Case Study on Gabapentin and Epilepsy
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This case study examines the use of Gabapentin in the treatment of epilepsy, including patient history, medication administration, nursing interventions, and adherence to national safety standards. It provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals and patients alike.
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Running head: CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:
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CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Table of Contents
Patient history..................................................................................................................................2
Administration for medication.........................................................................................................2
Nursing intervention........................................................................................................................4
National safety and quality standard................................................................................................5
Outcome from the case study..........................................................................................................6
Reference.........................................................................................................................................8
1
Table of Contents
Patient history..................................................................................................................................2
Administration for medication.........................................................................................................2
Nursing intervention........................................................................................................................4
National safety and quality standard................................................................................................5
Outcome from the case study..........................................................................................................6
Reference.........................................................................................................................................8
1
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Patient history
Mr John smith is 40-year-old man with acute seizure since 10 years. He was admitted to
hospital to the medical ward because of the attack of seizure disorder. He suddenly had
convulsion while he was eating breakfast. Previously he was healthy, however since morning he
was showing some clumsy behaviour. An ambulance was called immediately, when he arrived,
he was awaked but seems unconsciousness. On interacting with the patient following subjective
data was obtained. His body was blue, foamed came from his mouth and then breathed hard. He
also complained to have pain in his right hand and was having slurred speech. Patient seems
confused and unconscious.
Looking into the medical history of the patient, he had hypertension and encountered
attack of epilepsy one year ago, which left him with pain and weakness in his right hand. On
previous examination, physician has prescribed him antiepileptic drugs to control his panic
attack. He also had complication of thyroid hormone imbalance. Upon undertaking an
assessment of Mr John, following vital sign was observed:
Temperature-36.2o C Normal 36.2o C-37.2o C
Pulse- 111bmp Normal 60-100
SaO2 – 95% Normal 95-100%
Blood pressure- 130/80 Normal 120/80
Pain score- 5/10
On examination of patient following objective data was obtained, his body temperature
was normal, and high pulse rate was noticed. On measuring pain score nurse came to know that
2
Patient history
Mr John smith is 40-year-old man with acute seizure since 10 years. He was admitted to
hospital to the medical ward because of the attack of seizure disorder. He suddenly had
convulsion while he was eating breakfast. Previously he was healthy, however since morning he
was showing some clumsy behaviour. An ambulance was called immediately, when he arrived,
he was awaked but seems unconsciousness. On interacting with the patient following subjective
data was obtained. His body was blue, foamed came from his mouth and then breathed hard. He
also complained to have pain in his right hand and was having slurred speech. Patient seems
confused and unconscious.
Looking into the medical history of the patient, he had hypertension and encountered
attack of epilepsy one year ago, which left him with pain and weakness in his right hand. On
previous examination, physician has prescribed him antiepileptic drugs to control his panic
attack. He also had complication of thyroid hormone imbalance. Upon undertaking an
assessment of Mr John, following vital sign was observed:
Temperature-36.2o C Normal 36.2o C-37.2o C
Pulse- 111bmp Normal 60-100
SaO2 – 95% Normal 95-100%
Blood pressure- 130/80 Normal 120/80
Pain score- 5/10
On examination of patient following objective data was obtained, his body temperature
was normal, and high pulse rate was noticed. On measuring pain score nurse came to know that
2
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
patient is in tremendous pain. As the symptom was still persisting, so EEG was conducted which
showed some photoparoxysmal response. Stroke was found be very unpleasant. On confirmation
with EEG test, their family was informed that he had an attack of seizure. Therefore, he was
given prescription for Gabapentin 900mg (antiepileptic drugs).
Administration for medication
He was given the dose of 900mg and asked to take it twice a day after meal. Physician
advised to swallow the medicine as chewing can result in allergic reaction. Swallowing help in
better absorption of medicine in blood and it can travel throughout the body (Khurana et al.
2014).
Gabapentin is known to control attack of seizure being antiepileptic drug can help to get
relieve from pain (Lal et al. 2013). Mr John was not having any issue regarding liver
malfunction, hence this medicine can better work on him without any trouble.
