Leadership Styles and Motivation

This assignment provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership styles and their effect on motivation. It explores different theoretical perspectives, including transactional, laissez-faire, transformational, and servant leadership styles. The report also examines the role of trust and prosocial motivation in follower helping behavior. By discussing various studies and research findings, this document aims to provide a thorough understanding of how leadership styles influence motivation and organizational outcomes.

1.0 Introduction
Commercial enterprising is defined as the process that exchanges goods and services for
monetarial value. Commerce in general is looked upon in a larger scale, which simply means a
required quantity of goods, services and money has to be generated in order for the business to
run efficiently. Various companies are set to depict this kind of sure behavior within their
business. Thus resulting in a well balanced enterprise with proper functioning structures that
encourage the increase of company profit. Many firms have emerged to reap profits when
competing in the market due to their competent and consistent efforts that has tremendously
encouraged their enterprise to sustain its durability.
Apple Inc is known to be a leading business enterprise in our current evolving business
markets. The enterprise has been through a series of failures and achievements. One of their
accomplishments would include the time Apple Inc. became the leading company for their
production of smartphones and computers in the marketplace. Apple Inc has implemented a
collaborative organizational structure to boost the productivity of their organisation. This
structure was proudly acknowledged for bringing employees together in order to achieve long
term organisational goals and enhance cooperative employee performance. This particular
structure enabled Apple Inc to increase workforce performance and effectiveness that has
subsequently resulted in overall organisational proficiency.
2.0 Case study: Apple Inc.
2.1 Company Genesis
Apple Inc. was originated by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak on 1 April 1976. Personal
computers such as Power Mac, Apple I, II, III and Macintosh was mainly creation of Apple
(Rawlinson, 2017). Introduction of iPod in 2001 led to a high market shares and stable sales of
Apple. Hence, it became leader in consumer electronic industry and moved its focus to mobile
devices by releasing iPad and iPhone (Pothitos, 2017). Besides, mission statement of Apple
focus on computing devices and digital distribution amenities through the Internet. Whereas
vision statement refers to setting the strategic objectives in the areas of computer technology,
consumer electronics, cloud computing, and semiconductors business (Rowland, 2019).
2.2 Problem Statement
The emphasis on secrecy and combativeness limits understanding between workers.

Apple checks employees’ bags in daily basis to ensure no employees steal products from the
stores premises before they leave.
This caused distrust issues and results in lowered productivity from disgruntled employees
(Becker, 2015). This requires several motivation approaches such as Maslow's Hierarchy of
needs theory and Herzberg's two factor theory in organization to overcome the trust issue
between employers and employees.
Neglect of duty causes by new CEO in 2005 in result that Apple faced battery issues on
iPhone 6 and 6s in 2015 where the battery plunged from 50% to 30% or 1% and unexpectedly
shut down. This disposed some risk of accidents to users when ongoing navigation program in
their iPhone stop functioning and also influenced consumers’ buying decision of iPhone
(Roberts, 2017). Leadership and decision making play a crucial roles in this issue to succeed in it
by adopting LMX theory into the organization to change the employees’ organization
commitment.
2.3 Purpose of Research
Research of Objective 1:
 To rectify productivity inefficiency among employees to ensure an increase of
organisational revenue.
Research of Objective 2:
 To implement a suitable leadership style to improve workflow in the organisation.
3.0 Discussion
3.1 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Believing an individual’s relationship to work is basic, and that the attitude towards
work can determine success or failure, psychologist Frederick Herzberg wondered, “What do
people want from their jobs?” He asked people to describe in detail, situations in which they felt
exceptionally good or bad about their jobs. The responses differed significantly and led
Hertzberg to his two-factor theory - also called motivation-hygiene theory.
The first theory In order to better recognize worker attitudes and motivation, Frederick
Herzberg has proposed Herzberg’s issue idea which states that there are fine elements inside the
administrative center that motive assignment satisfaction, at the same time as a separate set of
factors reason dissatisfaction. This concept proposes elements which may be intrinsic factors

which might be related to approach satisfaction and extrinsic elements which may be related to
mission dissatisfaction. Satisfiers are motivators, even as dissatisfies are hygiene elements. The
motivators symbolized the intellectual dreams that have been perceived as a similarly gain. The
hygiene factors symbolized the physiological dreams which the humans desired and expected to
be fulfilled. Motivating factors are success, popularity for accomplishment, prolonged
responsibility, possibility for boom and improvement and innovative and difficult paintings, at
the same time as hygiene elements are business agency’s tips and manipulate, supervision,
running situations, interpersonal individuals of their own family, income, manner protection,
reputation, non-public lifestyles along with employee advantages (Psynso, 2019).
The Herzberg’s two-issue idea is being accomplished in Apple Inc.. The personnel of
Apple Inc. is praised and identified for their accomplishments with the beneficial resource of the
managers via bonus and selling (motivating elements). The personal’s works are very sizable,
exciting, motivating and tough for the employee to perform (motivating factors). Apple Inc.
earnings form is appropriate, affordable and competitive (hygiene factors). Besides, it has
offered health care plans to its personnel and gives a comfortable, clean and hygienic going for
walks surroundings similarly to replace and well-maintained a work tool to the employees
(hygiene factors) (Psynso, 2019).
Diagram 2 : Dissatisfiers are
Hygiene Theory

