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BIOL121 Cell Biology Assignment (doc)

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Cell Biology (BIOL121)

   

Added on  2020-05-11

BIOL121 Cell Biology Assignment (doc)

   

Cell Biology (BIOL121)

   Added on 2020-05-11

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Students Name; Course code: Date:Question 1Question 2The pressure driven movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule is best-described as tufts.The movement of glucose into cells via glucose transporter proteins is an example of facilitated diffusion.Cells lining the small intestine continue to absorb glucose, even when glucose concentrations are much higher in the cells compared to the intestinal contents. This is because the glucose is entering the cell via the process of facilitated diffusion or active transportWhen a micelle contacts the intestinal epithelium, the fatty acids move into the cells via lymph.In the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop, Na+ and Cl-are removed from the tubular fluid via co-transporterADH facilitates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical
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plasma membranes of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting system. These channel proteins allow water to move out of the tubular fluid via vasa rectaQuestion 3The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma , until it reaches a T-tubule. The action potential continues down the T-tubule where it triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This exposes binding sites myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on myofilament to form cross-bridges.Question 4scenarioType of immunityBacterial septicaemia (bacterial contamination in systemic circulationSpecific (cell-mediated immunity)The pH of hydrochloric acid in the stomach act to destroy ingested bacteriaNon-specific (first line defence)A liver cell mutates and becomes cancerous Specific (antibody-mediated)A virus multiplies inside the epithelial cells inyour throatSpecific (cell mediated immunity)Question 5ADH HormoneAldosteroneWhat is synthesised in this hormone?Neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus Zona glomerulosa in the adrenal glandGland that secretes this hormonePosterior pituitary glandAdrenal glandFacultative or obligatory re-absorption?Facultative re-absorptionObligatory Mechanism of actionControls the concentration of urine. Pituitary gland below the skin produces ADH which is released into the blood The hormones act in renal collection ducts to strike re-absorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium and
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stream and travels into the blood to the kidneyshydrogen ions Question 6ParameterNormal valuesSample 1Sample 2ColourYellowDark yellowReddish tingeGlucoseNegative PositiveNegativeBilirubinNegative NegativePositiveKetonesNegative++--Specific gravity 1010-1030 1.0391.010BloodNegative--++PH5-65.56.0ProteinNegative or traces (<30mg/dl)++++NitriteNegative++++LeucocytesNegative++++a)What personal protective equipment should be worn when handling someone else’s urine? Explain. (1 mark)Gloves-when handling body fluids like urine or equipments containing body fluids or touching someone else’s mucous membrane or broken skin as well as doing invasive procedures it is advisable to wear protective gloves to prevent contraction of the fluids that may lead to infections or diseases.b)Compare the normal and sample values. List any abnormalities you observe in the section below. Are they higher or lower than normal?The colour change in sample 2 changes from yellow to reddish tingec)Give a situation in which you might expect to see these changes in an otherwise healthyindividual. A situation where a person uses drugsd)What might have been happening in the nephron to cause these abnormal results? Explain your observed abnormalities by linking them with the part of the nephron
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