Physician also guided him to avoid taking antacid as this interfere in absorption of
Gabapentin in his body (Aydin et al 2016). Some safety tips were guided to him regarding the
dose and time interval for intake of medicine. (Mao et al. 2016). Physician suggested him not to
take less or high dose of medicine as this can create various side effect (Kay et al. 2016). Doctor
suggested him to not skip the medicine as this can slow the process of treatment of seizure and
he can again encounter the panic attack. Prior to initiation of action, patient was informed about
the rashes and other sign that might occur (Aydin et al. 2016). He was given safety guidance like
avoiding drinking alcohol while he is in course of treatment, as Gabapentin can cause dizziness
(Alayed et al. 2014). The patient was also given some guidance regarding overdose of the drug
3
patient is in tremendous pain. As the symptom was still persisting, so EEG was conducted which
showed some photoparoxysmal response. Stroke was found be very unpleasant. On confirmation
with EEG test, their family was informed that he had an attack of seizure. Therefore, he was
given prescription for Gabapentin 900mg (antiepileptic drugs).
Administration for medication
He was given the dose of 900mg and asked to take it twice a day after meal. Physician
advised to swallow the medicine as chewing can result in allergic reaction. Swallowing help in
better absorption of medicine in blood and it can travel throughout the body (Khurana et al.
2014).
Gabapentin is known to control attack of seizure being antiepileptic drug can help to get
relieve from pain (Lal et al. 2013). Mr John was not having any issue regarding liver
malfunction, hence this medicine can better work on him without any trouble.
Physician also guided him to avoid taking antacid as this interfere in absorption of
Gabapentin in his body (Aydin et al 2016). Some safety tips were guided to him regarding the
dose and time interval for intake of medicine. (Mao et al. 2016). Physician suggested him not to
take less or high dose of medicine as this can create various side effect (Kay et al. 2016). Doctor
suggested him to not skip the medicine as this can slow the process of treatment of seizure and
he can again encounter the panic attack. Prior to initiation of action, patient was informed about
the rashes and other sign that might occur (Aydin et al. 2016). He was given safety guidance like
avoiding drinking alcohol while he is in course of treatment, as Gabapentin can cause dizziness
(Alayed et al. 2014). The patient was also given some guidance regarding overdose of the drug
3
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CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
and suggested this can lead to blurred vision, slurred speech and may cause diarrhea (Kukkar et
al., 2013).
It has been seen from research that many people are not aware about the consequence of
epilepsy, its risk and how to self-manage it efficiently (Braun et al. 2017). There is great need to
educate the patient about it by the mean of effective communication (Oetzel 2017). The patient
was informed about the medicine that it can cause anaphylaxis and angioedema after first dose
(Chen, 2013). The patient was also informed that the drug can cause somnolence, and CNS
depression (Kay et al. 2016). Patient was advised to be alert for the occurrence of these signs.
Their parents were also provided information that the drug can increase the thought of suicide
(King 2018). They were guided that if any such incidence happen they need to consult the care
provider immediately.
There are some contraindication regarding the usage of drug. The drug should not be
taken with any kind sedative as this can cause high level of depression and show some potential
synergy (Quintero 2017). The patient was informed that drug should not be taken with any pain
reliever like morphine, as this can increase the concentration of Gabapentin. Moreover, the drug
should not be taken by those patient who showed some kind of hypersensitivity or are allergic to
Gabapentin (Ziganshina, Gamirova and Abakumova 2017).
The drug also has numerous potential side effect of the drug includes, nausea, dizziness,
vomiting, mood changes, arms and legs can get swollen, vision can get blurred, mouth can get
dried, can increase weight in patients, memory problem can occur and headache (Al‐Bachari et
al. 2013).
4
and suggested this can lead to blurred vision, slurred speech and may cause diarrhea (Kukkar et
al., 2013).
