Causes and Complication of Cardiovascular Disease among Old Age People in UK

This report analyses the causes and complications of cardiovascular disease among old age people in the UK. It evaluates the risk factors and ways to reduce the disease. The report discusses the concept of cardiovascular disease, causes and risk factors, ways/interventions to reduce the disease, and more. The problem statement highlights the high mortality rate of heart disease and the need for preventive measures. The research aim is to analyse the causes and complications of cardiovascular disease among old age people in the UK.

HEALTHCARE

Table of Contents
ABOUT DISSERTATION..............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4
Introduction............................................................................................................................4
Background.............................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................7
RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................7
Problem statement..................................................................................................................7
Rationale of research..............................................................................................................8
Significance of research.........................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................11
Concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people...................................................11
Causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people.............................13
Ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people..................17
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................22
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................22
Research approach................................................................................................................24
Methodological choice.........................................................................................................24
Research strategies...............................................................................................................28
Time horizons.......................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS............................................................29
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................33
Conclusion............................................................................................................................33
Recommendation..................................................................................................................34
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................37

ABOUT DISSERTATION
Dissertation is defined sometime as a thesis in some of countries, this term is prefer used in the
final assignment of the PhD degrees. Moreover, it is referring as the research project which is
completed as part of the degree. Usually, a dissertation used to allow the student to show their
present finding in response towards the question or the proposition that they choose themselves.
The aim of the project is to test the independent research skill toward the student which have
acquired during the time at university. In this, dissertation is used to focus on the topic of impact
in cardiovascular disease that help to create knowledge and skills. Moreover, they focus on the
finding of research which is helpful and accessible for the conducting of research.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
TITLE
“Causes and complication of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK”
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is defined as general term for the condition which is affected the
heart and the blood vessels. It is usually associated with some of the build based fatty deposit
inside the arteries which is called as atherosclerosis and have the enhance which is associated
with the risk of blood clots. This is based on the damage of arteries in such part of the organ such
as the brain, kidney and eyes. As per this, the cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes
which can lead to death and largely prevented by using various kind of medication and therapies.
In this, it is also analysing that they are often prevented by leading the healthy lifestyle. As per
this, with wide range of angle, there are various type of cardiovascular disease (Boren & et. al.,
2020).
As per this, the major of data is collected with various hospital which is associated in UK. in
this, the Royal Brompton Hospital which is ranked world top ten hospital who used to provide
the data which is based on cardiology. Moreover, the Cambridge heart clinic also associated with
the various issue which is faced regards with the heart failure. Moreover, other associated
hospital which help to state about the condition which is focused on rising cases of
cardiovascular lead to create complication. The hospital is using intervention such as instant use
of elective surgery which is associated with bypass surgery. However, the queen Alexandra
hospital is also providing various health related strategies which is based on cardiac issue with
proper diet plan.
In this, there are usually four type of cardiovascular disease which can be divided as
coronary heart disease, strokes and TIAs, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic disease. They
have wide range of because which can trigger an individual and make them ill with the disease
which is related with heart. People who is in old age have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease
which can be treated with wide aspect of medication. In this report, the major concept of the
cardiovascular disease is well discussed. Moreover, there various causes and risk factor which is
based on cardiovascular disease which can create complication with old age people which is
elaborately analyse in this report. However, there are some the ways and intervention are also

discussed in order to reduce the such type of implication which can create issue with old age
people (Haas & et. al., 2018).
Cardiovascular disease is defined as the group of disease which can affect the heart and
blood vessels of the body. The disease which can affect one or many parts of heart and which is
based on blood vessels. A person which may be symptomatic physically based on the various
experience or be asymptomatic which is not drive any symptoms and person do not visualise any
feeling. Moreover, there are many type of cardiovascular disease which have been include
arrhythmia, valve disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease and
other disease which is associated with heart and create prolong problem when it is related with
any individual (VanWagner and et. al., 2017). However, heart attack and strokes which act as
serious complication of the cardiovascular disease which can occur when the arteries of heart and
brain arteries show some of sudden blockage. This is also identified as the cardiovascular disease
which is act as the leading causes of death around the world and almost of the adults and major
of old age people can face the issue with cardiovascular disease. It also affects the men and
women and acceptability of major of people with this disease in their old age. In this, it is also
affect the different age people, ethnicities and socioeconomic levels (Landry and et. al., 2018).
In this, the healthcare provider which help to perform a physical exam and used to ask some
of the complication which is related with personal health and family health history. In this, there
are various other kind of diagnose which include such as measurement of blood substance which
help to indicate the cardiovascular health such as cholesterol and specific protein and other
element which is related with heart. Moreover, electrocardiogram which help to records the
electrical activity in heart. In this, the ambulatory monitoring which is uses device that help to
track heart rhythm and rates. However, echogram is also play essential role in order to develop
some of the sound waves which used to formulate heartbeat and blood flow. In other factor, the
use of catheterization plays vital role which help to measure pressure and blood flow in heart
(Ruparelia and et. al., 2017).
Background
Cardiovascular disease is generally defined as a term which includes the conditions that are
affecting the blood vessels as well as a heart. As heart is a natural pacemaker that controls the
heart rhythms and some of the pathways of this system may develop tissues such as fibrous and
deposits fat on the walls. This deposition of fat as well as developed fibrous tissues may result in

loss of some major cells which later on slows the heart rate (Sabatine and et. al., 2017). These
diseases arise when the fatty deposited inside the walls of arteries which later results in an
increased risk of blood clots. It often linked with the damage to arteries in organs such as
kidneys, eyes, and brain. In both men and women, age plays an important part in the impairment
of cardiovascular functionality which results in an increased risk of heart disease in older ages. In
addition to this, these rising risks corresponds to an overall decrease in the sex hormones,
including testosterone and oestrogen. Nowadays, cardiovascular disease is one of the main
reason of deaths specially in the old age across worldwide, but it can be prevented by acquiring a
healthy lifestyle. In normal ageing, it causes an individual’s blood vessels and heart to stiffen
which further leads to these conditions in later years. In old age, the raising blood pressure level
is most common condition which are related to heart. In the readings of blood pressure, the
systolic blood pressure raises with the increase in age overtime (Miller & et. al., 2017).
With the increase in age, the mobility and functions reduces as the muscles becomes
weaken. To cope up with this loss being active is the best way to deal with this problem and to
maintain a person's aerobic activity. Ageing may cause the modifications in blood vessels and
heart which may enhances the risk of having cardiovascular disease in a person. As the coronary
artery disease, atrial fibrillation and the heart failure are the major reasons in old age for health
visits as well as hospital stays (Manson and et. al., 2020). The most important risk factor of
cardiovascular disease and stroke includes the unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful usage
of alcohol, tobacco use and many more. It also includes the risk factors which are related to
behaviours such as increased blood glucose level, increased blood pressure level, increased blood
lipid level and sometimes obesity. In order to decrease the risk of having cardiovascular disease
in old age, people should avoid tobacco use, should decrease the amount of salt in their diet,
promote fruits and vegetable eating, physical activities should be regularly done, avoiding
harmful use of alcohol so as to decrease the heart disease. There are many health policies
available which creates contributory surroundings for making the healthy choices that are
affordable and also available which are important for motivating people to adapt the healthy
behaviour (Potashkin & et. al., 2020).
There are some of causes of heart disease and cardiovascular disease are well identified that
they are vary as per the type of cardiovascular disease, while taking the aspect of an example, it
is analysing that the people face issue of coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease due

