Sustainable Tourism: Challenges & Solutions

This assignment critically examines the concept of 'pro-poor tourism' and its implications for sustainability within the broader context of tourism. It analyzes various theoretical frameworks, empirical studies, and case examples to evaluate the potential benefits and drawbacks of sustainable tourism practices. Key topics covered include planning for ecotourism, managing cultural heritage tourism, addressing conflicts in natural areas, and ensuring ethical considerations are embedded throughout the tourism development process. The assignment emphasizes the importance of balancing economic growth with social equity and environmental protection.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
TASK 1......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Discuss how stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments with
reference to the Philippines case study...................................................................................1
1.2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning
partnerships drawing on the Philippines case study...............................................................1
TASK 2......................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Analyse features of tourism development planning at different levels with reference to
the Philippines case study.......................................................................................................2
2.2 Evaluate the significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism
development with reference to the Philippines case study.....................................................3
2.3 Evaluate different methods available to measure tourist impact with reference to
Philippines case study.............................................................................................................3
TASK 3......................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Justify the introduction of the concept of sustainability in tourism development with
reference to Philippines sustainable tourism development....................................................4
3.2 Analyse factors that may prevent/hinder sustainable tourism development with
reference to the Philippines....................................................................................................4
3.3 Analyse different stages in planning for sustainability with reference to the Philippines5
TASK 4......................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Evaluate methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a
developing tourism destination such as Philippines...............................................................6
4.2 Analyse the implications of balancing supply and demand with reference to the
Philippines Case.....................................................................................................................6
4.3 Evaluate the moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Philippines Case study.7
TASK 5......................................................................................................................................7
5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country
and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different...............................7

5.2 Evaluate, with recommendations, the future development of tourism in these chosen
destinations.............................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
The travel and tourism industry around the world is one of the most cherished
industries in the world. There are many countries in the world competes with each other in
order to attain a high position in the minds of the people and maximizing its share in the
market. However, due to the complexity of the industry, there are many different elements
that have to be taken care for sustainable development of the travel and tourism industry. This
assignment will discuss all these elements with reference to the Philippines.
TASK 1
1.1 Discuss how stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments with
reference to the Philippines case study
The Philippines is very popular among the tourist in the recent times growing demands
of new places and new things from the industry around the world. Stakeholders consist of the
people who are affected by achieving the objective of an entity including investors,
employees, suppliers, customers, supporting authorities and local community of the
Philippines. The tourism development at the country can include the stakeholders in the
process so that sustainable advantages can be attained. These are:
 Economic development - The travel and tourism industry have put in extra effort to
plan the tourism business, so they will get numerous benefits in terms of high degree of
success. Also the government will get the additional revenues in form of foreign
exchange which can be used for the development of the economy. The tourism
development will be good for the people of the Philippines as they will get opportunity
for tourism related business and work opportunities which will help them to improve
living standard (Alampay, 2005).
 Community - Moreover, the local authorities which are working for the nature
conservation are another stakeholders who will be benefitted. The community will get
benefits of resources and marketing to grow personal objectives parallel to the tourism
development. Competition and employment by the tourism are two main consideration
for the Philippines community. The development will also boost infrastructure
development in the country. Further, it will strengthen the local hospitability sector and
will increase the number of hotels and restaurants in the country as well as the quality
of service will also be improved keeping in mind the global customers (Añasco and
Lizada, 2014).
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 Resources – The sustainable tourism development will help to protect the natural
resources. Further, the tourism development process provide the assets and resources in
the nation to complete the marketing and contribute in tourism services.
 Competitive edge – Philippine can attain competitive edge by the tourism industry to
develop the resources availability and their use in the nation. Also, the business and
employees get advantages from the development of tourism as they get the chances and
scope to provide best services together with effective control on novel market.
 Integration – In Philippines the incoming visitors can support in increasing the
economic values of the destination development, as an effective integration will
improve the revenue model and the nation can get advantages from the outsiders and
visitors.
1.2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning
partnerships drawing on the Philippines case study
The Philippines has both public and private sector in the working of the tourism market.
The successful implementation of the project can only be achieved by the coordination
amongst both the sectors. The advantages and disadvantages arising out of the partnership of
private and public sector are discussed as below:
Advantages
 Value for money – The significant advantage of public private partnership is the money
value creation. It means a project delivery with same quality as under the conservative
procurement for less money or excellent quality project delivery on the same money.
Also, public/private partnerships reduce the overall cost of the project due to cost sharing
between the two sectors (Aronsson, 2000). The main driver for money value are risk
transfer, long-term contracts, output based specification, incentives and performance
measurement, competition and private sector management skills.
