Changes and Development on Accounting Standards

This article discusses the changes made by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on accounting standards, including measurement, presentation and disclosure, definitions of assets and liabilities, and recognition criteria. It also covers the reintroduction of stewardship and prudence in financial reporting. The article includes solved assignments on financial accounting. Subject: Financial Accounting, Course Code: ACC101, College/University: Not mentioned.

Running head: ASSIGNEMENT 1
Financial Accounting
Name
Institution

ASSIGNMENT
2
Identification of changes and development on accounting standards.
The International Accounting standards Board (IASB) has made changes on the
accounting standards. The Board revised the following areas of the accounting standards and
these are as follows:
Measurement, presentation and disclosure.
Definitions of an asset and liability and recognition criteria.
The reintroduction of stewardship and prudence in financial reporting.
Measurement basis.
Starting with the changes made on measurement the IASB made it clear way on how to choose a
measurement basis and this is as follows:
There are two measurement basis these are current value and historical cost
measurement basis. According to the IASB improvement was made on when choosing a
measurement basis, the entity needs also to think about the nature of the information whether it
will be presented in the financial statements. Cost will also limit the selection of a measurement
basis. So the board acknowledges that contemplation of all these factors are possible to respond
in the choice of distinct measurement basis for different expenses, liabilities, income and assets
Martin, & Osma, 2018).
Presentation and Disclosure
The other changes were in the area of presentation and disclosure and these where the
change made by the Board concerning this area. The Board revised the conceptual framework
because of the introduction of concepts unfolding how information should be presented and
disclosed in financial statements. Also to be provided with the direction on classifying expenses
and income, in addition to this the information will determine whether to be integrated in the

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income financial statement. IASB Board has not yet found the way forward on how the financial
items should be treated when it comes to the matters of whether they should be in the other
comprehensive income or may be later returned to the income statement. So the Board will cover
this situation when creating individual standards (Hellman, Carenys, & Moya , 2018).
Asset
The board also change the meaning of asset so according to the IASB revised conceptual
framework 2018 the updated asset definition state that it is an entity controlled economic
resource which is present as a result of past event. And something that can produce economic
benefit can be referred to as an economic resource (Barth 2018).
Liability
The board also changed the meaning of liability according to the Board the revised
framework’s liability definition states that it’s an entity’s present obligation that transfers
economic resource regards to past events. An avoidable responsibility that cannot be avoided by
an entity can be referred to as an obligation (Barth, 2018). .
Also criterion used for including assets and liabilities in the financial statement is as
follows: recognition is only appropriate if it results in both significant information about the
factor being identified, and faithful representation of that element. The difference can be seem
from the 2010 Conceptual Framework, which stated that an entity ought to recognize an item if it
was possible that economic reimbursement would flow to the entity, with a cost/value that could
be determined consistently.
The IASB also reintroduced the concept of stewardship and prudence in financial reporting.
According to the IASB stewardship was neglected from the 2010 conceptual framework and this
issue made the users of the financial statements see like the assessment of the managers was not

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give a priority. Also the IASB as a result used the revision of the Framework in 2018 as an
opportunity to bring back the concept of stewardship and to clarify its significance. The Board
sets out the information required to review management’s stewardship, and split this from the
information that users need to assess the forecast of the entity’s future net cash flows. Both types
of information are required to give information that is useful for making decisions about
providing resources to the entity, and consequently achieves the purpose of financial reporting
(Gornik-Tomaszewski, & Choi, 2018).
Calculations
Qn. 1
Depreciation for 8 years =160,000
800,000-160,0000= 640,000
640,000/6years = 106,667
Adjusted depreciation as 30th June2018 is 106,667
Journal entry
Depreciation A/c Dr. 106,667
To accumulated depreciation A/c Cr. 106,667
ii) Repairs for 2017 should be charged in the same year and not in 2018 so the journal will be
adjusted as follows:
Repairs A/c Dr. 20,000
To accumulated repairs A/c Cr. 20,000
iii) Adjustment also must be done on the company’s shares where the different will be indicated
in the P&L.
Past shares 600,000 – 250,000 the current share = 350,000