to the situation of atherosclerosis. In this, this is defined as the deposition of plaque inside the
blood vessel which can disturb the pathophysiological condition of artery and raise some of the
issue which create complexities and this is usually found the old age people. There are some of
the other causes which is based on the external slab such as high blood pressure which is also
called hypertension, as per this, the high level of cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, family
history of heart disease, in this, the sedentary lifestyle or obesity, diet high which is based
sodium, sugar and fat, excessive alcohol use is also main cause of cardiovascular disease (Wang
and et. al., 2020).
RESEARCH AIM
“To analyse the causes and complication of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK”
The aim used to elaborate about the causes and consequence which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease which is based on the among the old age people in the UK. Moreover, the
rising cases of cardiovascular common the UK. In addition to this, the aim used to focus on the
various causes and complication which is responsible for the issue of cardiovascular disease. The
ways and intervention is also part of objective which support and provide care to patient with
pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To understand the concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
 To evaluate causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
 To examine the ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age
people in UK.
RESEARCH QUESTION
 What are the concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK?
 What are the causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in
UK?
 What are the ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age
people in UK?
Problem statement
The major problem which is associated with the heart disease is causing of death. In this, the
major death which is caused due to the heart and circulatory disease causes a quarter of all the

death in the UK, in this, it is more than 160000 deaths each year. Moreover, average 460 death
each day or one every that three minute in the UK. As per this, the old age people are primarily
deal with the complication of cardiovascular disease which can create number of risk factor and
so on. Moreover, the major problem is related with risk factor which is along with cardiovascular
disease. In this, the most important behavioural risk factor of heart disease and stroke which can
be unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful effect. This all type of activity
can cause serious issue with the old age people (Hussain & et. al., 2019).
Globally, they are nearly 18.6 million died which is associated disease in 2019, the latest
year which is based on worldwide statistics that is calculated. That help to reflect the 17.1
percent increase over the last past decade. Major causes are heart attack, cardiac arrest, strokes
and so on.
In addition to this, there are number of determinant which is based on cardiovascular
disease. These are the core of reflection which have major forces such regulating driving social,
economic and various cultural change which is based on the globalisation, urbanisation and
number of population ageing. Moreover, there are some of determinant which is associated with
the cardiovascular disease are usually include stress, poverty and hereditary factor which is also
stated as the major problem of this report. Moreover, some of the other behaviour which is also
conducted with cardiovascular disease is drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood
lipids which is used to minimise the risk of cardiovascular disease and this help to prevent the
heart attack and strokes among the people who is dealing with these condition (Lorenzatti and et.
al., 2020).
A wide range of people is affected due to this disease. In this, the mortality rate of heart
disease is analysing as the global issue. As per this, the cardiovascular disease is the main cause
of death in the global aspect. However, there are an estimated amount such as 18 million of
people are usually died due to the cardiovascular disease which is reported in the 2019,
moreover, there are some of aspect such as 32 percent of all the global health. In this, the other
death of 85 percent are occur due the heart attack and stroke on the global level (Kuo & et. al.,
(2017).
Rationale of research
The rationale of the research is to acknowledge about the term and knowledge which is
helpful for the personal and professional development. In this, the research is well conducted in

order to bring change which is based on personal and professional development. Moreover, the
personal development includes self-improvement and explore the knowledge regards with the
topic which is associated with cardiovascular disease. This help to develop various set of activity
which help to maintain a knowledge regards with pathophysiology and their complication of
different disease which is associated with cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the professional
development provides quality of knowledge which is helpful for those who is dealing with such
kind of complication. As per this, the main motive of this study is to help other with the help of
knowledge which is achieved during the conducting of research. So, the professional and
personal develop is seek due as per the study of research. Overall, the personal and professional
development allow me seek an opportunity for the future to deal with such situation which may
arise with other. In this, the proper knowledge helps to develop a core value with other and
specify them some of intervention which help them to deal with disease. As per this, the
appropriate knowledge regards with this topic play vital role in order to save the life of other
people. This is act as personal and professional development.
Significance of research
The main importance which is associated with this topic is to understand the concept and
information which is related with cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the main purpose of this
research to develop a quality of knowledge which is based on concept, causes and challenge and
intervention which is helpful for those who is dealing such kind of disease. The research is
conducted with the importance to generate a knowledge which allow the other to know the
complication and other condition which is associated with heart disease. It is essential to regulate
the knowledge which is specifically on the topic of cardiovascular disease because a number pf
population from the global level is face such kind of consequence and this disease enhance the
mortality rate while taking aspect of all age people. In this, research has major focus on targeted
group which is selected as old age people. In this, due to their age and difference in the
biological physiology they are more acceptable for the disease which is associated with the heart.
Moreover, heart attack and stroke is identified with old age people due the condition of
hypertension and other disease which trigger such kind of condition with old age people. As per
this, it is important to gain and collect information about the source of causes which can lead to
formulate the critical situation with this disease. The old age people have less immune due the

change in physiological condition of body, majorly they are having wide range of disease which
can create issue with person with the old age.
In this, research is important for other in order to provide the core knowledge about the
complication and causes of cardiovascular disease and with the ways by which they can reduce
and minimise the situation that harm other health. The leading cases of cardiovascular disease is
also an issue with the global level and act as reason to conduct research. However, there are
some of aspect which must be informative in this report and provide accurate information with
introduction of disease, with type and sign and symptoms. As per this, the intervention such as
medication and management is well discussed.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people
According to the National Health services, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the
general term which is associated with condition that affect the heart or the blood vessels.
Moreover, it is usually connected with the build-up of fatty deposit which is inside the arteries
called atherosclerosis and they have enhanced risk of blood clots. It is also associated with the
damage of arteries which is include organ such as brain, heart, kidney and the eyes. In this, the
cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death and disability in the premises of UK. It is often
prevented by the leading cause of healthy lifestyle (Boren and et. al., 2020).
As per this, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the group of disorder which is
associated with heart and blood vessels. They are majorly including some of the aspect which is
related with the cardiovascular disease. The coronary heart disease which defined as the disease
which is related with blood vessel supplying in the muscle of heart. The cerebrovascular disease
which majorly include the disease which is associated with blood vessel supplying the brain. As
per this, the peripheral arterial disease includes disease of blood vessel supplying the arm and
legs. In this, the rheumatic heart disease that defined the damage of heart muscle and the heart
valves from the rheumatic fever, caused by the streptococcal bacteria. In this, the congenital
heart disease which is associated with the birth defect that may affect the normal development
and the functioning of the heart caused by malformation of the structure of the heart from the
birth. In this, the deep vein thrombosis and the pulmonary embolism that is caused the blood
clots in the leg veins which can dislodge and they are in move to the heart and the lungs (Davies
and et. al., 2018).
According to the world health organisation, the heart attack and the stroke are generally act
as an acute event which is mainly caused by the blockage that help to prevent the blood in order
to flow dorm the heart or brain. In this, the most obvious reason which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease for developing of fatty deposit on the wall of the blood vessel which is
regulated the supply the heart or brain. However, strokes which can be caused from the blood
vessel which is occur in the brain or from blood clots. Cardiovascular disease is the leading
which the cause of death on the global level. In this, the estimated death which is associated with
the cardiovascular disease is 17.9 million people as the report from the world health organisation.