It has been seen from research that many people are not aware about the consequence of
epilepsy, its risk and how to self-manage it efficiently (Braun et al. 2017). There is great need to
educate the patient about it by the mean of effective communication (Oetzel 2017). The patient
was informed about the medicine that it can cause anaphylaxis and angioedema after first dose
(Chen, 2013). The patient was also informed that the drug can cause somnolence, and CNS
depression (Kay et al. 2016). Patient was advised to be alert for the occurrence of these signs.
Their parents were also provided information that the drug can increase the thought of suicide
(King 2018). They were guided that if any such incidence happen they need to consult the care
provider immediately.
There are some contraindication regarding the usage of drug. The drug should not be
taken with any kind sedative as this can cause high level of depression and show some potential
synergy (Quintero 2017). The patient was informed that drug should not be taken with any pain
reliever like morphine, as this can increase the concentration of Gabapentin. Moreover, the drug
should not be taken by those patient who showed some kind of hypersensitivity or are allergic to
Gabapentin (Ziganshina, Gamirova and Abakumova 2017).
The drug also has numerous potential side effect of the drug includes, nausea, dizziness,
vomiting, mood changes, arms and legs can get swollen, vision can get blurred, mouth can get
dried, can increase weight in patients, memory problem can occur and headache (Al‐Bachari et
al. 2013).
4
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Nursing intervention
Looking into the case history and type of medication given to Mr John, from deep
assessment of the medication, some nursing intervention have been identified. Nurse need to
monitor the sign and symptoms of the patient, weather he is involving dizziness in his behaviour
or CNS depression (Rugg‐Gunn et al. 2016). Nurse also need to observe changes in his attitude
relating to suicidal attack. It is important to notice such changes in his behaviour because, this
can lead to serious and lethal situation (Buelow, Miller and Fishman 2018). This might occur due
to overdose of the medicine. Hence, on observing such variations, nurse can change the dose of
medicine and prescribe lower dose of Gabapentin in consultation with the health care
professional (Hauer and Solodiuk 2015).
Nurse also need to evaluate any sign and symptom of hypersensivity in the patients
because Gabapentin may cause some serious allergic reaction in the body of patients due to
release of histamine and increase in concentration of the drug. In such case nurse need to give
some anti-allergic pills to avoid the reaction (Lorenz, Comerford and Iff, 2013).
Patsalos, Spencer and Berry (2018) says from their research that administration of
Gabapentin in patient of epilepsy can involve the chance of seizure attack after few days. Nurse
need to monitor the patient regularly for several days in order to keep an observation on the
frequency of seizure. Regular check on patient’s blood pressure, heart rate and SaO2 should be
assessed by nurse and keep a written record of such vital signs (Lewis, Noyes and Hastings
2015). This will help the physician to see his progress of treatment. In consultation with Doctor,
Nurse can increase or decrease the dose of drug accordingly (Galimberti et al. 2016).
5
Nursing intervention
Looking into the case history and type of medication given to Mr John, from deep
assessment of the medication, some nursing intervention have been identified. Nurse need to
monitor the sign and symptoms of the patient, weather he is involving dizziness in his behaviour
or CNS depression (Rugg‐Gunn et al. 2016). Nurse also need to observe changes in his attitude
relating to suicidal attack. It is important to notice such changes in his behaviour because, this
can lead to serious and lethal situation (Buelow, Miller and Fishman 2018). This might occur due
to overdose of the medicine. Hence, on observing such variations, nurse can change the dose of
medicine and prescribe lower dose of Gabapentin in consultation with the health care
professional (Hauer and Solodiuk 2015).
Nurse also need to evaluate any sign and symptom of hypersensivity in the patients
because Gabapentin may cause some serious allergic reaction in the body of patients due to
release of histamine and increase in concentration of the drug. In such case nurse need to give
some anti-allergic pills to avoid the reaction (Lorenz, Comerford and Iff, 2013).
Patsalos, Spencer and Berry (2018) says from their research that administration of
Gabapentin in patient of epilepsy can involve the chance of seizure attack after few days. Nurse
need to monitor the patient regularly for several days in order to keep an observation on the
frequency of seizure. Regular check on patient’s blood pressure, heart rate and SaO2 should be
assessed by nurse and keep a written record of such vital signs (Lewis, Noyes and Hastings
2015). This will help the physician to see his progress of treatment. In consultation with Doctor,
Nurse can increase or decrease the dose of drug accordingly (Galimberti et al. 2016).