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Journal entries
Revenue/profit & Loss A/c Dr. 350,000
To investment A/c Cr. 350,000
Qn. 2
Accounting for share capital
Work note 1
Table for shares
Applied, Allocated, Cash received related to application & Excess cash received.
Applied Allocated
6,000,000 5,000,000
No. Of shares No. Of shares allocated (B) Total cash
received (C)
Cash received
that related to
application
Excess cash
received
from
application
(A) (B) (A*2.5) = C (B*2.5) = D Related to
allotment (C-
D)
6,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000*2.5 =
15,000,000
5,000,000*2.
5 =
12,500,000
15,000,000-
12,500,000 =
2,500,000
Journal entries in the books of Rippa Ltd.
DATE Account title and explaination Debit Credit

ASSIGNMENT
6
10-Aug Cash A/c
$
15,000,000.00
To share Application A/c
$
15,000,000.00
(being recording of application money
received)
10-Aug Share application (6,000,000*2.5)
$
15,000,000.00
To share capital (5,000,000*2.5) A/c
$
12,500,000.00
To share Allocation
(15,000,000*12,500,000)A/c
$
2,500,000.00
12-Aug Underwriting commission A/c
$
12,000.00
To cash A/c
$
12,000.00
(being recording underwriting commission
paid)
10-Sep share allotment (5,000,000*1) A/c
$
5,000,000.00
To share capital A/c $

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5,000,000.00
(being recording of share allotment money become due)
10-Sep Cash (5,000,000-2,500,000) A/c
$
2,500,000.00
share Application (15,000,000-12,500,000) A/c
$
2,500,000.00
To share Allotment A/c
$
5,000,000.00
(being recording receipt of allotment money)
1-Feb-18 share 1st call (5,000,000*0.50) A/c
$
25,000,000.00
To share capital A/c
$
25,000,000.00
(being recording 1st call money become due)
28-Feb Cash (25,000,000-20,000) A/c
$
24,980,000.00
Calls in arrears (40,000*0.5) A/c
$
20,000.00
To share 1st call (50,000,000*0.50) A/c
$
25,000,000.00
(being recording receipt of money from 990,000 shares)

ASSIGNMENT
8
20-Mar Share capital (40,000*4) A/c
$
160,000.00
To share Forfeiture(40,000*3.5)
$
140,000.00
To calls in Arrears
$
20,000.00
(being recording of forfeiture of shares)
25-Mar Cash (40,000*3.2) A/c
$
128,000.00
Share Forfeiture (40,000* (4-3.2)
$
32,000.00
To share capital (40,000*4)
$
160,000.00
(being recording reissue of shares)
25-Mar Share reissue Cost A/c
$
4,000.00
To cash A/c
$
4,000.00
(being recording of reissue cost)
25-Mar Share Forfeiture (140,000-32,000) A/c
$
108,000.00

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To share reissue cost A/c
$
4,000.00
To shareholders A/c
$
104,000.00
(being record of amount that is to be refunded to shareholders)
Shareholders A/c
To cash A/c
$
104,000.00
(being record of amount refunded)
II. Explaining why the amount returned to the former shareholders was not $3.50 per share.
The amount discounted was not equivalent to 3.50 as requested by one investor since
when he neglected to pay the sum his offers are forfeited and the organization has likewise to
bring about additional cost 4,000 for reissuing it.
At the point when the organization has reissued these offers it will get just 3.20 and not 4.
Subsequently the organization needs to endure lost 0.80 = (4-3.20) and furthermore needs
to acquire re-issue cost of 0.10 = (4,000/40,000).
Subsequently, total misfortune end up 0.90 = (0.80+0.10) and this misfortune must be
conceived by the investors.
In this manner, investor will not get $3.50 per share rather they will get just $2.60 per
share.
Qn. 3
I (a) Calculation of current Tax liability.