Over the three quarter of the cardiovascular risk that have higher risk of death which is take
place in the low and middle income countries. In this, there are about 17 million and more death
are recorded due to the premature death which is under the age of 70 due the non-communicable
disease in the year 2019, 38 percent which is caused by cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it is
important to detect the cardiovascular disease which is possible, so that the management with
proper counselling and the medicine are usually begins (Elagizi and et. al., 2018).
According to the steinbaum, the cardiovascular disease is defined as the condition which
affect the structure of the function which is associated with heart. It includes such as Abnormal
heart rhythms or the arrhythmias, Aorta disease and the marfan syndrome, congenital heart
disease, coronary artery disease which indicate the narrowing of arteries, deep vein thrombosis
and the pulmonary embolism and other include heart attack and heart failure. Moreover, the
cardiovascular disease leading cause of death in the among the globe. It is very essential to
prevent it and live a healthier and more effective life by learning about the disease and taking
care for the people who is dealing with the issue of cardiovascular disease (Heianza and et. al.,
2017).
According to the Suzanne, 2021 there are various symptoms which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease. A build-up of fatty deposition and create the complication of plaque in
the arteries. As per this, the atherosclerosis which usually damage the blood vessels and the
heart. The plaque build-ups usually cause the narrowing or the blockage which is associated with
the blood vessels that can lead to create the risk of heart attack, chest pain and the angina or the
stroke. The coronary artery disease is defined as the symptoms which is associated with the men
and women. Furthermore, men are usually more likely suffering from the chest pain. In this,
women are most likely having some sign and symptoms that along with the chest discomfort
along with the shortness of breath, nausea and some other symptoms which include extreme
fatigue after walking for the short distance. For the long distance patient may feel more
complication and consequence regarding with health issue. There are some sign and symptoms
which include chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and the chest discomfort which include
angina, as per this, they also include other factor such as shortness of breath, pain, numbness,
weakness or the coldness in the legs or the arms which majorly associated with the blood vessels
for those part which is narrowing the vessels. In this, pain in the neck and the jaw, throat is the
most place where a maximum of pain is analysed (Inouye and et. al., 2018).

Causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people
The most essential behavioural risk which is associated with the risk factor of heart disease
and the stroke which is occur due to the unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and the
other harmful use which is associated with alcohol. In this, the effect of behavioural risk which
used to show some factor which is follow up the individual as raising aspect of blood pressure,
raised blood glucose blood lipids and overweight and the obesity. Moreover, the intermediate
risk factor which majorly measured in the aspect of primary care which facilitate and show the
aspect which have enhanced risk of heart attack, strokes, heart failure and the other complication
(Kochi and et. al., 2020).
Whereas, the cessation of the tobacco use, reduction in the salt of their regular diet, eating
more fruits and the vegetable, regular physical activity and also show some aspect which is
beneficial for the avoiding of harmful use of alcohol that reduce the risk of disease which is
related with cardiovascular. The health policies which may create conducive environment which
help to shown up in such way which make proper healthy choices that is affordable and making
their availability which is essential for the motivating people in order to adopting and sustain
healthy behaviour. Age is the significant independent risk for the cardiovascular disease which is
based on the increased likelihood of the development that is associated with the number of
additional cardiac risk factor that majorly include obesity and the diabetes. Moreover, the
prevalence and the other function is help to show the impact which is related with the higher
among the older adults as compared with the general population (Leon and et. al., 2019).
According to the AHA, it is also analysed that the 2013 to 2017, there are 77.8 percent of
the women and the 70 percent of the male which is based on the range of the 65-74 years is
usually diagnose with the context of high blood pressure or the hypertension. In this, the rate for
the diagnose which is associated with the hypertension enhance drastically to 85.6 percent in the
women and the 80 percent in the men which have their age which is above the 75 years.
Hypertension is the major risk issue which is associated with the smoking, nutrition and obesity.
In this, the coronary heart disease is defined as the more common in the older men which is
associated with the heart failure that is preserved ejection fraction that HFpEF which is more
common in the elderly and they have more common in the older women than the older men. in
addition to this, the myocardial infraction which is based on the adults which is age group is
about the 60 to 79 years old, whereas 11.5 percent are usually diagnose with myocardial

infraction while only 4.2 percent of the women is diagnosed with the myocardial infraction.
Higher prevalence of the cardiovascular disease when they are associated with the elderly people
in the intensive care units is usually reported, that mainly include higher rates of the heart failure,
arrhythmia and the heart disease which is based on the valvular (Sallam and et. al., 2018).
Moreover, the high mortality rate is usually enhancing due to the cardiovascular patient which is
associated with the critically ill patients which has been implemented towards the specialised
health units that is referred to as the coronary care units which is more recently cardiovascular
intensive care units. In this, the another risk which is associated with the older age people when
they are admitted in the intensive care unit’s patient with the use of mechanical ventilation.
Moreover, the average age of the ventilated patient in the ICU is more than 60 years. With the
most important factor they are associated with the age and length of the ventilation with the
aspect of mortality in the ICU patient (Tune and et. al., 2017).
According to the world health organisation, Cardiovascular disease is mainly associated
with the various form which majorly include the high blood pressure, coronary artery disease,
strokes and the arrhythmias which is called as irregular heartbeat. Moreover, the world health
organisation also states the cardiovascular disease which is responsible for the death across the
globe which is measured up to the 17 million death each year. They are responsible for the half
of the death in the world as per the indication and representation of data. The coronary artery
disease in the old age people with the most common form of the cardiovascular disease, is the
leading causes of the death. While taking the contrast of the second largest killing disease, cancer
is determined and they are little higher than the half of death. In this, the risk factor is divided
into the major risk that has proven in order to enhance the risk of heart disease. Moreover,
contributing which can lead to enhance the risk of the heart disease. The more risk factor which
is more likely to develop the heart failure. In this, risk factor is helpful treated, or the
modification has been done. But in some of the cases the risk factor cannot be treated. Moreover,
by controlling the many risk factor as possible through the aspect of lifestyle change, regular
exercise and proper medication used to develop a healthy behaviour toward the people (Wei and
et. al., 2017).
Major risk factor
High blood pressure: In this, the high blood pressure is usually enhancing the risk of heart
disease, heart attack and the stroke. However, when any individual is obese, indulge with smoke