 Cost efficiencies – Both sectors may have distinct resources and by working in
partnerships, these resources can be brought together. It will help to improve the
performance of both the sectors and cost efficiencies through increased level of risk
transfer, better costing, improved innovation and close integration of distinct aspects of
project.
 Time to delivery savings – Public/private partnerships can result in time-to-delivery
savings, caused by more private incentive to generate revenue and improve the
experience with public private partnerships. The presence of private sector will restrict
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the level of corruption and which will further result in cost reduction and shorter period
of time for completing the project. The support of public sector will also help in smooth
sanctioning of various approvals, which will reduce the project delays (Choi and
Sirakaya, 2005).
 Public treasury reduction – Public/private partnerships support in reducing public
treasury capital demands for the development of infrastructure. It also provide more
freedom to government to invest in other non-infrastructural activities in short run.
 Wide support – The Public/private partnerships are greatly supported by the national,
local and regional government and European government and by the private sector, due
to the money value creation and new income source.
Disadvantages Poor money value – There are some opportunities represented by public/private
partnerships to lessen the total cost of project. But the developing and tendering costs are
generally much more than in the conventional procurement. Moreover, the contracts of
public/private partnerships are more complicated to administer and negotiate than the
contracts of traditional construction due to the involvement of more actors. Also, the
delay or inefficiency by any of the sector will lead to extra cost and time for the
completion. Insecurity – When more than two parties enter into an agreement, there is a threat that
the administrative efforts on all site will be frustrated by less co-operation of other party.
Moreover, when party enters in a tender process then may not granted with concession.
Due to such insecurities, the bidder’s number might be limited and thus reduce the tender
process competitiveness. Inefficiencies – The operating contracts of long-term can result in money value. But can
lead to ineffectiveness because of the less competition and contestability. At the
beginning, the tender-process may have presented competition, the developer who signed
the agreement will have exclusive rights on facility of infrastructure, thus enjoy the
whole monopoly. Throughout the phase of operation inefficiencies might be created
because of lack of competition and contestability.
 Cultural gap - The cultural gap between private and public sector may affect the working
styles and performance of each other (Cruz, 2006). It is because the motive of private
sector to take participation in public/private partnerships is image-building or profit-
making, while the public sector aim is mainly social attractiveness.
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Therefore, it can be referred from above analysis that the mutual existence of the public
and private will overall beneficial as it would ensure that the economy is balanced and there
is also a remarkable growth in the national income of the country (Xiang and Gretzel, 2010).
TASK 2
2.1 Analyse features of tourism development planning at different levels with reference to the
Philippines case study
The tourism planning should be developed considering different levels such as local,
national and international level in order to nurture and support tourism activities at the
particular level. Features of tourism development planning has been analysed at different
levels as below:
Local level: The local authorities work for the maintenance of the various tourist sites located
at particular region. They should work for preserving the valuable history and traditions.
Working together with the local communities and local organizations is essential to improve
the tourism in the region (Gayle, 2002).
National Level: Proper planning is needed at this level to promote tourism at the national
level. The government and national authorities should acts as a supervisor for the regional
levels. As new projects require higher funds, the government should work at this level to
develop the sites of tourist importance (Tribe, 2002).
International level: Organizations are working at the international level in order to bring the
Philippines tourism as one of the popular tourist destination in the world. Also, organizations
like United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) helps to
preserve the heritage values of the country’s various sites (Ghimire, 2013).
2.2 Evaluate the significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourism
development with reference to the Philippines case study
The Philippines is an emerging tourism destination and have limited resources so it
needed to utilise them to the best of their ability. For this purpose they need to have a firm
plan in place which includes their study of the market and the proper allotment of their
resource. Appropriate planning is significant for the success of tourism. There are many
advantages for the government with proper and firm planning (Tosun, 2000). For instance,
the planning will be useful to understand the position of the country’s tourism industry in the
world and estimate the amount of resources which will be required for the development of the
industry. Therefore, the proper planning will ensure no wastage of limited available
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resources. Further, it will help the government to plan for the future requirement in order to
sustain the position in the market (Gibson, 2009).
Planning is done at different level and different sectors. An interactive planning system
is created by using the data haul out from different levels. Hence, it eliminates the chances of
ambiguity of plans and reduces the chances of over budgeting. Also, other barriers of tourism
development such as socio-cultural depreciation, traffic congestions and overpopulated
destinations can be overcome with the interactive planning system (Hannam and Ateljevic,
2007).
2.3 Evaluate different methods available to measure tourist impact with reference to
Philippines case study
The assessment of impacts on different aspects like economic, social and environmental
are measured as follows.
Economic factors: The government need to ensure that tourism development investment
should yield positive returns for the country’s economy. To assess the same, the increase in
the income of the people or other direct economic benefits of tourism such as number of job
opportunities, the profitability of tourism related businesses, are analysed (Hennighausen,
2015).