5
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
National safety and quality standard
According to National Safety and Quality Standard, two most important standard of
care taken are Medication safety standard and communicating for safety guidance.
Medication safety standard- Clinician or nurses uses this safety and quality system to
monitor the efficacy and performance of medicine. Nurses used this measure in order to evaluate
the effectiveness of drug Gabapentin given to reduce the frequency of seizure. Nurse take into
account all the medication history of the patient to see that the patient is not allergic to
Gabapentin. If the person is allergic then, the drug administration is given of lower dose ((Dixon
et al. 2015). For drug Gabapentin, it is important to observes its reaction in the body of patients
through physical examination. If there is any kind of side effect due to drug, nurse implement
some potential strategies to improvise the management of dose of Gabapentin (Sauro et al.
20160. Nurse also report the outcome of patient after the therapy of drug given. This standard of
care actively involve patient in their own self-maintenance as well as self-care
Communicating for safety guidance- For drug like Gabapentin which has various side
effect if not given in right amount, it is important for the nurse to explain the various safety
guidance regarding the drug. As the drug shows side effect of dizziness, clumsiness and nausea,
patient are informed about the occurrence of such effect with good quality of communication
with the patient. Nurse need to informed them to take safety guidance while the treatment is
ongoing. Nurse also gives advised to the patient regarding not to drink alcohol or drive care
while ongoing treatment that involves Gabapentin (Watkins and Shankar 2018). Nurse also give
some suggestive guidance of not taking any sedative drug along with Gabapentin. Nurse need to
document the whole safety guidance about the steps of intended care. If there is any case of
6
National safety and quality standard
According to National Safety and Quality Standard, two most important standard of
care taken are Medication safety standard and communicating for safety guidance.
Medication safety standard- Clinician or nurses uses this safety and quality system to
monitor the efficacy and performance of medicine. Nurses used this measure in order to evaluate
the effectiveness of drug Gabapentin given to reduce the frequency of seizure. Nurse take into
account all the medication history of the patient to see that the patient is not allergic to
Gabapentin. If the person is allergic then, the drug administration is given of lower dose ((Dixon
et al. 2015). For drug Gabapentin, it is important to observes its reaction in the body of patients
through physical examination. If there is any kind of side effect due to drug, nurse implement
some potential strategies to improvise the management of dose of Gabapentin (Sauro et al.
20160. Nurse also report the outcome of patient after the therapy of drug given. This standard of
care actively involve patient in their own self-maintenance as well as self-care
Communicating for safety guidance- For drug like Gabapentin which has various side
effect if not given in right amount, it is important for the nurse to explain the various safety
guidance regarding the drug. As the drug shows side effect of dizziness, clumsiness and nausea,
patient are informed about the occurrence of such effect with good quality of communication
with the patient. Nurse need to informed them to take safety guidance while the treatment is
ongoing. Nurse also gives advised to the patient regarding not to drink alcohol or drive care
while ongoing treatment that involves Gabapentin (Watkins and Shankar 2018). Nurse also give
some suggestive guidance of not taking any sedative drug along with Gabapentin. Nurse need to
document the whole safety guidance about the steps of intended care. If there is any case of
6
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CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
clinical handover of the patient to other staff, effective communication about the medical history
and current medication should be given appropriately. (Hamandi et al. 2017).
Outcome from the case study
While critical evaluation of the case study, various important concept regarding the drug
Gabapentin has been learned. From the case study, nurse erudite that Gabapentin is the drug that
need to be given in right amount according to the age of patient. It is important to know the
correct dose range and time interval in which the drug can be given. Gabapentin shows various
side effect, hence various way to manage it effectively was also highlighted from the case study.
