Case Study Analysis: Approaches to Managing Jack's Type 2 Diabetes

This case study focuses on Jack, a 66-year-old patient newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. It explores the approaches to assess Jack's condition and the circumstances of his self-management, emphasizing the importance of diabetes education and support. The study details the patient-centered approach, communication skills, and the role of family support in managing the disease. It outlines theoretical frameworks and approaches for managing diabetes, including glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factor management, and medical nutrition therapy. The case study also highlights the challenges faced by healthcare professionals in supporting patients with diabetes, such as patient motivation and understanding the disease's extent. The analysis underscores the significance of lifestyle modifications, dietary plans, and medication in effectively managing Type 2 diabetes and preventing future complications. The paper stresses the importance of healthcare professional guidance and patient self-management skills for achieving better health outcomes.

Case Study

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Approaches in assessing capacity of Jack and circumstances of self management of his
disease.....................................................................................................................................1
Support and diabetes education which Jack requires in managing diabetes..........................2
Theoretical framework and approaches for managing diabetes.............................................4
Challenges faced by health care professionals in supporting people with diabetes...............5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes’s is a lifelong disease which keeps and resists body of people from using insulin
the way it should Chatterjee, Khunti & Davies, (2017). This present study is going to show
effectiveness of dietary plan in preventing patients with type 2 diabetes and also preventing them
against future complication. Further, it will also show importance of weight management
therapies and also using patient centre care approach as it allows patients in taking medications
and make them feel comfortable.
MAIN BODY
Approaches in assessing capacity of Jack and circumstances of self management of his disease
In the case of Jack where he has type 2 diabetes and it is found at initial stage which can be
cured if treated properly and in an effective manner. When Jack went to his family doctor
Cumming then he got to know that he requires taking medicines straight away of he wants to
prevent himself against chronic and other disease associated with diabetes. He was also asked to
tale extra care of himself at his own as he has 99kg of weight and as per his age 66 it is too much
and needs to lose at least 5% of his total weight. For that he requires proper guidance and
informations which can help him out in reducing weight and for keeping his glucose control. So
as an diabetes educator it is important to provide some information and guidance which can help
him out in self management Kabeza & et.al., (2019).
Self management is an action and process in which health care professionals and educator allow
patients to improve their health as their own if they have willing to continue to self administer.
As Jack did not want to go on injections and Dr Cumming made his assure that he will not
require taking insulin as he is at initial stage and can be cured by medicine and self management
Heneghan & et.al., (2016). SO, in this context it can be said that as a diabetes educator there is
requirement of having some skills which can make the patient feel comfortable and valued as
Jack was upset and feared of this disease so, by making use of communication and other skills,
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diabetes educator can make Jack feel comfortable and for Jack also it is important of having
some self management skills.
Communication: By making use of communication skills including, understanding body
language, human behaviour and other diabetes educator can understand feelings of Jack and can
engage him in approaches and treatments given to him. With an effective communication skill
like active listening, understanding human behaviour skills, diabetes educator can make sure to
Jack that he will ne alright if he seriously follows al instructions and take medicines
Świątoniowska & et.al., (2019).
There are some self management and self care skills which include: exercise, eating healthy
foods, checking blood sugar everyday at own. By following al these and making use of all these
skills, Jack can be cured at initial stage in an effective manner.
Patient-centre approach: As a diabetes educator and health care professional of Jack it is
important to make use of patient centre care approach in order to make him feel comfortable and
making him sure that his disease is curable and can be prevented against complications in the
future. In this approach, Diabetes educator and health care professional can understand all main
reason of disease and in the context of Jack it can be said that overweight is one of the main
reason. So, diet control is the best way of regulating weight y eating healthy foods, focusing on
exercise for burning calories etc. So, overall it can be said that patient care approach and
communication skills is important in treating and making sure to Jack of better treatment Rutten,
(2018)
Support and diabetes education which Jack requires in managing diabetes
Managing patient with diabetes is important as if it is not cured and controlled at time
then it may have several negative effects on health and can also create some complications in the
future. In the context of diabetes self management education and support provides the foundation
to help people with diabetes to navigate these decisions and activities and also getting effective
health outcome. It is the main process of facilitating knowledge as well as skills necessary and
required for diabetes self care. For that health care professional and diabetes educator make sure
that patients with diabetes are receiving both Diabetes self-management education and Diabetes
self-management support in an effective and consistent manner Powers & et.al., (2017).
