Analysis of Entrepreneurship Research Papers

This assignment involves a critical analysis of several research papers on entrepreneurship, including topics such as corporate entrepreneurship, international entrepreneurship, education and training in entrepreneurship, business model innovation, and the psychology of entrepreneurship. The review aims to provide an overview of the key findings and contributions of these studies to our understanding of entrepreneurship and its relationships with economic conditions and business cycles.

Entrepreneurship in
Business

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
Characteristics and the role of Entrepreneurs..............................................................................1
Critically evaluate how Entrepreneurs have contributed to a country of your choice.................3
Critically evaluate how the country of your choice contributes to Entrepreneurship..................6
Use at least two real world relevant examples from well-known entrepreneurs.........................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business or businesses while building & scaling
it to generate profit. The act of entrepreneurship has perform by the entrepreneur and it generate
new idea so that business of company can expand and higher profits can be generated. In the
growth of company it plays a vital role and creates employment opportunities in country. To
better understand this concept Mark Zuckerberg and Sergey Bin has been chosen and they
belongs to USA. In this report there are following topics are covered such as: characteristic and
role of entrepreneurs, how entrepreneurs have contributed to a country and how a country
contributes to entrepreneurship. Apart from this it also discuss about to take real world examples
from well known entrepreneurs.
MAIN BODY
Characteristics and the role of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs are the persons who think creative and innovative to develop an business
idea so that they can start a new venture and beat the competition. Entrepreneurship is a process
of developing an idea and creating something new for the society. Not conforming to societal
standards of career choices is their characteristic. They establish business by converting the idea
into product which was not in existence earlier. This is a much wider concept than business.
Being capable enough on his own and deal with difficulties in life is one of the attribute required
to be an entrepreneur. Identifying answers of problems is the main purpose of this process.
Entrepreneur plays a huge role in society. The establish bridge between customers needs and
wants. They offer goods and services which can gives new meaning to their life. Being rigid with
the changing times is not a good quality. Flexibility gives room for learning and growth
(Piperopoulos and Dimov, 2015).
Characteristics and role of Mark Zuckerberg founder of Facebook
 Self Motivated- Entrepreneurship is not an easy job because life becomes tough when
reality kicks in. Self motivation refers to persons ability to never fall short in front of the
problems. He does not need anyone's support to do things that requires him to do. Mark
Zuckerberg created Facebook but the hardest time he faced was when he was leading it.
He believes that purpose is required to be self motivated. Following that sense of purpose
gave him hope to keep going and becoming successful.
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 Passionate- Desire to do something and satisfy that, is what successful people have in
common. Making money and having good career was not the purpose Mark Zuckerberg.
He wanted to connect more people, it was his passion to bring people closer together. It is
his understanding that whatever he is doing is making the world progressive. Now,
people can even possess information through social networking sites.
 Creating Employment- The major role entrepreneur played is of a job maker. Creating
employment opportunities for large section of people. Providing jobs in production,
marketing, research and management sector is a part of entrepreneurship. Facebook
created 4.5 millions around jobs. It has 8000 around employees working as marketers,
developers, and Influencers that are obligated to perform promotions on various
platforms. Generating traffic on it's website and it also considered targeting right
audience. They believes in reaching reaching large number of number.
 Leadership- Entrepreneurs are great leaders. It is one of their key roles to perform as
they are always in charge of every difficulties faced by the organisation. Identifying
opportunities, threats, solving conflicts are all part of their job. They also keep the
workforce motivated to perform well. Ensuring employees productivity is an important
task that needs to be managed effectively. Mark Zuckerberg believes successful
leadership lies in team management. It hires extremely passionate people who gives their
best in increasing the profitability of business (Parker, 2012).
Role and characteristic of Sergey Brin Co- founder of google
 Visionary- Vision is an imagination, future thinking that entrepreneurs have. It is place
where they wants their organisation to reach. It is the attainment of that very purpose
which was the foundation of business. Sergey Brin had the vision to change the world
and fix it. They want to filled the world with robots and artificial intelligence.