Various nursing intervention and tips was recognized form the study, which give measures to
help epilepsy patient. The information gained from the case study can be practically employed
with other patients. For other patients, firstly, its physical examination regarding allergy for any
kind of drug will be tested, to avoid any kind of side effect of Gabapentin. The drug dose gave an
insight about how to guide patient in relation to its administration. Therefore, from the case
study, various helpful information about the drug Gabapentin and nursing assessment has given
sense to effective and quality care for the patients which can be employed to other person as
well.
7
clinical handover of the patient to other staff, effective communication about the medical history
and current medication should be given appropriately. (Hamandi et al. 2017).
Outcome from the case study
While critical evaluation of the case study, various important concept regarding the drug
Gabapentin has been learned. From the case study, nurse erudite that Gabapentin is the drug that
need to be given in right amount according to the age of patient. It is important to know the
correct dose range and time interval in which the drug can be given. Gabapentin shows various
side effect, hence various way to manage it effectively was also highlighted from the case study.
Various nursing intervention and tips was recognized form the study, which give measures to
help epilepsy patient. The information gained from the case study can be practically employed
with other patients. For other patients, firstly, its physical examination regarding allergy for any
kind of drug will be tested, to avoid any kind of side effect of Gabapentin. The drug dose gave an
insight about how to guide patient in relation to its administration. Therefore, from the case
study, various helpful information about the drug Gabapentin and nursing assessment has given
sense to effective and quality care for the patients which can be employed to other person as
well.
7
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Reference
Alayed, N., Alghanaim, N., Tan, X. and Tulandi, T., 2014. Preemptive use of Gabapentin in
abdominal hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 123(6), pp.1221-1229.
Al‐Bachari, S., Pulman, J., Hutton, J.L. and Marson, A.G., 2013. Gabapentin add‐on for drug‐
resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7).
Aydin, S., Donertas, B., Kilic, F. S., Oner, S., & Kaygisiz, B. (2016). PT670. Antiinflammatory
and gastric side effect of Gabapentin. International Journal of
Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(Suppl 1), 44.
Braun, A., Kendall, S., Cole, C., Smeeton, N. and Angus-Leppan, H., 2017. Development of the
Epilepsy Risk Awareness scale (ERA scale) for people with epilepsy. Seizure, 46, pp.13-18.
Buelow, J., Miller, W. and Fishman, J., 2018. Development of an Epilepsy Nursing
Communication Tool: Improving the Quality of Interactions Between Nurses and Patients With
Seizures. The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 50(2), p.74.
Chen, C., 2013. Meta-analyses of dose-exposure relationships for Gabapentin following oral
administration of Gabapentin and Gabapentin enacarbil. European journal of clinical
pharmacology, 69(10), pp.1809-1817.
Dixon, P.A., Kirkham, J.J., Marson, A.G. and Pearson, M.G., 2015. National Audit of Seizure
management in Hospitals (NASH): results of the national audit of adult epilepsy in the UK. BMJ
open, 5(3), p.e007325.
8
Reference
Alayed, N., Alghanaim, N., Tan, X. and Tulandi, T., 2014. Preemptive use of Gabapentin in
abdominal hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 123(6), pp.1221-1229.
Al‐Bachari, S., Pulman, J., Hutton, J.L. and Marson, A.G., 2013. Gabapentin add‐on for drug‐
resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7).
Aydin, S., Donertas, B., Kilic, F. S., Oner, S., & Kaygisiz, B. (2016). PT670. Antiinflammatory
and gastric side effect of Gabapentin. International Journal of
Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(Suppl 1), 44.
Braun, A., Kendall, S., Cole, C., Smeeton, N. and Angus-Leppan, H., 2017. Development of the
Epilepsy Risk Awareness scale (ERA scale) for people with epilepsy. Seizure, 46, pp.13-18.
Buelow, J., Miller, W. and Fishman, J., 2018. Development of an Epilepsy Nursing
Communication Tool: Improving the Quality of Interactions Between Nurses and Patients With
Seizures. The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 50(2), p.74.
Chen, C., 2013. Meta-analyses of dose-exposure relationships for Gabapentin following oral
administration of Gabapentin and Gabapentin enacarbil. European journal of clinical
pharmacology, 69(10), pp.1809-1817.