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. In diabetes self-management education, ongoing support to patient is being given within
a practice as well as community based resources. In the context of Jack it can be said that health
care professional and diabetes educator develop and design such programme for addressing
patients’ cultural needs, current knowledge regarding diabetes, emotional concern, financial
stability and family support, All these factors help patient in improving health and according to
evaluating all these factors interventions are being suggested to the patient. It is found in this
context that Jack has a family support as his wife is protective and concern with his health and
also wants his husband to have better health by reducing weight. So, it can be said that by
making use of family approach, health and glucose level can be maintained at initial stage and
can be protected against severe disease which may occur in the future Coyne, Hallström &
Söderbäck, (2016).
In addition, in the context of management of diabetes it can be said that diabetes is not
preventable if it does not recognized at initial level. Type 2 Diabetes can be controlled and
managed via some effective modifications and lifestyle which include: healthy diet, regular
exercise, monitoring blood glucose. There are some reasons as why diabetes educator and health
care professional recommend all these to patient with type 2 diabetes because healthy diet help
patient in maintaining weight and exercise helps patients and can help Jack in working insulin
properly, lowering blood pressure and reducing risks of heart disease. So, overall it can be said
that Jack require self management and doctors suggestions in treating his disease in an effective
manner and visiting doctor 3-6 months regularly and testing blood sugar as it can allow doctors
in knowing actual and current situation of Jack as how he is doing and making appropriate
changes or modifications in medications Chatterjee, Khunti & Davies, (2017). It is beneficial for
Jack as it can prevent him against future complications and disease associated with type 2
diabetes.
Medications: Metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones are some primary medicines which
can be suggested to Jack in order to manage his health or disease and controlling glucose level. It
can be prescribed at lower dose initially and after sometime taking extra care or self management
dosage can be reduced and managed accordingly for preventing patients against side effects
Warshaw & et.al., (2019).
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So, overall it can be said that by providing and using patient centre care approach, family
involvement approach, helping in self care management can be beneficial for Jack as it covers all
emotional, social and education factors.
Theoretical framework and approaches for managing diabetes
There are some theoretical framework and initial approaches of managing diabetes type 2 in
adults and which can help Jack in controlling and permanently but it can happen only with
proper and extra care of self or using some self management approaches without even taking
medications. Jack can reach to normal blood sugar level with some medicines, self management
and others approaches used by health care professionals and diabetes educator such as:
Education, evaluation for macro vascular complications, minimization of cardiovascular and
other long term risk factors and avoidance of drugs.
Glycemic control: It is one of the best ways and approach of lowering the risk of micro vascular
complications which are associated with type 2 diabetes. It is stated that 1% drop in glycated
haemoglobin is considered one of the best way in improving outcomes and having no side effects
in patients Agus & et.al., (2017).
Cardiovascular risk factor management: In the case of Jack it is found that he faces problems
in breathing while walking and walks up the stairs and one of the main reason is smoking.
Smoking and overweight is the main reason of his type 2 diabetes and may also create
cardiovascular problems. So, it is important for healthcare professional and diabetes educator to
focus on vigorous cardiac risk reduction by taking smoking cessation, blood pressure control,
weight loss or maintenance. It can be done by providing a healthy diet, encouraging patients for
regular exercise and also making patient aware about side effects of smoking and making him
able to reduce or quit smoking.
Diabetes education: It is one of the other effective approaches in the case of Jack because he is
at initial stage of type 2 diabetes and it is all happens because of his overweight, unhealthy diet
and smoking so, there is requirement of providing guidance for self management. It is important
for diabetes educator to develop a self management education programme. It includes: which
includes individualized instruction on nutrition, metabolic control and preventing complications
Kim, (2016).
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Medical nutrition therapy: It is other framework and an effective process in which dietary plan
is being recommended or tailored for people with diabetes. It is all based on life style, personal
factors and medical history. Patients with type2 diabetes and overweight or Jack main
concentration is on weight management. For this health care provider and diabetes educator
provide all information related to day to day carbohydrate intake at snacks and meals as well as
balanced nutritional content Initial management of blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes
mellitus, (2020).