or the high level of blood cholesterol along with the blood pressure increase the risk of stroke
which greatly enhances. In this, the blood pressure is varying with the age and the activity which
is perform by individual who is facing the issue of cardiovascular heart disease. The normal
reading for the healthy adults who is resting is determined which is 120/80.
High blood cholesterol: Moreover, one of the major risk which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease is high blood cholesterol in the body which may create hindrance in the
function of body. Cholesterol is defined as the fat like substance that carried in the blood that
show their presence in the all blood cells. In this, the liver used to produce all the cholesterol
from the body which is need to form cell membrane and they make certain hormone. Extra
cholesterol that enter in the body when the individual used to eat food that comes from the
animal source which mainly include meats, eggs and diary product which is high in saturated
fats. Moreover, too much of the low density lipoprotein or the bad cholesterol in the blood is
usually causes the plaque in order to form an artery wall that is based on process of
atherosclerosis. When the plaque which help to build in the coronary artery which help to supply
the blood to the heart, greater risk of having the heart attack (Ansa and et. al., 2019).
Diabetes: The heart issue is usually a leading cause of the death among the people who deal with
the situation of the diabetes. In this, the case of type 2 which is also known as the non-insulin
dependent diabetes. There are certain of the racial and the ethnic group which have a higher risk
which is based on the development of diabetes. In addition to this, the American heart
association used to provide a data which show the 65 percent of the patient is with diabetes and
die of some of the cardiovascular disease. If an individual knows about their situation that he or
she is facing the issue of diabetes they must concern with the doctor on the weekly basis to
reduce the complication which may associated with diabetes and the issue of cardiovascular
disease. It is essential to control the blood sugar level which may helpfully use to reduce the
complication and risk factors (Okeke and et. al., 2019).
Obesity and overweight: In this, the extra weight used to create the risk which is based on the
enhance level of high cholesterol level, high blood pressure and diabetes. In this, all the risk
factor which may associated with the heart disease. Moreover, the healthcare professional
measure the rate of obesity in the term of body mass index which helpfully follow the formula of
kilogram divided by the height which is in meter squared (BMI =W [kg]/H [m2]). According to
the National heart, Lung and the blood institute, the condition of being an overweight is usually

defined as the having the aspect of BMI is over 25. However, the number of 30 is conmsiderrd as
the condition of obese. It is essential to maintain the body mass index with the regular dieting
and maintaining such kind of food habit which is proper for the conduction of healthy life style.
Smoking: In this, the most of the people used to take cigarette and tobacco which usually
enhance the risk of Lung cancer, in this few of the risk is usually associated with the heart
disease and the peripheral vascular disease. It is also show the disease in the vessel that the blood
to the arm and the legs. According to the AHA, it is also analysed that the more than 480000
people is usually died with the aspect of cardiovascular disease that is associated with the
smoking related illness. Many of these death is usually occurring because of the effects of the
smoking on the heart and the blood vessels (Prentice and et. al., 2019).
Smoking usually enhance the risk of heart rate, tighten the arteries and generate the issue of
irregular heartbeat which make the heart hard to perform their functions in the appropriate way.
The hindrance is usually occurring in the various ways which may include that smoking also
enhance the blood pressure, another major risk factor. Moreover, the nicotine is the main active
agent which is found in cigarette smoke and other chemical and the compound which include tar
and the carbon mono oxide that harm the heart in the number of way which interrupted the
function of heart and create dysfunction that lead the situation of the cardiovascular heart disease
(Yano and et. al., 2018).
Physical inactivity: There are several of people that they are not active towards the higher risk of
heart attack than do people who exercise regularly. As per this, the exercise is usually helpful for
the burning of calories which help to maintain the healthy weight, that help to control the
cholesterol level and the diabetes and may lower the blood pressure. Moreover, the exercise is
useful aspect because, it provides strength towards the heart and the muscle that make the
arteries more flexible. There are some of the individual who used to burn their calories up to 500
to 3500 calorie per week, either at the work or with the help of exercise. However, the even
moderate intensity which of the people towards the exercise is helpful if they done on their
regular basis.
Heredity: The heart disease is usually tending to follow the aspect of heredity which is run in the
families. In order to understand, let’s take an example, If the parents or the sibling had issue with
heart before the age of 55,

Ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people
The interventions which generally engage the society well-being workers to prevent the
cardiovascular illness specifically aims to overcome the risk factors among the old age people.
these people are quite at higher risk by giving the culturally appropriate education, can offer the
social encouragement as well as an informal counselling. There are some pharmacological, non-
pharmacological interventions which can aid the old age people to decrease the leading cause of
cardiovascular illness. Another way by which the cause can be decreased such as the
governmental campaigns, the policies as well as the legislations, and the public talks about the
well-being can also take part to prevent the heart related illness among the old age people
(Neubeck and et. al., 2017).
Pharmacological interventions: There are various pharmacological interventions which
are particularly used to treat the cardiovascular illness among people. The medications that are
used to treat the illness such as Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, Heparin, Rivaroxaban and
many more. Dabigatran medication is generally an anticoagulant which specifically works by
blocking the clotting protein factors such as thrombin. Dabigatran is generally used to prevent
the clots of blood from its formation because of various irregular rhythms of the heart. By
preventing such blood clots can aid to decrease the risk of developing stroke. In contrast with
Apixaban medication, it can work with the blood cells which particularly triggers the clotting
process to make sure the blood can clot properly. This medication can work by acting as a barrier
in the blood clot factor known as the factor Xa working. It can generally make the blood thin so
that the blood cannot clot. It can effectively work within few hours after taking the medication.
The Edoxaban medication can also works as same as the Apixaban can do. It can also help to
prevent the blood clots from forming by barricading the substance factor Xa.
Non pharmacological intervention: The non-pharmacological interventions are
generally based on the science as well as some non-invasive interventions on the people well-
being. It can include a goal to prevent, care as well as cure the well-being issues. The non-
pharmacological interventions which can be used to effectively overcome the cause of
cardiovascular illness such as yoga, increased physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, quit
smoking, reduction of weight, and many more. Among old age people, yoga can effectively aid
to reduce or prevent several circulatory ailments as well as an illness like an elevated blood
pressure level, muscle tension, shallow breathing and the cardiovascular illnesses. During the

moderate to an intense yoga session, the rate of the heart can increase and as an outcome the
heart can pumps more blood. In return to this, the systolic pressure of the blood increases and
also the volume of the blood enhances. In context with physical exercises, physical activities are
one of the best things as it can aid to prevent the cardiovascular illnesses as well as stroke. Being
physically active is one of the effective parts of a heart healthy lifestyle (Kulczyński and et. al.,
2017).
Among old age people it is necessary to make the physical activities on daily basis as
during the activities, heart can pump or can supply more blood through the human body as well
as can continue its working at optimal efficiency with a minute strain. By doing the exercise on
regular basis, it can aid to keep the blood vessels as well as the arteries more flexible. Exercise
can also ensure a good blood flow and a normal pressure of the blood as well (Prevention of
Cardiovascular Disease, 2021). In addition to this, doing aerobic exercises or activities such as
jogging, walking, bicycling and so on are considered as some of the best non-pharmacological
interventions for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In contrast with a healthy diet, it
can generally boost or encourage a good cholesterol such as high-density lipoproteins and can
effectively reduce some unhealthy triglycerides. It can directly affect the risk of having the
cardiovascular illnesses, stroke, diabetes as well as the elevated blood pressure by aiding the
flow of blood smoothly. In this, the best diet for preventing the cardiovascular illness is one
which is particularly full of fruits, vegetables, the whole grains, nuts, poultry fishes, vegetable
oils and so on. The people who are having such type of diet plan are generally have reduced risk
of having the cardiovascular illness. Such diet patterns can also lower the risk of having illness
such as diabetes and stroke as well. Among old age people, they must choose the food products
which contains low saturated and trans fats and sodium as well (Stahel and et. al., 2018).
Governmental campaigns: A broad range of the governmental policies have been used
to protect the people from heart related illness such as Taxes. For example, Taxes are the
powerful force for discouraging the elevated risks of behaviours. Increasing the taxes on the
cigarettes is generally a foundational part of any national anti-tobacco campaign. That particular
strategy is now has been applied to fight against obesity or overweight. In this, including the
efforts like the larger strategies is specifically an effective way for the makers of the policy to aid
in making the choices healthier. These particular choices about well-being can effectively
decrease the developing risk of cardiovascular illness and stroke as well and can lead to an