ASSIGNMENT
10
Particulars Amount
Revenue 2,150,000
Government grant 0
Total revenue (A) 2,150,000
Expenses
Cost of sales 925,000
Advertising 59,000
Annual expenditure on leave 4,000 25,000 - 21,000
equipment depreciation 100,000 700,000/7years
Motor vehicle depreciation 20,000 120,000/6years
Doubtful debts 34,000
Entertainment expense 0
Insurance expense 25,000
expenses on rent 78,000
Salaries expenses 335,000
Warranty 2,000
any other expenses 47,200
Total expenditure(B) 1,629,200
Profit before Tax (A-B) 520,800
Tax (30%) 156,240
II (b) Calculation of deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability.

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Carrying v (A) Tax Base (B) (A-B=C) (C*30%)
Assets
Cash 40,000 40,000
Inventory 162,900 162,900
Account receivable 218,000 216,000 250,000-34,000 2,000 -600
Prepaid insurance 7,000 7,000 0 0
Equipment cost (net) 630,000 600,000 700,000-700,000/7 30,000 -9,000
Motor Vehicle (net) 90,000 100,000 120,000-120,000/6 -10,000 3,000
Liablities
Accounts payable 54,600 54,600 0 0
Loan 200,000 200,000 0 0
Provision for annual leave 21,000 4,000 25,000-21,000 12,000 5,100
Provision for warranties 16,500 2,000 18,500-16,500 14,500 4,350
Balance as on 30th June 2018
Current Tax liability (A) …………………………..156,240
Deferred Tax Asset (B) …………………………....12,450
Deferred Tax Liability (B)………………………… (9,600)
Journal entries
Tax Expenses Dr. 156,240
Current tax liability Cr. 156,240
(To record current tax liability)
Deferred tax expenses Dr. 600
Deferred tax liability Cr 600
(To record deferred tax liability on temporary difference between carrying value and tax
base of accounts receivable)
Deferred tax expenses Dr. 9,000
Deferred tax liability Cr. 9,000

ASSIGNMENT
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(To record deferred tax liability on temporary difference between carrying value and tax base of
equipment)
Deferred tax asset Dr. 3,000
Deferred tax income Cr. 3,000
(To record deferred tax liability on temporary difference between carrying value and tax base of
motor vehicle)
Deferred tax asset Dr. 5,100
Deferred tax income Cr. 5,100
(To record deferred tax liability on temporary difference between carrying value and tax
base of provision for leave.)
Deferred tax asset Dr. 4,350
Deferred tax income Cr. 4,350
(To record deferred tax liability on temporary difference between carrying value and tax
base of provision for warranties).
Qn. 4
Experiment 1:
For 30 June 2017
Carrying amount is 60,000
Calculating depreciation (Straight line method):
60,000-10,000 (Residual value) = 50,000
The equipment can be used for 4 more years, so 50,000/4 years = 12,500 per year
Journal entry:
Depreciation entry:

ASSIGNMENT
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Depreciation A/c Dr. 12,500
To Equipment 1 A/c Cr. 12,500
So the Depreciated value as on 30 June 2017 is 60,000 – 12,500 = 47,500
The decrease of an asset’s carrying value is recognized in the P&L. Also the revaluation
surplus of the same asset the decrease will be recognized in the other comprehensive income.
Note: When the first revaluation was done, from 70,000 to 60,000, the question does not
indicate that there was any difference between the depreciation value (Carrying value as on 30th
June 2015 depreciation for that year) and the revalued amount, or the difference was charged to
the profit & loss A/c. So, we will directly credit the current year difference to revaluation
surplus.
Fair value (Revalued) as on 30th June 2017 is 55,000. Difference = 55,000-47,500
(depreciated value) = 7500. This is for what we have to pass the entries:
Equipment 1 A/c Dr. 7,500
To revaluation Cr. 7,500
(To record the increment in the asset value as per the prudence concept)
For June 2018:
Calculation of depreciation:
Carrying value on 30th June 2017 = 55,000 – 10,000 (Residual value) = 45,000/3 years life =
15,000
Journal entries:
Depreciation A/c Dr. 15,000
To equipment 1 A/c Cr. 15,000
Depreciated value of the asset 55,000 – 15,000 = 45,000