Diet: Weight loss is important and the common best ways of preventing and treating type 2
diabetes. Pharmacologic therapy for weight loss can also be suggested and given to Jack if he is
comfortable with it and can take it in a positive and in an effective manner. Diabetes educator
can improve some aspects of type 2 diabetes of Jack by providing and modification in dietary
plan. Improvement in Glycemic control is related both to the degree of caloric restriction and
weight reduction. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages also required to be discouraged
and it can help Jack in preventing himself against future complications. It can also help him out
in liver function steatohepatitis which is mainly associated with insulin resistance. There are
some foods which can be suggested to Jack in order to maintain or reduce weight such as:
complex carbohydrates like brown rice, oat meal, fruits, beans, vegetables and avoiding sugar,
white bread, pasta. These can definitely help Jack in reducing weight and also controlling
glucose level Inzucchi & et.al., (2018).
So, overall it can be said that intensive life style changes or modifications, exercise, weight loss
therapies, surgeries are best approaches which can help Jack in controlling glucose level and also
living a healthy and fit life. Smoking reduction and quitting smoking is also important and for
that diabetes educator can engage and encourage Jack in taking an active participation in anti-
smoking programme and campaign. Such campaigns encourage and make people aware about
side effects by giving ad in TV and giving examples of others who have lost their life, families
and are also suffering from chronic disease due to this.
Challenges faced by health care professionals in supporting people with diabetes
Primary care professionals face some problems while providing guidance, treatment and
dealing with patients of type 2 diabetes in patients’ motivation, understanding the extent of
disease and suggesting better dietary plan. It is found that when health care professional asked to
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Jack about diagnosis then he seemed upset and stated that he did not want to go for injection. So,
it was one of the other challenge to make him sure that he will be all right after this and there are
several treatments are available by which they can cure his disease. So, making patient aware
about available treatment and making them able to participate in the given treatment and
medication is one of the main common problem, healthcare professional face.
After that Jack was told to come back regularly for 3-6 months for blood test and
knowing improvement in order to change medication, reducing dosage of medicines. Health care
professional also told him to visit their nearby diabetes educator as there is a five free visit per
year but due to lack of trust it was quite difficult for primary care professional to make him able
and aware about diabetes educators. So, it takes time of health care professional in making them
understand about importance of visiting diabetes educator and how they can help patients in
solving their problems and improving their overall health Petersen & Hempler, (2017).
In addition, It is one of the main responsibilities of health care professional to guide and
suggest patient as how they can take care of themselves for better improvement as Jack was
overweight so, it was important for him to reduce weight. He was told by his primary care
professional to reduce weight and take better care of himself by focusing on diet and if he does
not take care of himself then in the future he might suffer from several complications. So,
guiding them and making sure that patient will follow all guidelines like diet prescribed by them,
exercise and other areas on which patient require focusing is other main challenge. It become
difficult to make sure as whether patent is following prescription or taking care of himself or not.
Otherwise it may affect his health and can also take time in treating or improving health. Weight
gain is common in patients with type 2 Diabetes and controlling the m with proper guidance and
making patients able to take all medications and following guidance is the main task Fleming &
et.al., (2020). Designing a self management treatment for people with diabetes of above 60 year
is other main task. As compare to adults and young people, people of above 60 years take time in
understanding all details like precautions and other treatments prescribed by health care
professionals. So, it can be said that dealing with patient of above 60 years and making them able
to participate in treatment is challenging task.
.
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Conclusion
From the above study it has been summarized that intervention and an effective education
programme played a vital role in preventing patients with initial type 2 diabetes. It has shown
different approaches and framework which can be used by diabetes educators in preventing
patients against future complications associated with type 2 diabetes and also making them able
to live a healthy life. Lastly it has discussed challenges which health care professional face while
providing and dealing with patients of type 2 diabetes and ways of solving them like using
patient centre approach and other psychological approaches
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
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2239-2251.
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2239-2251.
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child-centred care approach for children’s healthcare. Journal of Child Health
Care, 20(4), 494-502.
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recommendations. A consensus report by the European Association for the Study of
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anticoagulation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7).
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independent of glycemic control. Circulation, 138(17), 1904-1907.
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ONLINE
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Initial management of blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2020. Online
Available through: < https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-management-of-blood-
glucose-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus#H5>
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