Analysis of Organizational Structure and Management

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of organisational structure and management, including the examination of different management styles such as flat organisation structures and total quality management. It also involves reviewing various research papers and studies related to operations management, risk management, and supply chain management. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of organisational structure and management principles.

Management And
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Definition and compare different role and characteristics of leader and manager................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Apply role of leader and function of manager in different situational contexts....................4
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach..................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Key approaches to operations management...........................................................................7
P5 Importance of operations management to achieve objectives...............................................9
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P6 Asses factors within business environment...........................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management operation include activities which are conducted by top personnel to
accomplish business goals and objectives. It is essential that suitable equipment’s and tools are
implemented in system, so that resources are used efficiently. Along this, organisation require to
deliver products and services in market to satisfy demands and requirements of customers
(Balasubramaniam and et. al., 2016). Present report is based on Marks and Spencer which is
retail firm and has headquarter in United Kingdom. Company offers variety of food products,
home appliances, apparels and many other items to people. This assignment specifies
comparison of different roles and characteristics of manager and leader and its application in
different situations of firm. Superior uses different theories, models and approaches of operations
management to attain objectives. Along this, business environment factors are asses by
administration to asses their impact on operations; thereby make appropriate decisions which are
beneficial for enterprise.
TASK 1
P1 Definition and compare different role and characteristics of leader and manager
Marks and Spencer is multinational organisation which has branches worldwide to have
large market reach and customer base. This organisation was founded by Michael Marks and
Thomas Spencer in 1884 to provide home items, home appliances and clothing to satisfy
demands and needs of people.
Organisation structure: Flat, matrix, functional, divisional are various forms of structure
which are followed by firms to manage manpower and provide them roles and responsibilities.
M&S is retail store in which management uses flat organisation structure (Christopher, 2016).
This tactic helps company to have limited levels between administration to front line
subordinates to execute activities and decision-making process timely. Along this, top personnel
is even able to maintain relations with employees and provide them duties to deliver quality
products to customers.
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(Source: Flat Organisation Structure, 2018 )
According to Aliahmadi, Sadjadi and Jafari-Eskandari (2011), manager formulate
strategies and provide tasks to members to make them perform tasks effectively to achieve goals
and targets in specified deadline. Along this, performance assessment is executed by
management to acknowledge abilities of employees and conduct training and development
program to have skilled and competent in organisation.
Role of manager:
Informational role: This is essential function of management which is to provide duties
to employees and communicate data about objectives and targets, so that they complete work
within defined time. Manager of M&S provide data to subordinates about activities need to be
conducted to deliver appropriate variety and quality products to customers.
Decisional role: It is another duty of manager which is to conduct conference and
meeting to select options and make judgements which are beneficial for performance of firm. In
M&S, superior require to make changes in products that is provide trendy clothes and innovative
products to people. For this, company require to make alterations in system to make operations
conducted in according to market situation (Fang and et. al., 2012).
Characteristics of manager:
Experience: Manager require to have knowledge about management models and theories
which help them to design system and conduct activities to timely achieve objectives. In M&S,
manager should have diploma in fashion designing and information about operation management
approaches which can be used to manage resources and deliver trendy clothes and quality
products to people.
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Illustration 1: Flat Organisation Structure

In M&S, management keep complete data about competitor's offerings and requirements
of people which help them to implement transformation in equipments to provide unique and
creative products and trendy clothes to buyers.
As per Dineshbabu, Thomas and Radhakrishnan, 2012, leader consist important part in
company which is to establish and maintain relations with subordinates to motivate and inspire
them to perform activities effectively. It also aids them to anticipate conflicts and issues handled
by members to give them adequate solutions to sustain staff for longer period.
Role of leader:
Mandatory at all levels: Middle and lower level are various horizons which require to
have leader support to have adequate members to make them conduct operations effectively. In
M&S, flat organisation structure is followed which define that company have limited levels
which help leader to manage and make workers perform tasks in proficient manner.
Support and guide members: It is leader duty to provide guidance and direction to staff
to make them perform activities in efficient manner and complete work within defined deadline.