improved well-being and can save the lives effectively. This particular approach has been proven
very successful among the countries which has very high income. And, it is now being rolled out
in the nation which contains middle as well as the low-income people to combat the very two
biggest leading cause of the cardiovascular illness mortality across world such as use of tobacco
and an elevated blood pressure level (Bosworth and et. al., 2018).
In this, an effective action will need a comprehensive public well-being strategy as well
as a sustained commitment to its implementation. A public well-being action plan to prevent the
heart illness as well as the stroke can addresses these particular needs. The CDC generally
funded the cardiovascular illness prevention programs across various states and the districts of
Columbia. The heart disease and the stroke prevention programs are designed to decrease the
inequalities in the care, the risk factors and its illness. In the year 2016, the government has
published its action plan to overcome or tackle the obesity. While concentrating of this is to
aiding in decrease the elevated rates of the obesity among public. In this, it may impact on the
adult rates of the obesity as well as the related well-being outcomes including the cardiovascular
illnesses. In addition to this, one of the key commitments in the obesity, a plan for actions is
generally a decrease in sugar as well as broader the reformulation programme such as covering
the calories, saturated fat and salt as well (Willeit and et. al., 2020).
Decreasing the levels of salt in the food can directly contributes to the prevention of the
cardiovascular illness. An excess consumption of the salt can ultimately elevate the developing
risk of high blood pressure levels which is particularly a key factor for the cardiovascular
illnesses. Across population, there are various environmental factors which specifically operates
to drive the people to less healthy behaviours, consisting through an unhealthy diet which is quite
high in salt content, fats, high calories and so on. In the year 2017, the government has published
the control plan of tobacco that involves a goal to decrease the prevalence of smoking among the
adults or older adults. It can also contain a goal to decrease the inequality gaps among those in
routines as well as the manual occupation and the general population as well. The tools provided
by the PHE overcome the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases among the population by
reducing the prevalence of smoking (Samuel and et. al., 2021).
Policies and legislation: The elevated blood pressure is generally responsible for
massive disability as well as a huge numbers of the cardiovascular illness deaths across global. It
is quite common. Approximately the old age people are on the surge of having the elevated

blood pressure levels as defined by the care professionals in having a systolic pressure such as
the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats at specifically above 140 millimetres or a
diastolic pressure such as when the heart is in resting position between the beats and refilling
with blood at above 90 mm. the governments can play a role in aiding the people to decrease the
developing risks of hypertension among the old age peoples (Gao and et. al., 2019).
Due to the effect of sodium intake on the blood pressure, the policies are increasingly
concentrated on reining in over consumption of the Sodium. In this, when it comes to battling the
hypertension, an array of an effective policies can effectively work to alter the trajectory. These
such policies are generally best customized as a sodium intake which varies greatly according to
the regional diet as well as reliance on the packaged food components. There are policies such as
the PHE (Public Health England) has updated the Heart Age tool that can aid the people work
out their heart age as well as risk of the Heart attacks as well as Stroke. The PHE has extended
its campaign for a truly smoke free NHS can be contributing to the health services sustainability
by giving the patients who generally smoke with a very brief advice to quit. In addition to this,
the PHE involves the partnership with the British Heart Foundation to aid encourage the clinical
leadership. The BHF is developing a network of the local societies of the practices across
England to encourage the quality improvement in management as well as prevention of the
cardiovascular illness (Rangel-Huerta and et. al., 2018).
In this, there are intervention approaches which are available nowadays. It includes the
policies as well as an environmental modification can addresses the fundamental social and the
environmental situations which can operate the early in the cardiovascular illness improvements.
This particular approach can impact the later phases of the illness such as developing the
accessibility, use as well as quality of well-being care. It can also involve the behavioural
modifications especially across the populations, it can decrease the impacts of adverse
environmental as well as social conditions. This can also support the particular approaches which
follows such as fostering the awareness among community and encourage for cardiovascular
illness and the prevention of stroke. Another approach in this includes the determining as well as
controlling the risk factors that has been a support of the prevention of cardiovascular illness.
Other approach in this includes an emergency care as well as an acute case management for the
victims of the first events who particularly survive long enough to receive the interventions.
Another approach is the rehabilitation that must be applied in following the most acute events as

well as the long-term management that specifically continues throughout the remainders of the
suffering people (Interventions to Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Workers: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2020).
Public health talks: In addition to concentrating on the elevated risk groups, the public
well-being approaches which specifically concentrates on the policies, the systems as well as the
surrounding environmental modifications can effectively facilitates the prevention of the
cardiovascular illness by simply producing the sustainable developments in both physical as well
as the social environment to promote the healthy choices, accessibility, availability and
information as well. In this, overweight as well as the obesity along with the poor diet, smoking,
being physically inactive as well as too much of intake of alcohol all are particular risk factors
for the cardiovascular illnesses. In this, the lifestyle factors are more likely to be more ubiquitous
in reducing the socioeconomic groups in the United Kingdom. There are many ways to reduce
the cardiovascular illness such as by controlling the blood pressure level, by keeping the
triglycerides as well as the levels of cholesterol under control, doing exercise on daily basis, limit
the intake of alcohol, quit the smoking, managing the stress and many more. All these particular
conditions can directly impact on the heart. By controlling all these conditions can effectively
help the old age people to overcome the leading cause of cardiovascular illness (How to Prevent
Heart Disease, 2021).
As per the above literature, it is defined that the cardiovascular disease is rising issue in all
over the world. Moreover, the concept of the cardiovascular disease on the anatomical base is
that the heart does not regulate and perform their function in the proper way due the deposition
of plaque which called as hypoxia and many more. The major cause and risk factor is also
formulated with the various term which is associated with the cardiovascular disease. In this, the
strategies and intervention are used to take into the factor which is show primary approach on the
pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach which is relevant as work as intervention
within them. The intervention followed the medication and diagnosis which appropriate to
reduce the complication and consequence that is helpful to minimise the rising risk of
cardiovascular disease.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is defined as the specific procedure or the process or the technique which
is helpful to identify and determine the process of selection, process and analyse the information
on the topic of cardiovascular disease. In this, the research process is based on the paper which
allow the reader to critically analyse and evaluate the study based on the overall validity and
reliability of the research. However, there are different type of research methodology which is
based on the main type of method for the data collection include observational, experimental,
simulation and the derived aspect which focus on the various aspect which follow various term
and aspect which is based on method and collections.
Research philosophy
The research philosophy is defined as the set of beliefs that is making the consent of nature
of the reality being examined. (A Step-By-Step Guide to Structuring Research Methodology
Chapter for PhD and Master-Level). These are not important, but the choice of the philosophy is
defined which is based on the type of knowledge that is being investigated in the research of the
project. This is defined with three main philosophies that play a significant role in the research
process which is related with the cardiovascular disease. (Joseph and et. al., 2017).
Ontology: Ontology is defined as the study of reality which is more or less. It also used to
describe the nature of reality which indicates that what comes to mind when the research is
conducted and their relational impact which supports is the society for the surrounding. It is a
chronic disease that makes an individual ill and creates a situation that is uncontrollable for the
person sometimes. In this, the reality of such research is usually conducted with the various
phases because it influences the behaviour of the people. Three philosophical positions come
under the ontological worldview which majorly includes objectivism, constructivism, and
pragmatism. It helps to provide that the reality is actually and the effect it is created on the
environment or the people is appropriate. Cardiovascular diseases are not a social event but it
configures and creates various hindrances in social groups and communities (Researchers,
2019). It also impacts the social life of different people. The main purpose of constructivism is to
propose that the people use to create a social phenomenon that is just the opposite of objectivism.
In this, cardiovascular diseases have enormous issues and it is completely based on the realities
and it's also affected people's individual goals and their social life (Leopold and et. al., 2018).