 Innovative- Entrepreneurs are known for thinking out of the box. Innovating unique
products or services. Customers get attracted to such new creation. Google rose to where
it is today is due to offering unique service called Internet to customers which has now
become part of everyone's life. It provides information on various subject with every
single detail. This has helps in solving problems that customers are facing even on day to
day matters. Sergey Brin developed internet and became founder at very early age. He
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believes that ideas should not just be presented to public but it is also important to make
them adopt it. Their invention has led to big change in world (Puri and Robinson, 2013).
 Decision maker- Entrepreneur plays the role of decider. Taking decisions on various
subject matters requires one to be confident about the circumstances leading to it.
Running business often put them in dilemmas. Opportunities and threats needs to be
assessed properly to take advantage of them and reducing the losses that is going to affect
the business. Sergey Brin think that the decisions his company is taking is right as long as
they are serving the purpose of google (Koellinger and Roy, 2012).
 Marketer- It is also one of the role of entrepreneur, they use extensive marketing
strategy to create positive image of the brand. This is important to influence customers
and making them aware about the satisfaction that their product or service is going to
provide. Sergey Brin did not adopted extensive marketing instead it focused on delivering
best content to customers and always improving the work the work they are doing.
Critically evaluate how Entrepreneurs have contributed to a country of your choice
Entrepreneur is an individual who has the capability to establish a business in order to
design as well as launch the products by anticipating the current and future needs of the society
by managing the risks associated with them. They play a crucial part in the contribution towards
the country. Some of the entrepreneurs with their contributions are as follows:
Mark Zuckerberg
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is a software developer, philanthropist and co-founder of Facebook and
was born on May14, 1984. He has made tremendous contributions towards the welfare and
development of country which are as follows:
 Social connections: Mark Zuckerberg has founded Facebook which allows its users to
stay connected with various number of people of different countries. When people of
different countries stay connected it creates a connection between different countries. He
offers unique ways to stay connected with various people at the same time through his
social networking app. Thus, leads to improved quality of life and economic freedom
with different countries (Huarng, 2013).
 Donations: Mark Zuckerberg has donated a lot of money for the development of small
institutions, health benefits for those who are in need. He has announced in one of his
interview to donate his 99 percent of Facebook shares for charity purpose. The
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contribution of such entrepreneur has benefited the larger sections of less privileged
people of the country.
 Employment generations: Unemployment is a crucial problem of many countries. Mark
Zuckerberg has implemented various plans and programs which leads to generation of
employment for many people in the country. He also employs various employees for
management of its operations to large number of people and plays an effective role in
reduction of unemployment problem in developing and under developed countries.
 Balanced Economic Growth: Mark Zuckerberg has made various investments in rural
along with sub- urban areas in under developed sectors by providing various benefits to
the public which leads to development of rural sector and thus, promotes balanced
economic development. Such entrepreneur likes to work in an environment which
induces the backward and forward linkages. He plays an important role in the
development of farm and service sector (Glavas and Mathews, 2014).
 Infrastructure development: Mark Zuckerberg has played an important role in
achievement of growths in infra structure development by making investments in the
plans and programs of the government practices. The selected entrepreneur mobilise the
resources and makes optimum utilisation of such resources for the development of infra
structure of any country. He has various ideas and puts them into effect to satisfy the
public with the new trends in the country towards the development of industrial sector of
any country.
Sergey Brin
Google was founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page in the year 4 September, 1998 having its
headquarter at Mountain View, California, United State. Both has made various contributions
towards the country and some of them are as follows:
 Created large scale employment opportunities: Sergey Brin and Larry Page has
provided immediate large scale employment to unemployed people in under-developed
and developing countries by establishing their business units. By setting more and more
units of such organization, various job opportunities are created for others.