In M&S, leader provide support and guide to members to deliver quality products and services to
customers (Fayol, 2016).
Characteristics of leader:
Team building: It is necessary that leader have capability to make employees work in
group. For this, they require to coordinate and make staff perform tasks with each other by
overcoming their conflicts and issues. In M&S, employees are make work in team which help
company to utilise resources efficiently and deliver quality products to customers.
Influential: This is another important feature which leader require to have to increase
morale of subordinate and make them dedicated towards job. In M&S, leader motivate and make
employees dedicated towards job which help them to hold talented and skilled people for
lengthier time scale (Sodhi,Sonand Tang, 2012).
Difference between manager and leader:
Basis Manager Leader
Role Manager frame strategies
organise staff and redesign
business activities to achieve
objectives and goals of an
They direct and deliver
assistance to subordinates to
direct and guide them execute
tasks effectively and attain
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organisation. goals in defined deadline.
Characteristics They need to have time
management capabilities and
decision-making skills to
manage resources and execute
operations efficiently.
Leader require to have team
building, good interpersonal
abilities and delegating skills
to have sufficient workforce
in company (Subramanian and
Ramanathan, 2012).
Similarities between manager and leader:
Basis Manager and leader
Role Both give duties and activities to workers to attain business
goals and objectives. It is essential that staff have data about
duties and targets which they require to complete to sustain
company's position and image in market.
Characteristic Manager and leader both need to have good interactional
ability, imagination, focused and confidence to plan and
construct system for executing activities efficiently (White,
2016).
TASK 2
P2 Apply function of manager and role of leader in different situational contexts
Each and every organisation exists in dynamic market which keeps changing with time. It
is necessary that management have accurate and complete information about conditions
prevailing in market to design system and make changes and modification in strategies and
equipments to implement innovative and creative ideas in firm. M&S is retail store which have
large number of competitors which affect on sales and profitability of firm (Wong, Boon-Itt and
Wong, 2011). For this, superior require to design system and provide quality products and
services to customers to satisfy their demands and retain them for longer time. Decision-making
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and employee engagement are various situations which superior of M&S require to consider to
make system function effectively.
Decision-making: This is important activity which management of each organisation
require to conduct to select options and make judgements to execute business activities in
according to market. For this, market research and survey are appropriate techniques which are
used by top personnel of M&S to have accurate and complete information about demands and
choices of people. Along this, competitor's offerings are also acknowledged by superior to
provide products accordingly. Meeting and conference are conducted by administration in which
manager, leader and employees are included to asses their opinions and provide them
information about changes in strategies and system that are made by them. This help leader to
inspire and make employees motivated by making them feel valuable part in firm (Wuand
Pagell, 2011).
Employee engagement: It is another situation which define that companies require to
have sufficient manpower to conduct business operations effectively. M&S which is retail store
have different departments that is operation, sales, production, finance and so on which are
divided by executive for execution of activities and completion of objectives timely. It is
necessary that management distribute members and provide them duties to make them achieve
targets within defined time frame. Along this, they even require to coordinate efforts of all team
and make members function with each other. For this, leader responsibility is maintain relations
with staff to acknowledge issues and conflicts to provide them appropriate solutions. This help
M&S to have skilled and competent people which provide quality products and services to
people.
P3 Apply different theories and models of approach
Management require to conduct business activities and design system to accomplish
goals and objectives of organisation. For this, superior want to have complete information about
different models and theories which are used to make system function effectively. These are
different leadership theories which are used by superior in respect to system capabilities are
stated below (Rastegar, Fotuhi-Firuzabad and Zareipour, 2016):
Situational leadership: This theory was developed by Dr. Paul Hersey which specifies
that management have knowledge that organisation environment is dynamic and changes with
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time. For this, superior responsibility is to make modification and alterations and in system to
make it function in respect to market conditions. Strength: This is an appropriate approach which aids superior to acknowledge and make
transformation in organization and employees work in respect to situation. In this, leader
provide information to members about changes in system that are made to conduct
activities in according to situation prevailing in market.