Epistemology: Epistemology is usually concerned with a scientific study indicates that the
information that can prove without a doubt. With this, it tries to find the common acceptable
knowledge which is addressing the facts based on it. Moreover, epistemology provides a view
that is based on acceptable knowledge and address which creates a fact accordingly. It is also
used to define the acceptable knowledge about the field of research and provide information on
results with the testing, hypothesis, and so on (Analysis of Saunders Research Onion, 2019)
(Cardiovascular Disease, 2021). Moreover, epistemology is usually providing the data while
taking the contrast of cardiovascular diseases, it provides a piece of information that is based on
the numeric that states the disease affects the number of people and affects their personal and
social life. Moreover, the hypertension, angina pectoris and so on are disease that is show
scientific mechanism include high blood pressure on systolic and diastolic measurement and
reduced level of oxygen in angina pectoris. The mortality rate also indicates that the personal
behaviour of the individual and their social event is rendered due to the impact of the disease.
With cardiovascular disease, the life of a person is completely restricted due to the factors and
risks which is associated with the disease (Patel and et. al., 2018).
The main philosophies which are included with the etymology are positivism, realism,
and interpretivism. In this, positivism is usually associated with the questions which are related
to cardiovascular disease and can be tested which helps to find the explanation by using the
accepted knowledge of the people who have faced the risk of cardiovascular disease. It also
allows the researcher to research because it helps the researcher to know the reality while
carrying out the research. It is usually similar to positivism but the main difference is that realism
does not support the scientific method while positivism approaches the scientific data and their
method for more clarifications (Coronary Artery Disease, 2020). Cardiovascular disease with the
aspect of positivism follows the scientific method to specify the disease-related with the
cardiovascular. Moreover, the realism does not support the scientific method which may be
associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factor and causes. Interpretivism assists the
researcher to interpret the people to see their actions and others' owns. They provide a better
understanding of people’s culture and their participation in social life. In the contrast with
cardiovascular disease, there are various risk factors and causes which may be prevented with the
determining of strategies based on the culture that can contribute a factor that is related to the
healthy outcome (Stefanidis and et. al., 2018).

Axiology: Axiology is usually helpful to define that how valuable and opinion impact the
collection and analysis of research. In the contrast with cardiovascular disease, when an
individual is facing the risk of cardiovascular disease, they used to provide a valuable opinion
which may act as a primary source to gain knowledge regarding the disease (The Cardiovascular
Health Study: design and rationale, 2021). The article which provides and view of people
towards the cardiovascular disease is measurable and accountable (Turk-Adawi and et. al.,
2018).
Research approach
The research approach is defined as the deductive or inductive and its evaluation is based on the
various factor which may depend on the particular choices, research aim, limitation and personal
opinions.
Deduction: In this, the deductive method is defined as the approach which is based on research
indicate that it flows the aspect from generic to specific. While conducting the research there are
various investigation is taken in the context with cardiovascular disease. In order to understand
the diagnosis and treatment of the disease the research become specific (Oseni and et. al., 2018).
With this, the researcher using the deductive approach with theory and move to the research
question. As per this, the major of discussion is based on the research question which indicate the
concept, challenges and the way which focus on the specific answer and this approach is
completely based on the deductive. The data is collected or elucidated from the aspect of
developing a core investigation on the topic to create significance and the data show specific
impact on the research question. The research follows the context of deductive which is related
of cardiovascular disease which is accountable with intervention and strategies which is
beneficial for the individual treatment.
Methodological choice
Quantitative choice: The quantitative research is defined as the aspect which is primarily based
on numbers and digits. It is usually involving with the surveying of the large people of group in
which they are usually at least hundred and often thousands of people. In this, a structured
questionnaire which is contain the closed ended or forced ended question are available. While
conducting research the set of question are discussed and axiology is taken.
Qualitative data: The qualitative data are usually involving the collection of data which is
related with non-numerical data. They include, text, video or the audio which help to create the

understanding which is based on concept, opinions or the experiences. Moreover, the qualitative
research is mostly used on the humanities and social science. While the conducting the research
on topic name challenge during the cardiovascular disease the concept and opinion is analysed
with the help of anthropology and by reviewing the article provide information. The
interpretation of qualitative data is much easier than the quantitative data (Varghese and et. al.,
2019).
Mixed method: The mixed method is defined the collection of data is based on the both aspect
include qualitative as well as quantitative method. This method is followed during the research in
order to collect the data. The investigation for the data is gone through both the aspect which
provide qualitative as well as quantitative data.
Questionnaire
In this, 100 participants were selected from the questionnaire on which they show their response
which major include on the basis of question.
1: Gender
Male ✓ Female ✓
2: Age range
18-24 years 25-36 years
37-45 years 46-60 years ✓
3: Race
Asian American
European Rest of Africa
4: Residence
Location Place
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
5: Do you have diagnosed
cardiovascular disease,
✓

arteriosclerosis, previous heart attack
or any stroke?
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
6: Do you have experience any sign
and symptoms of angina within last 6
month?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
7: Do you have any habit of smoking,
alcoholism and others?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
8: Do you have any genetic or heredity
issue related with the cardiovascular
disease?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
9: Do you have diabetes that raise
concern for more risk?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
10: Do you work within any chemical,
cleaner, pesticide. Petrochemical,
paints and exhaust?
✓

Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
11: Do you participate in the
mediation/prayer, yoga, community,
social activities or play with pets?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
12: Do you feel anxiety, fear, sudden
feeling of the panic or recurrent
feeling of the unease?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
13: Are you easily angered or get
frustrated, feel resentment or
hospitality towards other?
✓
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
agree
14: Do you experience snoring,
obstructive sleep apnoea and the
insomnia, difficulty falling asleep or
the interrupted sleep?
✓
Research strategies
Experiments: In this, the scientific and the rigid in structure which is based on the various
experimental design. While conducting of research, a set of article is reviewed which include
experimental studies regards with the cardiovascular disease.

