Cause and Effect Health Science Research Paper 2022

Health Science
Students Name
Institution

Cause and Effect 1
Introduction
Noteworthy, underemployment is a form of unemployment in a developed
country such as Australia.According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics definition,
underemployment refers to persons over fifteen years who desire to work and are
available for additional working hours but such terms of employment are not available.
Notably, working less than 35hours weekly is considered underemployment in the
Australian context. Among the major causes of underemployment is the shift in market
forces of demand and supply and business cycles. Consequently, underemployment leads
to unemployment, financial insecurity, lower job satisfaction, anger, and depression.
Overall, underemployment causes are responsible for the unemployment and its
consequences.
Causes.
Unfortunately, market forces of demand and supply are responsible for
underemployment. This is because in the case that there is a large supply of laborers but
the availability of employment opportunities is limited .Basically, an oversupply of
laborers at the expense of existing working opportunities will lead to part of the taskforce
being partially employed. Moreover, the business cycles have an impact on the demand
and supply of goods and services thus influencing employment patterns and income.
Usually, downturn business cycles lead to few working hours which is underemployment.
Also, due to the seasonal nature of some business opportunities, for instance, agricultural

Cause and Effect 2
and horticultural products industries experience a downturn in business cycles might lead
to unemployment and fewer working hours thus promoting under-employment.
Additionally, business downturn cycles in agricultural based companies
might lead to laborer layoffs. Typically,agricultural based industries thrive on seasons
when agricultural produce are available but because of seasonal changes, agricultural
produce might be scarce hence underemployment for fulltime and part-time laborers.
Based on the Official site gazette, three out of four employed persons in the agricultural
sector are underemployed (Winefield & Anderson 2011).Agriculture based industries are
likely to experience low business cycles when the produce required in production has
decreased in supply. Typically, low business cycles might force industries into early
retrenchment of workers or layoffs thus underemployment and unemployment.
Also, factors of demand and supply in dominant industries such as mining
and manufacturing have shifted thus underemployment. Owing to the industrial shift
from manufacturing to retail trade, food, and accommodation industries has created part-
time employment due to fewer working hours (Farwin & Uthayakumar,2018)..For
instance, miners worked more hours during the mining boom as contrasted with after the
mining boom. Currently, due to the struggling nature of the Australian manufacturing and
mining industries, fewer workers are needed in these industries hence underemployment.
Owing to the flexibility of working hours in part-time employment there is
underemployment. Unlike full-time workings, Part-time laborers are able to choose their
working hours hence the growing demand for part-time employment opportunities
(Chung, 2018).Some workers prefer to choose work hours.