History of Animal Testing: Analysis of Arguments and Evaluation of Sources

This case study explores the history of animal testing, analyzing the arguments presented and evaluating the sources of information. It covers the ethical perspectives, laws, and alternative methods for research. Learn more about the systematic and rigorous process of animal testing.

Case study
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1. Apply understanding of logic reasoning to analysis the argument that are presented in the
case study.....................................................................................................................................3
2 Evaluation of sources of information and data to validate the positions taken in this case
study.............................................................................................................................................5
3. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
Animal testing is type of experiment or research done by human in order to study or get
information about specific field. Pharmaceutical companies, universities and medical school
provide several facilities for animal testing services to industry. It has been founded that around
26 millions of monkeys, dogs, horses, cat and other animals are endure to painful experiment in
United States. Three states of United States have passed law of ban testing cosmetic on animal so
that no harm can be caused to their life. This report is based on the one such case study of history
of animal testing that has included logical reasoning in order to analysis key argument, evaluate
source from which information has been derived. At last, it has covered information related to
systematic and rigorous process carried out in animal testing.
1. Apply understanding of logic reasoning to analysis the argument that are presented in
the case study.
Since many years animals are used for testing in order to developed medical treatment or
to check the safety of products so that no harm can be caused to human life. Or the practice of
testing animal has been started since 500BC, which also contribute in determining the toxicity of
medications. There are different purposes from which animal has been used in United States
such as in entertainment, sport, food, other products and in research, testing or education (Facts
and Statistics About Animal Testing, 2019). There are some research in which animal are firstly
included in experiment then with better care, support are provided to them so that they can
survive for many years. While some animal have to suffer from painful procedures or toxic
material test that caused great harm or end death therefore many individuals are against animal
testing (Kojima, 2017). Erasistratus and Aristotle are scientists that have performed numerous
experiments in order to discover function of living organisms. Therefore, from the perspective of
Aristotle, animal does not have intelligence or they are not capable of deciding what is justice
and injustice so this concept is not applied to them in any manner. So, on contrary, another
scientist named as Theophrastus object that like human, animal also have pain thereby it is not
good to given then pain in order to test whether the experiment is fruitful or not.
Galen, is also Roman Physician and philosopher that truly believe that animal are almost
similar to human being despite of the fact it does not have any empathy on the animal thus
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continued testing and experiment in order to find outcome. Moreover, it also suggested its
student that without any compassion or pity they can test on animals which clearly show that the
Galen was agreed to animal testing. In 1596-1650, Rene Descartes that occasionally test on live
animal such as fish, rabbits and eels feels that animal doest suffer similar pain as human.
Thereby, Descartles identified that animals cannot think as human so they are unable to
experienced same pain as human (History of Animal Testing, 2020).
As per point of view of proponents of animal testing, it is the only method that could be
used for research of complete organism. Furthermore they stated that animal testing contribute in
development of numerous life saving treatment for both animals as well as human being. Strict
regulation has also helped in preventing mistreatment of animals within laboratories to several
extend (Weerts, 2019). On the other hand, several other individuals illustrated that testing or
conducting experiment on animal is inhumane and cruel therefore universities, pharmaceutical
companies’ needs to find different method that can be used to replace animal testing.
Until 19th century there was little objection of public to animal testing or experiments but
with increase in number of adoption of pets a new movement named as anti-vivisection started in
England. In 1875, vivisection was promoted by society for protection of animal liable which was
further followed by similar groups or several individuals in order to protect animal for several
experiments (Read, 2018). Therefore, one of the French physiologists in its Introduction to study
of experimental medicines has stated that it is ethical behaviour to experiment or test on animal
for extension of human life and benefits of medicine. Queen Victoria was also against the
practice of animal testing therefore she was much more anxious, force lawmakers to introduce
regulatory that can stop individuals to practice testing more on animal. Thus, efforts of Victoria
have helped in development off first law such as Great Britain Cruelty to Animal Act of 1876.