Survey: While conducting the research, survey is act as useful tool to collect information from
the various source and regions.
Archival research: In this, there are various epidemiological data and pathophysiology comes
under the form of archival research. In this, the major of data is collected with a number pf term
which help to provide corrective information.
Case study: It help to provide unique example which is based on the real people who is facing
the issue of cardiovascular disease.
Action research: This is primarily associated with such circumstance which help to deal with the
specific problem in the specific situation (Zangirolami-Raimundo and et. al., 2018).
Time horizons
Cross sectional: In the conduction of research, there are various sub topic include determination
of challenge and their intervention take short period of time that comes under the cross sectional
time horizons. The time which is taken in order to extract the data or the information is short
because the article and journals are enough to elucidate the data which is provide evidence
regards with cardiovascular disease.
Longitudinal: In this, the research is conducted with the various measure which take longer
period of time. With context to research, there are some events include determination of
intervention and concept of cardiovascular disease take longer period of time to configure the
research.
Task No. Task name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
1 Aims and Objective 4 days Tue 25-05-21 Fri 28-05-21
2 Introduction 7 days Mon 31-05-21 Tue 08-06-21 1
3 Secondary data collection 5 days Wed 09-06-21 Tue 15-06-21 2
4 Research methodology 15 days Wed 16-06-21 Tue 06-07-21 2, 3
5 Data collection 10 days Wed 07-07-21 Mon 19-07-21 4
6 Data analysis 5 days Tue 20-07-21 Mon 26-07-21 5
7
Conclusion and
recommendation 3 days Tue 27-7-21 Thu 29-07-21 6
8 Submission of final report 2 days Fri 30-07-21 Mon 02-08-21 6

CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
In this, the data collection and the data selection process for the colleting and gathering of
information is very important in order to generate the quality of data which is based on various
perspective. The data is based on the cardiovascular disease which focus on the different method
and several techniques that focus on the collection of data. Moreover, there are various number
of determination which is focus on the core development of knowledge and skills. The data is
collected through the qualitative and the quantitative method or mixed method. In this, data is
collected with the aspect of mixed method because it is convenient and create understanding
towards the data collection technique.
As per this, the qualitative method is used to focus on the collecting of data which based on
description, explorative feature which is based on research topic and approval questions, they
also contain theory, concept and it all based on the various qualitative factor which follow
characteristic and morphological standpoint of research. For example, the cardiovascular disease
is very common illness nowadays among the older people due the irregular behaviour and
improper diet of food habit which may lead to create the issue with the health. The major health
factor which instigate the issue of cardiovascular disease is obesity, diabetes, hypertension and
many more. Apart from that, the risk factor is also initiated which may formulate more
consequence with the people or the population who is dealing with the cardiovascular disease. In
this, they also focus on the intervention which help to provide the way to reduce the issue which
is associated with the rising cases of the cardiovascular disease.

The interpretation of the graph indicates that the 100 participant were selected for the
research where the set of questionnaire are used as per the research strategies which indicate 50
percent male and 50 percent female. The set of question are used to provide the knowledge of
different disease and situation which is related with the cardiovascular disease. Moreover, they
used to face the issue which is responsive and create dilemma with the physiology of heart. The
participant shares their complication and their issue with the answer of agree and disagree which
is helpful to collected primary data.
The intervention is usually containing pharmacological, non-pharmacological and public
talk which is regulated by government in order to create awareness regards with the healthy
living among the people. It is appropriate when it is work as a strategy to reduce the
complication and consequence that promote the healthy living by minimising the risk of
cardiovascular disease. At last, this all data is collected through the various source but they focus
on the qualitative aspect which is followed characteristic and description that focus as
morphological standpoint that promote the view point and standpoint of various authors and
articles.
The primary and the secondary data is collected in order to develop the quality based
research. In this, they also promote proper environment in the conduction of research. The
primary research focus on the development of data that is real and based on the different
questionnaire and survey. In this, the data is also obtaining through the questionnaire which is
above mentioned in the chapter 3 of research methodology. They focus in the technique and
procedure which is used within the research to collect the more data that show their relevance in
the data collection technique. The secondary research is collectively collected from the various
source that majorly include articles, journals, newspaper and many more. It is helpful aspect
which show the feature in the development of secondary data collection which is follow the
aspect which is measurable and accountable with the duration of time. While taking the contrast
of comparison within the primary and secondary research, it is identified that the primary
research on the topic of cardiovascular disease more time as compared to make the prominent
research with the help of secondary and less time consuming as compared to primary research. In
this, the major or research is follow the aspect of secondary in order to collect the data with the
aspect of articles, journals and so on which provide the vision for the collection of data.
Moreover, there are wide range of technique which is implemented in the research for the

collection of data because they provide significance in terms of information which is collected
from the various range.
The data is collected is collected from the different source which may include PubMed,
Cochrane and many more. In addition to this, the data which is used to create the functional
aspect for the collection of data that make relevance in the topic. Moreover, the process of
conduction of research is smooth and it require important data to continue the collection
procedure. As per this, data may be divided into the various type that based on the method for the
collection which include observational, experimental, simulation-based research data and the last
one is derived data. Moreover, the type of research data is help to collect and may affect the way
that show aspect to manage the data. While taking the contrast of example, the data has been
hard and impossible which used to replace that follow the aspect of recording an event which is
based on the specific time and place that require extra backups and process that is useful to
reduce the risk of data loss. In this, they need to combine the data points which is associated with
the different sources. They will follow the best practice to prevent the data corruption.
The data collection and their type of data are being discussed:
Observational data: The data which is associated with the observational are used to capture
through the aspect of behaviour which follow the activity. It is usually collected by various
method which include human observation, open ended survey or the use of sensor or equipment
which follow the aspect of monitor and record the observation and the source of information
which is proper and appropriate. The observational data are usually capture in the aspect of real
time. It usually difficult to recreate when they are lost. In context of the research aim
cardiovascular disease the observation is being analyse with the different participant and their
viewpoint is recorded and save for the longer period which is primary source of the data
collection and other one which is based on the questionnaire. In term of various data type, the
observation data collection takes longer period to collect and their safety is important because it
is difficult for the researcher to recreate if the data is lost.
Experimental data: The experimental data is usually collect through the active intervention
which is associated with the researcher that help to produce and measure the data. It is help to
create difference when there variable are different. The experimental data with the context of
cardiovascular disease typically allow the researcher to determine the causal relationship and
they are typically projectable towards the larger population. Moreover, there are different type of

data which is used in such a way which is useful to reproduce but they are expensive in term of
research. The researcher take time to manage the fund and then focus on the core development of
associated plan and their implementation which is lengthy process for the conformation of
research.
While taking the contrast of research on cardiovascular disease, the experimental data is
also collect from the secondary method of research which focus on the adoption of
knowledgeable and skill factor which initiate the core development towards the research
objective. The understanding towards the collection of data require proper support and clear
voice to quantify the process. The experimental data is difficult to interpret and they require time
to forwards in term of proper analysis of data.
Simulation data: The simulation data is usually formulated by the imitation towards the
operation of the real world process or any system that process the system over the time using the
test model which is based on the computer. The test model is used to derive various process and
quantification for the data collection because it makes is reliable and validated. In order to
understand the simulation data there are some example which include prediction of weather
condition, economic model and various aspect of chemical reactions. Moreover, this method is
completely used in the determination of various aspect which include and follow the aspect
which is based on certain condition. As per this, the test model is often used and they are even
more important than the data which is generated from the aspect of simulation. The simulated
data are useful and play important role in development of evidence based data in the research
process.
Derived data or compiled data: This kind of data is usually involving by using the aspect of data
point which is often from the different source which help to create the new data through the
aspect of sort of transition. In this, they include arithmetic and algorithm to devise the data in
order to make it productive. The derived data place in the field of medical require constant
progression in the research and proper quantification which place and maintain the trends that
support provide the concise aspect to data collection for the future reference.
As per the analysis of the research, the cardiovascular disease is rising in every country
and it may create issue among the population. cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of the
death which is based on worldwide level and the major public health concern, the cardiovascular
disease is used to predict the certain response on the most effective measure which help to