Diagram 1 & 2
Source: Based on Harvard Business Review. “Comparison of Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers.” An
exhibit from One More time: How Do you Motivate Employees? By Frederick Herzberg,
January 2003. Copyright 2003 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All
rights reserved.
3.2 Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Apple Inc. has been taken over by Tim Cook in since 2011 as CEO of Apple Inc.
after Steve Jobs has passed away (Weinberger, 2018). Ever since, the leadership had
completely changed in the Apple Inc. Tim Cook. Leadership is a fundamental
element in an organization as every company needs a leader to run the organization as
a whole. Leadership is also a process to which a leader or executive has the set of
power to guide, direct and influence the behavior of a group of people towards the
accomplishment of a set of goals in any given situation (Brown, Paz-Aparicio and
Revilla, 2019). Therefore, leadership can determine their influence on employees’
behaviour by revealing their characteristics on them.
Among of all leadership theory, Leader Member Exchange (LMX) is the leadership
theory that Tim Cook had adopted into the company. In Graen and Uhl-Bien’s studies (as cited
in Brown, Paz-Aparicio and Revilla, 2019) defined LMX theory as a relationship between two
individuals, it developed over in their daily interaction in their own roles of supervisor and
subordinate. Sites.psu.edu. (2013) stated that Steve Jobs is a notorious person in the company, he
often sabotage his relationship image as for the price of the goals he targeted. This reflects that
he is a transactional leader that would constantly focus on quantitative over qualitative in
employees. This is also shown that Steve Jobs would not allow any issues occur before Apple
Inc. launches any new product. This resulted into the high performer to resign their job feeling
underappreciated as well as overwork. In contrast, when Tim Cook takes over Steve Jobs’

position, not only the working culture and environment had gradually changed but also that they
apologized for first time in history. According to Brown, Paz-Aparicio and Revilla (2019),
communication is one of the essential key to determine the relationship between the employees
and employees and also able to consolidate the relationship among them. Organizational
outcomes are determined by leadership communication, it means that a good communication is
positively related to employees’ performance, organizational commitment, employee retention
and engagement (Goris, 2007). In another word, it means the higher level of LMX relationship,
in results of the higher level of organization outcomes in employees. On the contrary, the lower
level of LMX relationship reflected the lower level of organization outcome in employees. Due
to lack of communication between Tim Cook and employees, it actually leads to the battery issue
that occurred back in 2015. In conclusion, it is crucial for an organization to ensure to there are
quality and sufficient communication between supervisors and subordinate in order to achieve a
plain sailing workflow.
Diagram 3: Illustration of Leader-Member Exchange Theory

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Miner (2015), leadership theories are goal oriented characteristics that will
help the individual as well as person to achieve their goals & objectives. It will force the people
toward their goals and make them capable to achieve their targets & objectives. Leader should
have right leadership trait which motivate the employee regarding their work because there is no
specific rule to motivate others. As a leader of the team person have to be different or open
perspective on human natures.
Chaudhry and Javed (2012) state that leaders or employees both are required features of
leadership traits. Because of this traits leader have knowledge regarding motivational factors. It
include the basic understanding of human needs, their peers or subordinates. However, most of
the time it will happen in the organisation that leader not have concern to their team members.
Because of that relation of employees & leader no so good and they not comfortable to talk with
each other. So due to this reason it generate miscommunication and then confusion start in their
work place which affect the organisation as well as their personal relation.
As per Buble, Juras and Matić (2014), leader is the role model for their followers which
influence the people through their attractive actions that further helps in achieving goals.
However, this is not ture in today's scenario as individuals are more open to challenges and do
not wish to follow the similar steps of their leaders. This can also be evidenced through the fact
that employers and employees have different personal as well as organisational objectives.
According to Daft (2014), leader need to guide their worker in the difficult time where
they want that team leader give them some instruction regarding work which increase their moral
and motivated them. For this leader have to be self motivated and able to face different situation
and challenges in the critical time. This can be evidence that current situation in the business is
people doesn't want to take others advice & interference. Similarly leaders not take any initiative
to guide their subordinates. Leadership style is the essential requirement of the organisation
which helps the leader to enhance their subordinate performance through providing training and
their development progrm that enhance their skills. Leader required to provide various
challenges to their employees it will help them to measure their potential performance and make
them capable to achieve their personal goals and after that business goals & objectives.
According to Remez Sasson (2019) Motivation is internal driven force where individual

