Case Study: Definition, Examples

Running head: CASE STUDY
Case study
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author Note

CASE STUDY
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Answer 1
Tachycardia- It refers to a disease condition that is related to heart. In this condition, the
heart rate is normally higher than 100 beats per minute.
Tachypnea- It is a medical situation that denotes rapid and shallow breathing. In an adult
human the respiratory rate between 12 and 20 is considered as normal and in this disease the
respiratory rate is higher than 20.
Angina- Angina is stated as pressure, squeezing, heaviness, or tightness and pain of
chest. It occurs because of heart disease and when hurt muscle doesn’t get sufficient oxygen-rich
blood. The patient also feels discomfort in their shoulder, jaw, neck or back and it is quite
misguided as indigestion (Lee et al., 2015).
Hypertension- Hypertension is also designated as high blood pressure. It is denoted as
short-lived or chronic elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force that
is exerted against the blood vessel walls (Charles, Triscott and Dobbs, 2017).
Anxiety-It is a mental health response of any kind of stress, fear, panic that may be
triggered by work pressure, extensive physical work (Locke, Kirst & Shultz, 2015).
Tremor- A tremor is an essential nervous system disorder that is characterized by
involuntary, rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation that includes oscillations or twitching
movements of human body (Martino et al., 2016).
Observed data - Blood pressure- 180/120mm Hg
Respiratory rate- >20

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Answer 2
At first the nurse should reduce the blood pressure of the patient after checking her vital
signs. The patient must be admitted in Intensive care Unit where the nurse can care the patient
with titratable, intravenous and hypotensive agents. She treats the patient with antihypertensive
agents such as nicardipine, fenoldopam, esmodol by intravenous (IV) injection that will help to
decrease the blood pressure of the patient in emergency basis (Lourenco and Kim, 2019). Then
the nurse can support the patient with oxygen mask to reduce the respiratory rate of the patient.
The patient is also suffering from anxiety. Therefore, the nurse should examine her mental health
to monitor her anxiety disorder. On examination, the report suggested that the patient has tremor.
The nurse can cure the patient by supplying the oral medication like propranolol, gabapentin,
primidone (Julius and Longfellow, 2016). This tremor can be caused from stroke and the nurse
should monitor the factor attentively that can increase the risk.
Answer 3
Pathophysiology of Asthma-
Asthma is described as pulmonary condition characterized by chronic inflammation of
respiratory tubes, tightening of respiratory smooth muscle, and bronchoconstriction. In asthma
patients, various extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli provoke the airways to react highly and narrow
the airways and reduce airflow (Corlateanu et al., 2017). The recent studies reported that asthma
is an inflammatory airway disease. This inflammation is categorized by the increasing number of
T cells, eosinophil, and mast cells in the airway mucosa and decrease squamation of the airway
epithelium. Frequent inflammation causes remodeling of airway walls. Therefore,
epithelialization, proliferation of sub mucosal gland, sub epithelial fibrosis, smooth muscle

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hypertrophy occurred in this disorder. Sometimes smooth muscle constriction, secretory
accumulation and airway mucosal edema restricted the airflow. The phenomenon of smooth
muscle contraction is known as bronchoconstriction. This contraction of the airways is caused
by exposure to different stimuli such as allergen or irritants. The bronchoconstriction caused by
allergen is induced by an IgE dependent release of mediators from mast cell. This mast cell
consists of histamine, leukotrienes, tryptase and prostaglandins that directly narrow the smooth
muscle airway. Some drugs like aspirin and other non-steroidal drugs are also the reason of acute
airflow contraction. There are other factors such as exercise, irritants, cold air that stimulate this
airway obstruction. Although, the underlying mechanism is not known clearly, stress also plays
role in precipitating asthma exacerbations. The next affecting factor includes airway edema,
hyper secretion of mucus, inflammation, formation of mucus plugs along with hyperplasia and
hypertrophy of smooth muscle are also the sources of asthma. Airway responsiveness is the
major factor that is triggered by multiple reasons. The mechanisms include dysfunctional neuro-
regulation, inflammation, and structural changes. Th-2 cytokines generation, for example,
interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 could overproduce the IgE in the presence of eosinophil and
are responsible for advancement of airway hyper responsiveness (Lambrecht, Hammad & Fahy,
2019).
Answer 4
The generic name of the drug Ventolin is Albuterol also known as Salbutamol is an oral
inhaler. Albuterol belongs to a category of drug known as bronchodilators. These medications
are used to prescribe for wheezing and shortness of breath caused by several types of breathing
problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) (Price et al., 2018). It
also protects asthma that is caused by exercise. It stretches the bronchial airways by relaxing the