Chemical digestion involves breaking down large molecules of food into smaller nutrients using enzymes and hormones. This presentation discusses the types of enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid digestion. It also explains the role of hormones in controlling food intake and digestion.
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CHEMICAL DIGESTION Introduction Human body utilizes two different types of digestion: one is chemical digestion and another is mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion processes includes chewing, swallowing and the muscular movements which help the food through the digestive tract which is further supported by chemical digestion by using some enzymes that helps to breaks the food particles in more smaller molecules enough so that they can be absorbed easily (Panawala, 2017).
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Chemical digestion is basically the breakdown of the large moleculesor food into the smaller nutrients so that it can be used by the body cells easily. There are various enzymes and hormones involved in the chemical digestion of food. (Source: Anatomy and physiology, 2018) Continue…
Continue… Chemical digestion is not started in the stomach but in the mouth. The moment when the people see, smell or even think about the food, their mouth begins to secrete extra saliva. Chemical digestion is happens in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
Role of enzymes Digestion basically involves engulfing the large food portions and breaking them into the micronutrients that are small enough to be absorbed by the body cells. Although chewing and peristaltic movement help the body to break those molecules but it is not possible for them to break particle small enough. This why body needs chemical agents to act on the food partials
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Types of enzymes involved in chemical digestion Salivary enzyme Pancreatic amylase Maltase Pepsin Trypsin Peptidases Nuclease Nucleosidases lipases
Enzymes in Carbohydrate digestion Pancreatic amylase: it does heavy lifting Alpha-dextrinase: works to break single unit Sucrase : it acts on sucrose Maltase: it acts on maltose Lactase: it splits lactose
Enzymes in protein digestion Proteins are the amino acids that are consumed in the diet as the essential nutrition. The digestion starts in the stomach where the pepsin and HCL catabolise the protein into smaller particles or polypeptide. These molecules are than reach to small intestine where is further processed by various enzymes such as amino peptidase and dipptidase.
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Enzymes helpful in lipid digestion Lipids are the nutrients that consumed is calorie and accounts for 35 per cent of total calories intake. There are three enzymes that are responsible for lipid digestion: gastric lipase, lingual lipase and pancreatic lipase.
Enzymes responsible for Nucleic acid digestion The nucleic acids RNA and DNA are available in most if the food products that are consumed by people. the digestion of these molecules takes place with the help of two pancreatic enzymes called nucleosidase and phosphatase.
Hormones role in chemical digestion It has been well understood that hormones play a key important role in the control of food intake and digestion. Gut is the largest produces of hormones in the body. It releases more than twenty different peptide hormones that are helpful in various reaction associated with digestion.
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Continue…. Ghrelin: increases the appetite Gastrin: trigger gastric juice production Secretin: triggering alkaline production from pancreas
Continue… Cholecystokinin: reduce appetite and stimulate bile production Peptide YY: increase the efficacy of digestion and absorption Glucagon Like Peptide 1: it inhibits gastric emptying and trigger insulin secretion.
Continue.. Leptin: the increased level of this hormone reduce hunger (due to eating food) Motilin: raise the speed of intestinal and stomach activity Glucose dependant insulinotrophic peptide (GIP): triggers release of insulin hormone form pancreas.
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Conclusion There are two different methods of digestion mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. InChemical digestion is the large molecules of food splits in large moleculesinto the smaller essential nutrients so that these molecule can enter the blood stream and can be used by the cells. The enzymes help to digest c carbohydrates in the body includes Pancreatic amylase, alpha-dextrinase, Sucrase, Maltase & Lactase. Digestion of protein carried out by enzymes like aminopeptidase , dipeptidase, chymotrypsin and trypsin. pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase and lipase involved in lipid digestion and deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease plays key role in nucleic acid digestion. Some hormones that are essential for chemical digestion includes ghrelin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and glucagon like peptide 1.
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