ASSIGNMENT
14
Fair value (Revalued) as on 30th June 2018 is 44,000
The difference to be adjusted: 45,000 – 44,000 = 1,000 to be debited to the revaluation surplus as
we have earlier made an increasing revaluation and credited the revaluation surplus, so we will
reverse it to the amount of difference.
Revaluation surplus Dr. 1,000
To equipment 1 Cr. 1,000
(This way decreasing the value of the asset against the revaluation surplus).
Equipment 2
For 30th June 2017
Calculating Depreciation:
20,000 (carrying value) – 4,000 (Residual amount) =16,000/4 years estimated life = 4,000
Journal entry:
Depreciation A/c Dr. 4,000
To equipment 2 A/c Cr. 4,000
So the depreciated value as on 30th June 2017 is 20,000 – 4,000 = 16,000
Fair value (Revalued) on 30th June 2017 is 18,000
Difference: 18,000 – 16,000 = 2,000
(Increment) which is to be adjusted.
Note: Here the asset was revalued multiple times and decrements amounting to 1,000 being
previously recognized in profit & loss A/c. We shall reverse it up to 1,000 and rest shall be
credited to revaluation surplus.
Equipment 2 Dr. 2,000
To profit & loss A/c Cr. 1,000

ASSIGNMENT
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To revaluation surplus Cr. 1,000
(Being increment in the value of asset adjusted)
For 31 December 2017:
Calculating depreciation:
18,000 -6,000 (revised residual value) = 12,000/3 years life =4,000 x 6months/12 month as it has
been sold on 31th December 2017 =2,000.
Depreciation A/c Dr. 2,000
To equipment 2 A/c Cr. 2,000
So, the depreciated value on 30th June 2018 is 18,000 – 2,000 = 16,000
Different: 16,000 – 13,000 = 3,000
Asset sold for 13,000, its entry shall be
Cash/Bank A/c Dr. 13,000
Revaluation surplus Dr. 1,000
Profit & loss A/c Dr. 2,000
To Equipment 2 Cr. 16,000
Sales of the equipment recorded, and as there is loss the revaluation surplus shall be
reversed to the extent of credit balance and rest be charged to P&L A/c.
If there is gain on sale of revalued (increment) asset, the balance of revaluation surplus
shall be credited to profit & loss A/c and rest if any shall be directly credited to the same.
Qn. 5
When carrying value exceeds the recoverable amount that is when an asset is impaired
and this is according to the IFRS. The recoverable amount is greater of its fair value less any
selling expenses and its value in use.

ASSIGNMENT
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Fizzy drinks Ice creamery
Fair value 750,000 260,000
Value in use 810,000 240,000
Recoverable amount 810,000 260,000
Carrying value 872,000 268,000
Impairment loss 62,000 8,000
Impairment loss if any is allocated to first intangible asset with indefinite lives. Hence,
Impairment loss will be first allocated to goodwill.
Remaining impairment loss will be allocated in ratio of fair value of assets.
Furniture & fixture Equipments land & Buildings Patent Total
Fair value 20,000 110,000 620,000 20,000 770,000
Impairment loss 571 3,143 17,714 571 22,000
Journal entry
Impairment loss Dr. 70,000
To Goodwill ice creamery Cr. 8,000
To Goodwill Fizzy drinks Cr. 40,000
To Furniture & Fixture Fizzy drinks Cr. 571
To Equipment Fizzy drinks Cr.3,143
To Land and building fizzy drinks Cr. 17,714
To Patents fizzy drinks Cr. 572
(Being impairment loss recorded).

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Reference
Barth, M. E. (2018). The Future of Financial Reporting: Insights from Research. Abacus.
Gornik-Tomaszewski, S., & Choi, Y. C. (2018). The Conceptual Framework: Past, Present, and
Future. Review of Business.
Hellman, N., Carenys, J., & Moya Gutierrez, S. (2018). Introducing More IFRS Principles of
Disclosure–Will the Poor Disclosers Improve.
Martin, F. M., & Osma, B. G. (2018). Does IFRS 9 Consider Financial Statement Users’
Preferences with Respect to IFRS 13 Fair Value Hierarchy? A Suggestion to Refine the
Definition of OCI. Estudios de Economía Aplicada.
Stadler, C., & Nobes, C. W. (2018). Accounting for government grants: Standard-setting and
accounting choice. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.