 Increasing Gross National Product with Per Capita Income: Both the entrepreneurs
explore and derive benefits from various opportunities in order to encouraging the
utilisation of capital and skill available in order to promote services as well as
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development of international market for economic growth. Thus, results in satisfying the
current and future demands of people by increasing gross national product with per capita
income.
 Welfare programs: Sergey Brin contributes to various social welfare programs by
sponsoring various government programs towards society, making investments in small
and medium enterprises plans, supply quality of services towards the requirements of
community. Such entrepreneur also supports to various charitable institutions for
providing various benefits in the growth of country. Various programs are adopts by such
entrepreneurs in which charity is done on daily basis in order to provide advantages to the
people of any country (Cucculelli and Bettinelli, 2015).
 Improvement in standards of living: Entrepreneurs provide support to improve the
standards of living of the people by providing employment opportunities and adopting
latest techniques providing the wide variety of services in large scale to the country.
When the prices of the services decreases, the consumers can avail them at lower cost by
saving their money and getting more quality services. Thus, improves the standard of
living .
 Creates social changes: Sergey Brin offers new and unique products and services to the
society of different countries. This helps in breaking the old traditions in order to
experience new things with advance systems and technologies. By providing various
facilities, people are focused to perform their core jobs without taking any stress with
leads to long lasting impact on countries.
 Facilitates overall development: By providing various job opportunities as well as
unique innovations to improve standards of living, changing the society's needs, setting
up more and more business units, by creating an environment of passion, democratic and
increasing the gross national product. Thus, Sergey Brin contributes in overall
development of the country.
Thus, entrepreneurs are essential for the progress of any country and they have the
responsibility to work for the upliftment in the economic conditions by creating employment
opportunities, development in infrastructure of a country, plans welfare programs by doing
charitable activities as well as maintaining social connections by promoting balanced economic
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growth to improve the standards of living as well as improving Gross National Product with Per
Capita Income along with over all developments towards country.
Critically evaluate how the country of your choice contributes to Entrepreneurship
To operates the business it is necessary to choose a specific nation so that business can
effectively grow and get success. There are many things which provide support to the business of
an organisation and the economic condition of a country plays an important role in it. The
conditions of a nation support the business of entrepreneurs. The USA government provide
support to entrepreneurship in its own country. US is recognized globally for its culture which
support the business. It is a useful tool which contribute towards economic growth as well as job
creation. Country promotes various policies and programmes which support to the development
of talent, entrepreneurial culture & capital for small and medium enterprise.
The government promotes entrepreneurship with the help of different mechanism and
strategies. The country also emphasis to increase women's economic empowerment which shows
the commitment of government towards gender equality because women's are important driver of
economic growth & security (Burns and Dewhurst, 2016).
The government of US contributes entrepreneurship in following ways which are
describe as below:
 Country supports trailblazer initiatives to provide women with access to business
networks & global markets, to promotes women's inclusion in the economy involves
value chains, to give training in context to women entrepreneurs.
 The department of state's that is Global Entrepreneurship Program works to create direct
partnerships which contribute overall entrepreneurial eco- systems in different nations
around the globe. It ensures that people are getting equal opportunities in context to
employment. It focusses to provide help of innovators & entrepreneurs to be advocates
for free & open markets where they live and work.
 Department of State's (GIST) Global innovation through Science & Technology take
initiates to reach aspiring entrepreneurs in emerging market to develop knowledge,
abilities, build networks, financial assistance, and provide training. As a result global
pitch can be prepare which contribute to beat competition and support to entrepreneurs in
the country.
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 The laws and legislations of nation does not much complicated which contributes to
entrepreneurship as a result more entrepreneurs can attract towards the country and they
can start their venture and earn higher profits.
 USA is famous for its innovative technology and today's dynamic environment it is
helpful for the business because it maximize the efficiency as well as productivity. Due to
the innovative technology more number of persons attract towards the nations so it is
helpful in context to entrepreneurship because entrepreneurs shows their willingness to
start its business in the country (Bridge and O'Neill, 2012).