Environmental factors: The development should not adversely affect the natural resources or
other harmful effects. The Philippines authorities should measure the environmental cost of
the project to avoid any potential damage (Stark, 2002).
Social factors: The impact of tourism is measured on the society and culture through various
means like conducting surveys, interviews and secondary analysis from published records or
other media sources (Kaosa-ard, Bezic and White, 2013).
TASK 3
3.1 Justify the introduction of the concept of sustainability in tourism development with
reference to Philippines sustainable tourism development
The term sustainability can be defined as “the development that meets the present
needs without compromising the future generation’s ability to meet their own requirements.”
Moreover, the World of Tourism and Travel Council highlights sustainable tourism planning
for the development of sustainable tourism for determining development (Sharpley, 2000). In
Philippines, the tourism development blueprint has been created in the country’s TMP
(Tourism Master Plan) in 1989-1991. In the year 1993, a presentation to the WTO (World
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Tourism Organization), the DOT (Department of Tourism) highlighted some particular
elements of the plan that reflected the commitment of government to sustainability (Kotler
and et.al., 2006).
The term sustainable development of the travel and tourism industry implies that the
tourist destinations should not be devastated and exhausted and must be preserved so that the
tourist site does not lose its soul over a period of time. Moreover, the tourism product should
be maintained and timely renewed so that steady tourist flow can be assured for improving
tourist satisfaction. Last but not the least, the benefits and costs are politically accepted in the
Philippines for government entities at different levels like local destination, national and
international (Middleton and et.al., 2009).
3.2 Analyse factors that may prevent/hinder sustainable tourism development with reference
to the Philippines
There are following factors that may hinder sustainable tourism development in Philippines:
 The traditional planning does not have a long term vision which deals only with physical
elements. Also, it ignores the environment as a crucial factor in the process of
development, making the environmental assessment studies just supplementary.
 For the sustainable tourism, the awareness in host community for the same is crucial. In
Philippines, there is a necessary to change the behaviour of people regarding preserving
the natural resources. The government’s intervention will be needed to initiate
environmental education in the local schools and community.
 The private sector comprises of various hotels, tour operators, travel agencies etc. lacks of
investors who can encourage sustainable tourism as their main concerns are about
hospitality and resorts development with minimal interests to the environmental aspects.
3.3 Analyse different stages in planning for sustainability with reference to the Philippines
The different steps for a sustainable tourist destination planning process with reference
to the Philippines are discussed:
 STEP 1: Study recognition and preparation: Authorities (public or private) recognizes the
importance of tourism as a desirable development option along with the awareness of the
demand-supply gaps for which the destination site will be developed.
 STEP 2: Setting of objectives or goals for the strategy: The clear understanding of the
objectives is the next step which needs to be achieved by the development of tourism.
With reference of the Philippines, these objectives may be: to exploit the economic
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benefits of the tourism by maximizing foreign exchange earnings and increasing
employment opportunities.
 STEP 3: Survey of existing data: Existing data search is conducted before the data
collection stage.
 STEP 4: New survey implementation: Various data related with tourism attraction, travel
patterns of tourists, facilities, economic structure, environmental and socio-cultural
characteristics ad relevant legal regulations are collected.
 STEP 5: Analysis: Market analysis is conducted, existing assets are evaluated, impact of
several factors is analysed and planning is developed.
 STEP 6: Policy formulation: The survey data and analysis provide basic foundation on
which several strategies are developed.
 STEP 7: Recommendation: The planning team recommends a preferred after selecting on
the basis of the analysis. STEP 8: Implementation of the plan STEP 9: Monitoring control and reformulating the plan if desired
TASK 4
4.1 Evaluate methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a
developing tourism destination such as Philippines
The two main attractions for tourists in the Philippines are the resorts and wild-life. The
coastal zone area for resorts contains a good mix of salt water and sand provide perfect
settings for relax. On the other hand other areas provide several productive, complex and
diverse ecosystems which make interactions with the other (Chok, Macbeth and Warren,
2007). Most of these issues arises due to business conflicts as distinct access and uses
restrictions. Tourist over-crowding at one of the area affects the traffic flow of the other.
Therefore, the main focus of Philippines government should be on the tourism planning and
tourists facilities operation integration into the instruments of local planning (Alvarez, 2014).
In the Philippines market, there is a high level of competition and complexity between
these two businesses which cause conflicts during the course of the operations. The level can
be even higher in the favourable seasons when demands are to be met which are never ending
in nature. So in this case the government should formulate plan in such a way that the
problem is solved with mutual benefits (Rigouzzo, 2010). The plan should safeguard access
for both the market in order to get out of the conflict smoothly. They should evaluate all the
available approaches and select the one in which maximum profit in the long run can be
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secured with least amount of investment. Moreover, the strategy of tourism planning must
preserve the local culture, promote local ownership and respect local traditions to bring the
community closure to saving natural resources (Bramwell and Lane, 2000).