 Weakness: This theory has some drawback which is utilisation of resources efficiently
and use of funds to make changes in system. Along this, manager even face problem in
respect to making employees work, as they didn't require to work in same manner (Slack,
2015).
System leadership theory: This concept defines that manager duty is to design system
and execute activities to achieve objectives. It is necessary that top personnel implement
adequate equipments and technologies to produce products and services in according to demands
and requirements of people. Strength: This theory helps superior to use appropriate tools and techniques to execute
business operations effectively. Along this, company is also able to position superior than
rival firms by manufacturing innovative and creative items and services.
 Weakness: This hypothesis have certain demerit which are employees require to be
skilled and competent to work with technologies and equipments. It is necessary that
manager conduct training and development sessions to enhance capabilities of staff to
perform tasks effectively (Cordray and et. al., 2015).
Contingency leadership theory: This theory was proposed by Fiedler which states that
system performance and subordinates effort rest on personality, nature and various other
characteristics of leader and manager. It is essential that alteration in strategies and technologies
are made by administration to produce innovative and creative products in according to demands
and need of public. Strength: This model is adopted by manager which frame flexible task structure in which
alterations in system and strategies are made to conduct activities in according to market.
 Weakness: This approach have demerit which is acceptance and willingness of employees
to work in changing environment and with advanced technologies (Evangelopoulos and
et. al., 2016).
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Henceforth, management of M&S uses system leadership theory to implement
appropriate equipments and tools for providing quality products and services to customers. This
help company to provide different variety of products that are home appliances, food items and
clothes require to be in respect to requirements and needs of public. For this, manager and leader
require to have adequate workforce so that business activities are conducted in such manner that
company sustain its reputation and goodwill in market.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to operations management
Operations management includes activities which are conducted by superior to redesign
and control business processes which are conducted to deliver adequate products and services in
market in respect to demands and needs of people. Manager and leader of M&S require to
provide quality and different variety of products and services to customers to satisfy them and
gain good amount of revenue from business. For this, they require to use management
approaches for executing operations effectively are stated below (Balasubramaniam and et. al.,
2016):
Six sigma: This is an effective tool of management which comprises DMAIC process
that are conducted by management to reduce risk of failure and problems which might affect
organisation's performance. For this, manager of M&S define plan in which duties and targets
are specified to members to make them execute tasks effectively. Along this, standards are also
specifies to staff which are used for measurement and analyse their capabilities. This help leader
to execute training program to improve skills and capabilities of employees to deliver quality
products to customers. Besides this, manager even conduct control activities to minimise errors
and difficulties from system.
Just in time: It is another approach which help management to utilise funds properly. In
an organisation need to sustain connection with suppliers to have sufficient raw material and
products to satisfy demands and wants of public. M&S is retail firm which offer food items,
home appliances and apparel to people. For this, company require to have sufficient products in
outlet to fulfil requirements of customers (Christopher, 2016).
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Total quality management: This approach define activities that are conducted by
management to have knowledge about demands and choices of people. For this, market research
and survey are technique which are used by superior of M&S to asses requirements of buyers to
make improvement in system and deliver quality products to customers. Along this, evaluation is
conducted by leader to acknowledge performance of firm in respect to outcomes. Thus,
employees are provided information about the changes and modification that are made in
products and system (Aliahmadi, Sadjadi and Jafari-Eskandari, 2011).
(Source: Six sigma, 2015)
Functions of manager: Planning: Management of M&S frame plan to provide information to members about
tasks and targets they require to accomplish. This benefit employees to conduct work and
provide quality products to people.
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Illustration 2: Total Quality Management

 Setting benchmarks: Manager formulate standards to provide guidelines to employees to
make them perform work in defined manner. Along this, benchmarks are also used for
analysing capabilities of workers by comparing actual outcomes with it (Dineshbabu,
Thomas and Radhakrishnan, 2012).
Role of leader:
 Managing: Leader of M&S establish and maintain relations with subordinates to retain
skilled and competent for longer time. It benefits firm to deliver quality items and
services to buyers to satisfy their demands and needs.
