on certain
assumptions, which are depicted briefly as follows:
Number of days:
For computing the total wages and salaries of the newly employed staffs, it is assumed
that there are 365 days in a year.
Additional staffs:

11CASE ANALYSIS
The total number of additional staffs to be appointed for initiating this service is 5.
Rotational shifts:
The rotational shifts in 104 weekend days are taken into consideration for arriving at the
total wages and salaries of the department.
Additional leave:
The staffs are allowed an additional leave of 14 vacation days.
Sick leave:
The staffs could avail obtain sick leave of additional 10 days in a year.
Personal holidays:
The staffs are also allowed to obtain 8 personal holiday days in a year
Number of staffs:
The total number of working days for the staffs about to be working in the department is
229 days.
Number of working hours:
Finally, the total number of working hours for each staff is 1,832.
The overall direct cost of payroll could be divided by the overall number of working hours
to obtain hourly rate. In this case, the hourly rate would be $22.62 ($41,435/1,832). This rate
would help the hospital to charge for accruals related to payroll and it has the amount of money

12CASE ANALYSIS
present at the time a staff seeks a vacation, sick or holiday leave (Waxman 2017). There might
be re-computation of the rates with the change in the actual costs of payroll.
Conclusion:
Based on the above discussion, it could be found out that the hospital would use the
compulsory hospital nurse to patient staffing ratios for supplying the excess new nurses to
achieve the new service demand. The expansion of the ward because of the inclusion of
additional surgical beds implies that there would be increase in the number of patients. The
management of personnel in healthcare setting comprises of blending the staffs of various
professional backgrounds, skills and qualifications with the aim to maximise patient care. The
clinic, therefore, needs to take into account the issue of employing numerous less qualified staffs
through recruiting employees with the right qualifications. Finally, the cost centre that would be
generated within the hospital constitute of general services, ancillary services, in-patient services,
outpatient services and other cost centres.

13CASE ANALYSIS
References:
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14CASE ANALYSIS
therapeutic clinical trials for the Irish Health Service Executive: A single centre analysis of
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15CASE ANALYSIS
Waxman, K.T. ed., 2017. Financial and business management for the doctor of nursing
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