control the disease. With the high risk of cardiovascular the data is collect by the various hospital
by using the technique of electronic health record system. Logistic regression is based on the
analysis which show that they are nearly 30 indicators which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease which mainly include male, old age, family income, smoking, drinking,
obesity and many more. It is also related with the abnormal low density lipoprotein, abnormal
cholesterol and low fasting blood glucose and else. In 2016, there are 290 million of people is
died due to the cardiovascular disease in the china which is high rate for the developed country
and 2.098 million deaths is obtained from stroke and 1.7 million of death is associated with the
coronary heart disease which bring the heavy social and economic burden. Moreover, the
cardiovascular disease that can be prevented and controlled with the early intervention which is
required to control the progression of the disease within the individual.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
On the basis of current research project, a conclusion can be made that the Cardiovascular
disease are tend to comprises of the general term for the vital condition in which the heart and
the blood vessels of an individuals is affected and some of the build based fatty deposit inside the
arteries which leads to enhanced chances and the risk of blood clots. Further, it has been also
summarized and find out the cardiovascular disease are tending to be a main cause of death and
it can be largely prevented by using various kind of medication and therapies. along with leading
the healthy lifestyle and improved daily activities. Along with this, it has been also find out and
analysed that there are four main types of cardiovascular disease which are bifurcated as
coronary heart disease, strokes and TIAs, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic disease. Beside
this, it has been also observed that the people who are old age are having a higher risk of get
affected by the cardiovascular disease which can be further diagnosed and treated with wide
aspect of medication but still their various causes and risk factor which is based on
cardiovascular disease which can create complication with old age people. Further, based on the
find of current study, it has been also concluded that the heart tends to act as a natural pacemaker
which tend to controls the heart rhythms and some of the pathways of this system may develop
tissues such as fibrous and deposits fat on the walls. But the cardiovascular disease leads to a
higher deposition of fat as well as developed fibrous tissues may result in loss of some major
cells which later on slows the heart rate which tend to increase the risk of blood clots and also
tend to damage the arteries and effect other body parts also like the kidneys, eyes, and brain.
Further, based on the current study, it has been also find put the with the increase in the age
and due to mobility and reduction in the function of muscle they tend to become weaken and
cause the modifications in blood vessels and heart which may enhances the risk of having
cardiovascular disease in a person. Along with this, it has been also summarised and find out that
the one of the most common risk factor which are tend to associated with the cardiovascular
disease and higher chances of the stroke includes the unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful
usage of alcohol, tobacco use and many more. Along with this, an analysis and summarisation
about the fact can also be made that the findings and analysis of current study are vital and
effective in meeting the set objective. All the research questions and aim that has been set out for

the current investigation are duly and properly meet as it leads to vital understanding about the
concept of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK along with analysing and
reviewing its causes and risk factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
Beside this, a summarisation and analysis about the ways/intervention which help and leads to
reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK is also provided to effectively
met the set research objectives. It has been also summarised based on current study that
cardiovascular disease is defined a disorder and illness which is associated with heart and blood
vessels disease which is related with blood vessel supplying in the muscle of heart. Further, the it
has been also concluded that the cerebrovascular disease which majorly include the disease
which is associated with blood vessel supplying the brain and lead to rheumatic heart disease that
tend to damage of heart muscle and the heart valves from the rheumatic fever, caused by the
streptococcal bacteria.
Finally, on the basis of current study, it has been also concluded that the age is one of the
most significant and independent risk factor that is associated with and lead to main cause of
disease which is based on the increased likelihood of the development related with the number of
additional cardiac risk factor that majorly include obesity and the diabetes. Further, a
summarisation and analysis about the AHA repost has been also made which reflect that 77.8
percent of total women along with the 70 percent of the male who are between the age group of
65-74 years are tend to diagnose with the high blood pressure or the hypertension that leads to
higher prevalence of the cardiovascular disease. Further, on the basis of findings of current
study, it has been also analysed and reviewed that the some of the major risk that lead to causes
the cardiovascular disease among old age people comprises of the High blood pressure, High
blood cholesterol, Diabetes, Obesity and overweight, Smoking, Physical inactivity, Heredity
along with other unhealthy life style and daily routine habits.
Recommendation
With respect to the findings of current study, it has been reviewed that the causes and risk
factor of cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK is high increasing and along with
this due to the heart and circulatory disease more than 160000 deaths each year are caused. Thus,
it become vital and essential to look out for some ways/intervention to reduce the cardiovascular
disease among old age people in UK. Further, to ensure the Prevention of cardiovascular disease
within the old people of UK it is highly suggested and recommended to ensure practising regular

exercise along with keeping and maintaining a balanced healthy diet. Beside this, to ensure and
have and effective intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK
it is highly suggested and recommended for avoiding tobacco smoking and by the maintenance
of an optimal blood pressure and normal LDL-cholesterol and glucose levels. Along with this,
having an effective Lifestyle and behaviour along with mitigating all socio-economic issues such
as smoking of tobacco and other unhealthy lifestyle. It has been reviewed that the Tobacco
smoking is tend to be remain as the single most important preventable that is the main cause of
premature mortality and of DALYs, and quitting smoking is the most cost-effective strategy to
prevent CVD. Thus, having effective advice along with encouragement and motivation are
recommended for people by the way of effective communication and promotion to reduce the
risk of intervention of the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK. Along with this,
making use of the drug therapies should can also be suggested as vital intervention to reduce the
cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK including nicotine replacement therapy
(NRT), bupropion or varenicline.
Along with this, having an effective dietary plan is also recommended and suggested as
intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK which comprises
of consuming more fruit, nuts, seeds, vegetables along with 2 to 3 servings of each per day.
Beside this, limiting the consumption of saturated fatty acids to <10% of total energy through
replacement by poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is also suggested and recommended as vital
intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK. Further,
promoting more physical activity is also highly recommended and suggested as an effective
intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK. The healthy
adults in all age groups are tend to be recommended to choose any form of the enjoyable
physical activities which tend to make them fit in with their daily routine on most days of the
week. Further, the adults are also tending to recommended to effectively engage in at least 150
minutes a week of moderate aerobic physical activity (30 minutes for 5 days/week) or 75
minutes a week of vigorous aerobic physical activity (15 minutes for 5 days/week) or a
combination thereof to ensure better movement of there muscles which tend to ensure better
intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.
Finally, implication and making use of the effective management of the CVD factors
such as Dyslipidaemias, Arterial hypertension and Dysglycaemia are also suggested and

recommended for the better intervention to reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age
people in UK. Further, the use of these risk factor is vital for intervention of cardiovascular
disease as the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that reducing the low-
density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level with diet and/or lipid-lowering drugs tend to
reduce the risk of CVD events. Along with this, the adoption and implication of the Arterial
hypertension leads to positive effects through leading BP-lowering therapies which tend to
reduce stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and death which supports better intervention to
reduce the cardiovascular disease among old age people in UK.

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