One the book published by Will Russell and Rex Burch that has specified about key or “
three R’s ” principle that need to be used in research or experiment of animal. Like replacement-
which specifies that individuals or scientist need to replace the animal in testing thus should
make use of alternative method for better study. Reduction stated that persons needs to minimise
or reduce the extend of use of animals and refining means rather than providing pain to animal,
individual needs to improve their living condition (De Mori, 2019). Animal welfare act (AWA)
it is act that is passed in United States in 1966 to eliminate practice of animal testing so that no
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undue harm can be caused by human for their benefits. This act was further amended in
numerous years such as 1970, 1976 and finally in 1985. Therefore it can be stated that the law
AWA was mainly responsible for regulating transportation and housing of animal that were used
for research thus their main aim is not to regulate experiment themselves (Lee, 2016).
There are many modern debates on the most crucial topic that is animal testing such as
one of the grouped named as PETA (People for ethical treatment of Animal). So, one of the
activities of PETA group has clicked photographs of money that has been self mutilation due to
stress that resulted in several offences to Edward Taub, the laboratory directors. On the other
hand, national research council has also emphasised to make use of vitro method that is using
human cells rather than animal testing for research. Animal and plant health inspection services
have also contributed in collected various facts and data related to animal use, prepare report
which facilities in understanding use of animal in experiment or testing. There are numerous
innovations in technology and development in method to make experiment so scientist in modern
time needs to make use of them to get various facts and figure (Casati, 2018). Like sophisticated
computational method or research with human volunteers or in vitro studies can be used rather
than animal testing for researched. These technologies are beneficial for both human being and
animals as they are much less expensive, faster and more accurate as compared to outdated
animal testing that is currently used by several individuals. European Union has also banned
products that are made from ingredients that are being animal tested so it also contributed in
saving animals to large extend (Together, we can reduce—and eventually eliminate—harmful
animal testing and research, 2019). Today, most of the people are educated and making
charitable donation to not to be used fund on experiment of animals.
2 Evaluation of sources of information and data to validate the positions taken in this case
study
CRAAP Test can be used to evaluate the sources from which above information and data
has been collected related to history, key arguments related to the case study. CRAAT test assist
or help student about the way they can easily analysis or evaluated various sources of
information whether print, through books and journals or online method. Evaluating sources is
most important process in research despite of that fact most of the student are less interested to
spend their time in critically thinking about sources from which they have gathered information.
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Therefore, CRAAP test cover elements such as currency, relevance, authority, accuracy and
purpose of information that helps in evaluating the source. Such as:
Sources of
information
CURRENCY RELEVANCE AUTHORITY ACCURACY PURPOSE
Books and
journal
2016 Yes the
information is
related to the
topic as it has
specified about
the Animal
welfare act and
alternative
method of
animal testing
that could be
used by
laboratories in
order to
continue their
research on
specific
subject.
Lee, C. G is
the author that
has published
information
related to
Animal
welfare act.
It can be
stated that
information is
taken from
valid,
accurate
source so that
other user or
individuals
can easily rely
on it.
To teach and
study about
key
argument
related to
animal
testing.
Books and
journal
2019 It has
contained
information
related to
argument that
animal testing
is moral
perspective.
Weerts, K is
the author of
though on
ought that has
specified why
animal testing
is ethical and
moral.
Proper
citation has
been made
wherever
required that
clearly state
where the
information
has been
To teach
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used.
Books and
journal
2018 On the other
hand this book
has explained
about
campaign
related to stop
animal testing
so that they
could have safe
and secure life
as human.
The author of
A Campaign to
stop animal
testing is Read,
C. J.
Books and
journal is the
major source
of gathering
accurate and
valid
information
about the
content.
To teach
Books and
journal
2017 This source
has also
contained
information
related to
alternative
method that
could be used
for skin
toxicity.
Kojima, H is
the author of
book that
specify about
various way
through which
safety of
animal can be
ensured at the
same time they
can be used for
testing in
research.
