Cell Biology and Biochemistry Workbook - Desklib

The Cell Biology and Biochemistry Workbook from Desklib covers topics such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, organelles and their functions, and more. It includes diagrams, charts, and tissue identification. The workbook is designed for students pursuing an Access to Higher Education Diploma in Nursing & Midwifery.

Cell Biology and
Biochemistry
Workbook
Student Name:
Tutor:
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How to complete this workbook:
Work through each answer in the workbook as you go. If you run out
of space, simply use one of the additional sheets to record your
answer. Remember to add your name and the question number.
Remember to show your working out for each question!
You MUST answer ALL of the questions.
1

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Q1 Describe the differences between a Prokaryotic cell and a
Eukaryotic cell.
On the basis of cellular structure all living organism are
categorized into two categories that is prokaryotic and
eukaryotic. There are following differences in eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 Do not posses nucleus and
any membrane bond
organelles.
 Posses nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles.
 Cell diameter normally 0.2-
2 micrometer.
 Cell diameter normally 10-
100 micrometer.
 Having no true nucleus.  Having true nucleus with
nuclear membrane and
nucleoli.
 Having single circular DNA
in nucleus.
 Having multiple linear
chromosome in nucleus.
 There are no any
membrane bound
organelles.
 Membrane bound
organelles are present.
 Flagella are present and
made up of two proteins.
 Only some cell without cell
wall have flagella .
 Mostly made up of
Peptidoglycans.
 Made up of cellulose, chitin
and pectin.
 carbohydrate and steroids
absent in plasma
membrane.
 Carbohydrate and steroids
play a role as receptors on
the plasma membrane.
 Small in size.  Large in size.
 Cell division by binary
fission.
 Cell division through
mitosis.
1.1
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Q2 Label the following diagram;

1.1
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Q3 How large is the following cell? 2000 nm
1.2
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Q4 How large is the following organelle? 0.2 micron to
0.5 micron
1.2
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Q5 Complete the following chart;
1.3
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Q6 Identify the following tissue. What are the key specialist
features of the cells in this tissue and how do they work
together?
This diagram is belongs to the epidermis layer of skin. In which five layers
of cells are present. (1) Stratum basal cell is made up of basal cells, which
is a cuboid shaped stem cells which is the precursor of keratinocytes of the
epidermis. It constantly going to mitosis and help to produce new cells.(2)
Stratum spinosum is spiny appearance because of the protruding cell
process which help to join the cells through a structure known as
Desmosomes. It provides the strength between the cells. Keratinocytes in
the stratum spinosum start the synthesis of keratin protein and release the
glycolipid which has water repelling property and prevent water loss from
the body. (3) Stratum granulosum cells has granule like appearance. It also
help to prevent the water loss prom the body by making an waterproof
barrier. (4)stratum Lucidum: It is the translucent layer of skin made of
dead keratinocytes it also provide a barrier to waterand it is very rich
protein layer. (5) stratum corneum:it is superficial layer of skin and
exposed to outside the environment. It is dead and dry cells layers which
help to prevent the entry of microbes and prevent the dehydration
process. Also provides the mechanical protection against the erosion.
These all layers of skin cells together perform the function like protection,
prevent dehydration, provide strength to the skin which help to protect
against outer abrashion .
1.3
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4

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Q7 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
The organelles which shows in the figure is nucleus. It help to control and
regulate the cells activities that is growth and metabolism. It carries gene,
which contain the heredity information. Nucleus contains nucleoplasm
which contains the cell's genetic material and genetic material of the cells
organized as DNA molecules. DNA molecules have variety of protein which
help to form chromosome. Genetic materials of the cells relate all the
functions which is done by the cells.
2.1
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Q8 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s

structure help it function?
The above mentioned organelle is known as Golgi apparatus. Functions of
Golgi apparatus are:
Modification of protein and lipids.
Removal of process materials from the cells.
Formation and secretion of mucus.
Packaging and transportation of product into the vesicles.
It is central intracellular membrane-bound organelle which key function in
trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and
secretory proteins and lipids. To provide best function, Golgi membranes
have a unique stalked structure.
2.1
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Q9 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
ANS: This is Ribosomal picture. This responsible for synthesis of protein for
the cell via mRNA through the process of translation. Grooves of the
robosomes allow for mRNA to be held in place while tRNA helps to reads
the “code” which indicate that which amino acid is next in the sequence.
2.1
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Q10 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
Ans: This is mitochondrial structure. It is known as powerhouse of the cell
because it help to produce ATP. The folding of the internal membrane
enhances the surface area inside the organelle. Therefore, most of the
chemical reaction occur inside the membrane, the large surface area
makes more space for the reactions to occur.
2.1

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Q11 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
This organelles is named as lysosome. The main function of lysosomes are:
digestion of macro molecules.
Cell membrane repair work.
Digestion of foreign particles.
Lysosomes are a round shaped sacs which is filled with hydrolytic enzyme
which have capabilities to break down the macromolecules.
2.1
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Q12 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s

structure help it function?
This is the structure of chloroplast. It help to convert light energy into
stable chemical energy through the photosynthetic process. It also
provides diverse metabolic activities for plant and also participate in the
synthesis of fatty acid, and membrane lipids. Chloroplast have structure
known as chlorophyll which trap the solar energy and use in the synthesis
of food.
2.1
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Q13 What is this organelle? What is it’s function? How does it’s
structure help it function?
The above organelle is Endoplasmic reticulum.
Function:
store calcium.
protein synthesis.
Lipid metabolism.
ER have dynamic structure that play many roles in the cell. The different
function of the ER are perform through the clear domains like consisting of
tubules, nuclear envelope and sheets.
2.1
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Q14 Match the correct molecule to the structure;

Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Ans:
(1)- carbohydrates
(2)- protein
(3)- Fat
3.1
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Q15 Compare the differences in structure between
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins and explain how their
different structures help them function.
Ans: lipid and carbohydrate molecules have only carbon,hydrogen and
oxygen molecules in their structure where as proteins molecule three
extra elements like nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus in its structure. The
protein molecules assist as the transport channels of the molecules.
Carbohydrate work as receptors which analyze the signals outside from
the cells. Lipid provides protective barriers for molecule in structure.
3.1

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Q16 Explain the formation and breakdown of polymers.
Ans: Formation process occur by two process which is (1) addition-
addition of monomer by the catalyst. (2) condensations- addition of
monomers by the help of exposed hydrogen bond.
polymers are breakdown into monomers by the help of hydrolysis process
in which breakdown of bonds occur or lysis process of bonds occur by the
addition of a water molecules. During this reaction, a molecule made up of
many subunits is split in two: one of the new get hydrogen molecule and
other is gaining hydroxide molecules by water.3.1

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Student Name: Sheet Number:
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11

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Student Name: Sheet Number:
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