P5 Importance of operations management to achieve objectives
In every firm, operations management helps organisation to conduct business activities
effectively, thereby accomplish goals and objectives within defined time. Manager and leader
both plays essential role in M&S which is to provide tasks and direction to employees to perform
tasks effectively and deliver quality products and services to customers. Thus, these are benefits
that operations management have on accomplishment of business objectives are stated below
(Fang and et. al., 2012): Proper utilisation of resources: Just in time approach helps management of M&S to
order items in respect to demands and needs of people. This help company to safe
money from getting wasted in storage and transportation activities. Along this, superior
are even able to make changes in items in respect to choices and needs of customers. Enhancing sales and profitability: In M&S, management uses TQM approach which
define that company provide products and services in according to demands and choices
of people. For this, improvement in system and training sessions are conducted to
enhance skills and capabilities of members and deliver quality items to customers. This
help company to attract large number of people to increase sales volume and revenue.
 Enhancing goodwill: Six sigma approach helps manager of M&S to reduce errors and
make improvement in system to provide innovative products and fashionable apparels to
customers. This help company to position firm higher than rival firms and construct
strong market image and reputation to attract customers easily (Fayol, 2016).
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TASK 4
P6 Asses factors within business environment
Business environment comprises intrinsic and extrinsic components which directly or
indirectly affect on operations. It is necessary that management of M&S have accurate and
complete information about market conditions and system capabilities. This help them to design
system and conduct business activities to provide products and services in according to needs
and requirements of people. Along this, administration even require to formulate strategies and
make changes in system to maintain its position and image in market in respect to government
and competitors.
External factors: These are components which are present in outside firm and require to
be consider by management of M&S to design system accordingly. PEST analysis is appropriate
technique which is used by superior to acknowledge government rules, economic conditions,
public demands and technological affect on business (Sodhi ,Son and Tang, 2012). Political factor: This element specifies that government formulate laws and rules to
regulate organisation and make it function legally. Management of M&S have registered
its firm and take license from authorities to protected firm and its property from getting
misused and imitation of products. Economic factor: This component comprises exchange rate, inflation, growth, interest
rate and tax which depends on conditions of nation. These components affect on amount
of funds and profit of organisation. M&S is conducting business internationally, so it is
influenced by taxation policies and exchange rate. UK have inflation situation which
define that people have money to purchase quality and branded products. This helps firm
to have good customer base to generate appropriate profit from business. Social factor: Firms provide items and services to satisfy people and fulfil their
requirements and needs. Manager of M&S conduct market research which help them to
have knowledge about choices and demands of public and competitor's offerings to
provide products accordingly. This help superior to establish good reputation and brand
value in market by delivering quality products to customers (Subramanian and
Ramanathan, 2012).
 Technological factor: Management need to implement adequate tools and equipments
and in system to provide different variety of items products and services to people. M&S
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have in-house store for apparels, for which administration require to use latest
technologies to provide fashionable and trendy clothes to customers.
Impact of factors on operational management and decision making by manager and
leader of M&S:
Government of UK has formulated taxation and employment which manager requires
considering in framing policies. They need to provide adequate work and facilities in according
to their abilities and skills. In UK, there are fluctuations in economic conditions such as decline
in interest rate. For this, manager requires to make decision in respect to implementing
technology which aids them to utilise funds and control expenses. They need to fix prices which
help them to grab attention of large number of people. Advanced software and technology are
used in M&S through which product inventory in store is maintained. Besides this, quality
services are provided to customers who help management to enhance brand image and market
position.
CONCLUSION
As per above report, it can be concluded that management design system and conduct
business activities effectively to achieve goals and objectives. It is necessary that organisation
have adequate resources that is funds, material and manpower to provide items and services in
marketplace in according to demands and requirements of public. For this, manager and leader
both have essential part and responsibility which is to distribute and direct members to execute
activities efficiently. Superior even require to redesign system and make modification to execute
operations in according to conditions situations prevailing in market. Along this, management
applies theories and models that is six sigma, TQM, lean manufacturing to provide quality
products and services to people. They even asses business factors to acknowledge their impact
on operations, thereby make appropriate decisions to sustain companies position in market.
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Online
Leadership Styles. 2018. [Online]. Available
through<https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312>./
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