 Partnering to Accelerate Entrepreneurship is a a USAID- private sector partnership
which objective to catalyze private sector investment, involves US venture capitalists &
social investment funds into small and growing businesses around the globe. It encourage
the persons to establish new business which contributes to entrepreneurship.
 The tax system does not complicated and individuals have to less taxes as compare to
other nations like India. It motivates the persons to establish new business so that they
can generate maximum profits so it is helpful to contribute towards entrepreneurship. It is
beneficial for the US because more employment opportunities can be generated in the
country.
 Development Credit authority has developed in country to fill the funding gaps and
unlock local private capital for global entrepreneurs to advance & accelerate U.S.
Development efforts across the globe. To contribute towards entrepreneurship DCA
provide loan guarantee to the entrepreneurs so that they can establish its business
effectively and expand its business as a result higher profits can be generated.
So, for the entrepreneurs USA is better country which contribute towards
entrepreneurship. It is helpful for the nation to create more employment opportunities and it is
helpful to maximize per capital income of the persons who live in the nation. If a country support
the entrepreneurship than it leads economic development and growth.
 To start a business it require funds and without sufficient money a person can not start the
business. In US there are various institutions who provide finance at minimum rate and it
involves banks, financial institutions and venture capital etc. It contribute towards
entrepreneurship because more number of persons get motivated to start to new
enterprise.
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Use at least two real world relevant examples from well-known entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs are the persons who think creative and innovative to develop an business
idea so that they can start a new venture and beat the competition. So that higher profits can be
generated. The country US, produce various well known entrepreneurs who operates its business
at different countries across the globe and known for its reputation as well as brand image. There
are various things encourage the persons to become an entrepreneur such as: easy laws and
compliances, tax policy, innovative technology, effective working environment, availability of
funds etc. Mark Zuckerburg and Sergey Brin are well known entrepreneurs in the world (Arasti
and Imanipour, 2012).
Mark Zuckerburg:
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg was born in the year 1984 which is an American Technology
entrepreneur and the founder of Facebook, was born in New York on May14, 1984. Zuckerberg
made partnership with his friends while studying in Harvard college in order to pursue his
dreams about connecting people together & created social networking site and named it as
Facebook. The site grows leaps and bounds after that. There are currently billions of users using
this website. Data released on July 2018 shows company's net worth around $63.5 billion. Vision
of Zuckerberg was to build a medium through millions of people can come together and share
conversations. It was his believe that entrepreneur should provide meaningful product to it's
customers and thinks that entrepreneurship is not just about creating business and earning
livelihood. Being great entrepreneur one should have the purpose to change the world. Facebook
provides it's services on global level. Cost leadership strategy has helped in acquiring online
market business. Entrepreneurship requires vision and hard work, by successfully incorporating
these two elements talented people are hired for his organisation. Employees working in
Facebook are extremely visionary and creative. Developing the site and creation of app was part
of it's product development strategy. Making collaborations with various telecommunications
company helped in attainment of increased market share and it is renowned entrepreneur in the
world because of its hard work and commitment (Thébaud, 2015).
Sergey Brin:
Sergey Brin is a computer scientist, internet software developer as well as philanthropist
who successfully founded Google, together with Larry Page on September 4, 1998 having its
headquarters at Mountain View, California, United States. Google works on the function to
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create the favourable environment at the workplace to get productive results. The entrepreneur
was involved in various other projects also along with other organizations. His main aim behind
the Google was to promote the selected internet related services in under developed and
developing countries with the conglomerate of various organizations. They was very resistant
towards developing its company on his own terms & conditions, not like the prevailing terms of
business culture. The selected entrepreneur was engaged in various welfare programs to provide
betterments for the needy in various other countries and was successful in doing so.