force themselves to to do something. It include the strong desire, ambition and realization which
is important for the person to accomplished. Motivation will be affected by the internal as well
as external factors which provide the strength and develop the interest to complete their task or
achieve the goals & objectives. Basic element are required for the motivation in the business
environment such as: Match the employees need with organisational need. Manager need to
ensure that business ethics & morals have in employee and it will happen through various
training program that encourage the human force of the organisation to achieve their business
goals & objectives.
As per Zhu and Akhtar (2014), communication is the key factors which help the manager
to make their employees comfortable to share their problem or any issues regarding work place.
It is not just for the motivation it also help them to identify their role in the organisation.
Employees participation is very important at the time of taking any decision taken by the
manager for the achievement of business goals & objectives. Howerver, this can be evidence that
reward system is the best policy to motivate their employees because if worker get something
then they work passionatly regarding their task. So basically in the organisation, mangaer have
responsibility to motivate their worker so they can acheive their business goals & objectives.
But, if person wanted to acheive their personal goal then they have to be self motivated through
analysing their goals with the full of clearity. Regularly think about their goals, it will help the
individual to regular touch with their task and they get motivation to complete that.
4.0 Recommendations
It is recommend that Apple should take corrective measure on creating a respectful
workplace. This can be done through by providing a written policy about bag searches to every
employees in the company (Thompson, n.d.). Employees will at least have an idea and
expectations towards bag searches, thus, reduce resentment and offensive. Undoubtedly, this
policy should enforce fairly to every employees and even employers. Or else, Apple could install
surveillance camera around the company and various sensor alarm at every entrance and exit to
check whether employees are stealing its products. Sensor alarm will sound on to alert security

guard when products is leaving without appropriate permission (Daciuk, 2017). Respectful
workplace lead to lower absenteeism rate, higher morale, increased productivity and reduced
employee turnover.
Every company have business goals and objectives. For the employees job satisfaction its
need to clear the aim and objectives of the company. Regarding to the Apple Companies product
and service its necessary to give the appropriate communication skills campaign to the
employees to build a healthier relationship and quality between the leaders and employees which
will increase the business revenues. The leader should constantly check on the employees
progress and make them to feel more like a family-oriented environment so that they will not be
out of their comfort zone. If an employee know the aim and objective of the Company and know
the target of the company then the employees can get the success. Other than that, leader should
provide more opportunities for employees to voice out their opinion and also more autonomy to
them. Research had shown that when employees were given more autonomy on their tasks, it
will increase employees’ job satisfaction and leads to rise the level of productivity.
5.0 Conclusion
Organizations are the overwhelming social establishment of our occasions, the investigation
of conduct inside those organizations is of dynamic enthusiasm to numerous groups of
onlookers. A considerable lot of our every day exercises are directed by association called
governments. Most grown-ups spend the better piece of their lives working in organizations.
Given the boundless of organizations work. The estimation of hierarchical conduct is that it
disengages critical parts of our everyday associations with individuals and offers explicit
viewpoints on interrelation of the human setting, individuals as Organizations, individuals as

assets, and individuals as individuals.
In conclusion all these lead to an ultimate goal of improved productivity; have people
perform at full potential, and reward workers for performance. Environmental factors are
increasing the need for effective leadership in today’s organizations. In order to be better
motivate, guide, and direct employee teams, leaders require specific skills and expertise in
behavioral studies to change their environment.
Agencies are the overpowering social reputation quo of our occasions, the research of conduct
internally in the one's companies is of dynamic enthusiasm in the eye of numerous companies of
onlookers. A sizeable lot of our every day carrying occasions are directed through affiliation
referred to as governments. Most workers spend the better piece of their lives operating in
organizations. Given the boundless of companies work. The estimation of hierarchical conduct is
that it disengages essential components of our regular establishments with people and offers
express viewpoints on the interrelation of the human setting,individuals as Organizations,
individuals as assets, and individuals as individuals.
In conclusion those styles will result in the ultimate aim of superior productivity; have
workers carry out their workloads at optimum efficiency, and reward employees for common
overall performance. Environmental factors are growing the need for powerful leadership in in
recent times' businesses. So as to be able to inspire, guide, and direct employee groups, leaders
require specific skills and understanding in behavioral research to alternate their surroundings.
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