Dixon, P.A., Kirkham, J.J., Marson, A.G. and Pearson, M.G., 2015. National Audit of Seizure
management in Hospitals (NASH): results of the national audit of adult epilepsy in the UK. BMJ
open, 5(3), p.e007325.
8
CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Eren, O., Straube, A., Schöberl, F. and Schankin, C., 2017. Hemicrania Continua: Beneficial
Effect of Non‐Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in a Patient With a Contraindication for
Indomethacin. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 57(2), pp.298-301.
Galimberti, C.A., Tartara, E., Dispenza, S., Marchese, D., Bonizzoni, E. and Perucca, E., 2016.
Antiepileptic drug use and epileptic seizures in nursing home residents in the Province of Pavia,
Italy: a reappraisal 12 years after a first survey. Epilepsy research, 119, pp.41-48.
Hamandi, K., Beniczky, S., Diehl, B., Kandler, R.H., Pressler, R.M., Sen, A., Solomon, J.,
Walker, M.C. and Bagary, M., 2017. Current practice and recommendations in UK epilepsy
monitoring units. Report of a national survey and workshop. Seizure, 50, pp.92-98.
Hauer, J.M. and Solodiuk, J.C., 2015. Gabapentin for management of recurrent pain in 22
nonverbal children with severe neurological impairment: a retrospective analysis. Journal of
palliative medicine, 18(5), pp.453-456.
Kay, G.G., Schwartz, H.I., Wingertzahn, M.A., Jayawardena, S. and Rosenberg, R.P., 2016.
Next‐day residual effects of Gabapentin, diphenhydramine, and triazolam on simulated driving
performance in healthy volunteers: a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled,
crossover trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 31(3), pp.217-226.
Khurana, G., Jindal, P., Sharma, J.P. and Bansal, K.K., 2014. Postoperative pain and long-term
functional outcome after administration of Gabapentin and pregabalin in patients undergoing
spinal surgery. Spine, 39(6), pp.E363-E368.
King, M.A., 2018. Pregabalin and Gabapentin associated with depression and suicidal
ideation. Brit Med J, 363, p. k4979.
9
Eren, O., Straube, A., Schöberl, F. and Schankin, C., 2017. Hemicrania Continua: Beneficial
Effect of Non‐Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in a Patient With a Contraindication for
Indomethacin. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 57(2), pp.298-301.
Galimberti, C.A., Tartara, E., Dispenza, S., Marchese, D., Bonizzoni, E. and Perucca, E., 2016.
Antiepileptic drug use and epileptic seizures in nursing home residents in the Province of Pavia,
Italy: a reappraisal 12 years after a first survey. Epilepsy research, 119, pp.41-48.
Hamandi, K., Beniczky, S., Diehl, B., Kandler, R.H., Pressler, R.M., Sen, A., Solomon, J.,
Walker, M.C. and Bagary, M., 2017. Current practice and recommendations in UK epilepsy
monitoring units. Report of a national survey and workshop. Seizure, 50, pp.92-98.
Hauer, J.M. and Solodiuk, J.C., 2015. Gabapentin for management of recurrent pain in 22
nonverbal children with severe neurological impairment: a retrospective analysis. Journal of
palliative medicine, 18(5), pp.453-456.
Kay, G.G., Schwartz, H.I., Wingertzahn, M.A., Jayawardena, S. and Rosenberg, R.P., 2016.
Next‐day residual effects of Gabapentin, diphenhydramine, and triazolam on simulated driving
performance in healthy volunteers: a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled,
crossover trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 31(3), pp.217-226.
Khurana, G., Jindal, P., Sharma, J.P. and Bansal, K.K., 2014. Postoperative pain and long-term
functional outcome after administration of Gabapentin and pregabalin in patients undergoing
spinal surgery. Spine, 39(6), pp.E363-E368.
King, M.A., 2018. Pregabalin and Gabapentin associated with depression and suicidal
ideation. Brit Med J, 363, p. k4979.