4.2 Analyse the implications of balancing supply and demand with reference to the
Philippines Case
The tourist services arise as a response to rising demand of potential tourists. A balance
of demand and supply in terms of quality, price, quantity and range is necessary for the
sustainable development. An increase in one side of the supply or demand equation should be
supplemented by changes in the other one. Also, the extent and nature of the demand and the
connected services and facilities given will also influence directly the wider development
aspects (Clifton and Benson, 2006). Although, the demand of Philippines tourism is likely to
increase in future, the products quality and service attributes are constantly changing.
Tourists are becoming more critical and experienced, more conscious about quality and seek
innovative experiences and more value to the money (Neto, 2003). For instance, some of the
tourist resorts in the Philippines have already experienced decline in the business due to
differentiated offerings by neighbouring countries. For this reason, in order to develop
sustainability of tourism, the proper management of demand in terms of providing services as
per the fluctuating needs of customers is essential (Cohen and Cohen, 2012).
4.3 Evaluate the moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Philippines Case study
Enclave tourism resorts are mainly operated by foreign operators. In these resorts, the
tourists can experience the entire travel intentions in one resort without the requirement of
going away from it. The moral and ethical issues related with such enclave tourism in the
Philippines are listed below:
 These resorts take a lot of land and a huge chunk of the seaside where the local people
are dependents for living.
 Most of the natural resources which are limited are consumed by these resorts. For
example, water which is used by people for the purpose of drinking and growing crops
is used for filling large swimming pools and growing grass lawns (Dwyer and et.al.,
2009).
 The huge traffic flow pollute the environment like jets emissions.
 The business of local guides, travel operators and restaurants is negatively affected as
tourists do not wish to go out of the resort premises.
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 The commercialisation of national culture to suit the tourists’ expectations is another
concern (Du Cros, 2001).
TASK 5
5.1 Compare current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country and
an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different
The Philippines, as an emerging tourist destination should measure its performance for
a sustainable tourism development against its competitors. Thailand, as a developing country
is far ahead from the Philippines in terms of tourist arrival volume. A comparison of these
two markets with respect to several issues such as political, social and economic is tabled
below:
Emerging destination – The
Philippines Developing country – Thailand
Political issues
 Negative image of political
instable destination due to many
political troubles like highly
publicised kidnapping incidents,
crime, military coups etc.
 Tourism is highly politicized
and therefore, lacks strategic
leadership for sustainable
development towards long-term
growth (Dwyer and et.al.,
2000).
 Thailand has been also
affected by recent terrorist
attacks which question
security issues in the
country.
 But the difference lies in the
approach, with the use of
media marketing, the
government is focusing on
promoting the country as a
safe tourist destination (Liu
and Wall, 2006).
Social issues  The Philippine lacks pedestrian
safety, tourists find major streets
to be empty of consumer shops
and pedestrians. Therefore,
tourists who are not aware of the
non-pedestrian culture are
affected by muggings.
 Comparatively, Thailand has
more pedestrian-friendly
urban culture. Also the local
culture serve the purpose of
attracting tourist by
displaying various traditional
language, arts and festivals in
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streets (Edensor, 2001).
Economic issues
 Lower inflation rates in the
Philippines than visitor’s home
country affects the overall
spending due to higher prices
(Faulkner, 2001).
 On the other hand higher
inflation rates at Thailand,
tourists find vacation
packages at lower prices.
5.2 Evaluate, with recommendations, the future development of tourism in these chosen
destinations
The growth of tourism in the Philippines and Thailand has been different in spite of
similar South Asian tourism destinations. Thailand seems to be more tourist-friendly
destination as compared to highly politicised Philippines tourism. The role of government
here becomes essential to promoting peace and order. Moreover, the Philippines should learn
from the experience of Thailand that a strong public-private partnership is essential for
sustainable and integrated tourism development (Tourism growth in Thailand gets back on
track, 2017). Its focus should be on minimizing the negativity which has been created by
media for the sustainable development of country’s tourism as well as for the benefits of local
communities and economic growth of the country (Jamal, 2004).
CONCLUSION
The various elements of sustainable tourism with respect to the Philippines have been
discussed in this assignment paper. The report suggests that the concept of sustainable
tourism is an effective concept but due to lack of stakeholders’ interests, mainly local people
and government, it cannot be used in effective manner. There are ample growth opportunity
in the travel and tourism industry and especially the Philippines market should consider the
environmental aspects of the sustainable tourism development for the long term perspective.
Finally, the comparison with a developing country Thailand suggests that profitability is
another concern for the long term sustainable growth of the sector.
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