Valid and
reliable
sources
To teach
Books and
journal
2018 It is source that
has explained
about the
integrated
approaches to
testing and
The author of
book named a
s Basic &
Clinical
Pharmacology
& Toxicology
Valid and
reliable
sources
To teach
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assessment
used by
individuals
while
conducting
research in
laboratories.
is Casati, S
that has
effectively
explained
about different
approaches of
testing.
Books and
journal
2019 The source is
useful in
gathering
above
information as
it helps in
understanding
3RS ethic
principle that
need to be
followed by
person while
using animal
testing.
De Mori, B is
well known
author from
which data
related to 3Rs
ethic principle
has been
gathered.
Valid and
reliable
sources
To teach
Online 2020 This source
has helped in
gaining
information
relate to history
or key
argument or
view of
different
individuals
The
information
has been taken
from online
valid sources
so that it can
be easily
reliable by
users.
Valid and
reliable
sources
To teach
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regarding
animal testing
whether it is
good or bad
practice.
Online 2019 It is another
source that
helps in finding
alternative
method that
laboratories,
researchers can
make used to
conduct
experiment
instead of
using animal
testing method
that is harmful
to their life.
Together, we
can reduce—
and eventually
eliminated—
harmful animal
testing and
research is
online source
of website
from which
information
has been
gather.
Valid and
reliable
sources
To teach
3. Conclusion
It can be summarised from above study that poorly designed animal experiment can lead
to less translatable data and loss of animal lives that directly impact on research outcome
economically and ethically. At the same time with increasing concern, awareness among people
and development of new laws related to animal testing has contributed in increasing complexities
of using animal in studies. It can be stated that for the case of history of animal testing systematic
and rigorous process is carried out as all information are arranged in sequential manner with
specify laws. It has firstly explained about the law related to animal testing, then public opinion,
then early history, animal testing in 1800 and 1900s and the modern debate. The author has able
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to remained to its objectives in his view by clearly providing information about history of animal
testing, the scientist or individuals that are in favour and against of the same. The author through
stating facts related to the way why animal testing is not good is able to attain its objectives to
state that there are several other alternative which could be used for research. Therefore, it can be
concluded that government of United States need to make strict law in order to protect animal
from cruel practice of human.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Casati, S., 2018. Integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Basic & Clinical
Pharmacology & Toxicology, 123. pp.51-55.
De Mori, B., 2019. Animal Testing: The Ethical Principle of the 3Rs from Laboratories to
“Field” Research with Wild Animals. Etica & Politica/Ethics & Politics.
Kojima, H., 2017. Related Topic: Safety Evaluation and Alternatives to Animal Testing for Skin
Toxicity. In Skin Permeation and Disposition of Therapeutic and Cosmeceutical
Compounds (pp. 305-311). Springer, Tokyo.
Lee, C. G., 2016. The Animal Welfare Act and Alternatives to Animal Testing. ABA Tort Trial
& Insurance Practice Section Animal Law Committee Newsletter.
Lee, S.J. and Lee, H.A., 2020. Trends in the development of human stem cell-based non-animal
drug testing models. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology: Official
Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of
Pharmacology, 24(6). p.441.
Read, C. J., 2018. The Perfect Score: A campaign to stop animal testing.
Weerts, K., 2019. Animal testing from a moral perspective The need for a paradigm
shift. Thoughts on Oughts, p.121.
Online
Facts and Statistics About Animal Testing, 2019, [Online]. Available through :<
https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-
experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/>.
Procon. Org, History of Animal Testing, 2020, [Online]. Available through:< https://animal-
testing.procon.org/history-of-animal-testing/>.
Together, we can reduce—and eventually eliminate—harmful animal testing and research, 2019,
[Online]. Available through :< https://www.humanesociety.org/all-our-fights/taking-
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suffering-out-science#:~:text=Each%20year%2C%20more%20than%2025,killed
%20when%20the%20experiment%20ends.>.
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