9
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CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
Kukkar, A., Bali, A., Singh, N. and Jaggi, A.S., 2013. Implications and mechanism of action of
Gabapentin in neuropathic pain. Archives of pharmacal research, 36(3), pp.237-251.
Lal, R., Sukbuntherng, J., Luo, W., Tovera, J., Lassauzet, M.L. and Cundy, K.C., 2013.
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Gabapentin after administration of
Gabapentin enacarbil. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(1), pp.29-40.
Lewis, S.A., Noyes, J. and Hastings, R.P., 2015. Systematic review of epilepsy self‐management
interventions integrated with a synthesis of children and young people's views and
experiences. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(3), pp.478-497.
Lorenz, N.D., Comerford, E.J. and Iff, I., 2013. Long-term use of Gabapentin for
musculoskeletal disease and trauma in three cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(6),
pp.507-512.
Mao, Y., Wu, L. and Ding, W., 2016. The efficacy of preoperative administration of
Gabapentin/pregabalin in improving pain after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. BMC
musculoskeletal disorders, 17(1), p.373.
Oetzel, J.G., 2017. Effective intercultural workgroup communication theory. The International
Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication, pp.1-5.
Patsalos, P.N., Spencer, E.P. and Berry, D.J., 2018. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic
drugs in epilepsy: a 2018 update. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 40(5), pp.526-548.
Quintero, G.C., 2017. Review about Gabapentin misuse, interactions, contraindications and side
effects. Journal of experimental pharmacology, 9, p.13.
10
Kukkar, A., Bali, A., Singh, N. and Jaggi, A.S., 2013. Implications and mechanism of action of
Gabapentin in neuropathic pain. Archives of pharmacal research, 36(3), pp.237-251.
Lal, R., Sukbuntherng, J., Luo, W., Tovera, J., Lassauzet, M.L. and Cundy, K.C., 2013.
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Gabapentin after administration of
Gabapentin enacarbil. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(1), pp.29-40.
Lewis, S.A., Noyes, J. and Hastings, R.P., 2015. Systematic review of epilepsy self‐management
interventions integrated with a synthesis of children and young people's views and
experiences. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(3), pp.478-497.
Lorenz, N.D., Comerford, E.J. and Iff, I., 2013. Long-term use of Gabapentin for
musculoskeletal disease and trauma in three cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 15(6),
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CASE STIUDY ON GABAPENTIN AND EPILEPSY
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fatality to witnessed rescue: Nonpharmacologic interventions in sudden unexpected death in
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Striano, P., Vari, M.S., Mazzocchetti, C., Verrotti, A. and Zara, F., 2016. Management of genetic
epilepsies: from empirical treatment to precision medicine. Pharmacological research, 107,
pp.426-429.
Watkins, L. and Shankar, R., 2018. Reducing the Risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
(SUDEP). Current treatment options in neurology, 20(10), p.40.
Ziganshina, L.E., Gamirova, R. and Abakumova, T., 2017. Gabapentin monotherapy for
epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
11
Rugg‐Gunn, F., Duncan, J., Hjalgrim, H., Seyal, M. and Bateman, L., 2016. From unwitnessed
fatality to witnessed rescue: Nonpharmacologic interventions in sudden unexpected death in
epilepsy. Epilepsia, 57, pp.26-34.
Sauro, K.M., Wiebe, N., Macrodimitris, S., Wiebe, S., Lukmanji, S. and Jetté, N., 2016. Quality
and safety in adult epilepsy monitoring units: A systematic review and meta‐
analysis. Epilepsia, 57(11), pp.1754-1770.
Striano, P., Vari, M.S., Mazzocchetti, C., Verrotti, A. and Zara, F., 2016. Management of genetic
epilepsies: from empirical treatment to precision medicine. Pharmacological research, 107,
pp.426-429.
Watkins, L. and Shankar, R., 2018. Reducing the Risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
(SUDEP). Current treatment options in neurology, 20(10), p.40.
Ziganshina, L.E., Gamirova, R. and Abakumova, T., 2017. Gabapentin monotherapy for
epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
11
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