The entrepreneur has created and provided immediate large scale employment
opportunities to unemployed people in under developed and developing countries by establishing
its business units. Selected entrepreneur is also involves in various social welfare programs by
doing charitable activities for providing benefits towards the growth of the countries. They
provides various facilities to its employees which keeps them enthusiastic and motivated to
perform various operations. Such business person plays an important role in improving the living
standards of people by providing wide variety of innovative services in large scale to the
countries. Various perks and benefits are provided to employees in order to keep them retained
for long time in the organization. Such entrepreneur offers unique services to the society of
different countries. It helps in breaking the old traditions in order to experience new things with
advance systems and technologies. By providing various facilities, people are focused to perform
their core jobs without taking any stress with leads to long lasting impact on countries. The
selected individual makes investments in various community projects to provide financial
support for the overall development of the countries (Sadler-Smith, 2016).
CONCLUSION
As from the above report, it has been concluded that it is beneficial for the country to
promote entrepreneurs so that more employment opportunities can be created which support in
economic growth. There are various characteristic and roles which are performed by
entrepreneurs which support to the grow the business of company. In the economic development
of country they contribute and nation also contributes to entrepreneurship by making laws and
compliances easy so that maximum persons can motivated to start its own business. There are
two well known entrepreneurs which are very famous in the world for their effective work and
qualities.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Arasti, Z., Falavarjani, M.K. and Imanipour, N., 2012. A Study of Teaching Methods in
Entrepreneurship Education for Graduate Students. Higher Education Studies. 2(1).
pp.2-10.
Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012. Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business.
Macmillan International Higher Education.
Burns, P. and Dewhurst, J. eds., 2016. Small business and entrepreneurship. Macmillan
International Higher Education.
Cucculelli, M. and Bettinelli, C., 2015. Business models, intangibles and firm performance:
evidence on corporate entrepreneurship from Italian manufacturing SMEs. Small
Business Economics.45(2), pp.329-350.
Fairlie, R. W., 2013. Entrepreneurship, economic conditions, and the great recession. Journal of
Economics & Management Strategy. 22(2). pp.207-231.
Glavas, C. and Mathews, S., 2014. How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence
Internet capabilities for the international business processes of the firm. International
Business Review. 23(1). pp.228-245.
Huarng, K.H., 2013. A two-tier business model and its realization for entrepreneurship. Journal
of business research. 66(10). pp.2102-2105.
Huybrechts, B. and Nicholls, A., 2012. Social entrepreneurship: definitions, drivers and
challenges. In Social entrepreneurship and social business (pp. 31-48). Gabler Verlag.
Katz, J.A., 2014. Education and training in entrepreneurship. In The psychology of
entrepreneurship (pp. 241-268). Psychology Press.
Koellinger, P. D. and Roy Thurik, A., 2012. Entrepreneurship and the business cycle. Review of
Economics and Statistics. 94(4), pp.1143-1156.
Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation. The Oxford Handbook of
Innovation Management, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.420-441.
Parker, S. C., 2012. Theories of entrepreneurship, innovation and the business cycle. Journal of
Economic Surveys. 26(3). pp.377-394.
Piperopoulos, P. and Dimov, D., 2015. Burst bubbles or build steam? Entrepreneurship
education, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small
Business Management. 53(4). pp.970-985.
Puri, M. and Robinson, D. T., 2013. The economic psychology of entrepreneurship and family
business. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 22(2). pp.423-444.
Qian, H. and Acs, Z.J., 2013. An absorptive capacity theory of knowledge spillover
entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. 40(2). pp.185-197.
Sadler-Smith, E., 2016. The role of intuition in entrepreneurship and business venturing
decisions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 25(2). pp.212-
225.
Thébaud, S., 2015. Business as plan B: Institutional foundations of gender inequality in
entrepreneurship across 24 industrialized countries. Administrative Science Quarterly.
60(4). pp.671-711.
Online
Entrepreneurship. 2018. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.oberlo.in/blog/what-is-entrepreneurship>
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