Chemotherapy's Side Effects on Cancer Patient

The given project is based on the aim of analysing the side effects of chemotherapy treatment among cancer patients. It includes the important clinical method of chemotherapy which is generally used by care professionals in order to treat the complicated condition of clients for making them disease free.

Chemotherapy's Side Effects on
Cancer Patient

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................2
Introduction and background...........................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................2
1.1 Problem statement............................................................................................................2
1.2 Eclipse framework............................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives of the study.....................................................................................................3
1.4 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Research question.............................................................................................................4
1.6 Background.......................................................................................................................4
1.7 Simulation approaches and types.....................................................................................5
1.8 Justification.......................................................................................................................5
1.9 Need of the study..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................6
Literature review..............................................................................................................................6
2.1 The basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies.............................................6
2.2 The need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare organisations...............7
2.3 The type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among cancer patients. .8
2.4 The different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product among cancer patients
in the healthcare organisations.............................................................................................10
2.5 The various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients...............................11
CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................13
Methodology..................................................................................................................................13
3.1 Study overview...............................................................................................................13
3.2 Search strategies.............................................................................................................13
3.3 Search parameters...........................................................................................................14
3.4 Inclusion criterion...........................................................................................................14
3.5 Exclusion criterion..........................................................................................................14
3.6 Sample description.........................................................................................................15
3.7 Data extraction................................................................................................................15

3.8 Critical appraisal.............................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4..................................................................................................................................17
4.1 Discussion.......................................................................................................................17
4.2 Application to theoretical/conceptual framework..........................................................22
4.3 Limitations......................................................................................................................26
4.4 Implications for nursing.................................................................................................26
4.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................27
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................28

ABSTRACT
The given project is based on the aim of analysing the side effects of chemotherapy treatment
among cancer patients. It includes the important clinical method of chemotherapy which is
generally used by care professionals in order to treat the complicated condition of clients for
making them disease free. However, it includes the analysis of different types of chemo drugs
which should be used specifically for particular patient body which is suitable for them. It consist
the criterion of implementing appropriate care plan related to chemotherapy in terms of
providing appropriate care facility which provide support to encourage recovery rate for
improving better health condition of patient. In addition to this, the use of qualitative research
method has been done by considering descriptive research design in order to conduct the study in
effective manner. It includes the use of secondary sources of data collection in terms of carrying
effective literature review as well as discussion of findings. Meanwhile, the inclusion criterion
consists to utilise the research papers published recently to maintain accuracy of collected data
and findings respectively. In contrary to this, the exclusion criterion for this investigation is to
avoid past research papers to maintain authenticity of gathered information and respective
outcomes of the study. Moreover, it has been founded that appropriate frameworks should be
used for providing effective chemotherapies which helps to avoid complications by providing
healthy environment to client for making them completely.
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction and background
1.0 Introduction
Chemotherapy refers to a kind of drug treatment in which powerful chemicals are used kill fast
growing cells in human body. It includes the criterion of providing heavy dose and powerful
drugs in order to damage the cancerous cells developed in specific organ of body. Basically,
chemotherapy is used for cancer patients when it becomes extremely critical to kill cancer cells
which facilitate to improve health condition of an individual (Duregon and et. al., 2018). It has
been analysed that chemotherapy treatment can be considered as a complicated treatment process
in which patient face problems and several side effects. Meanwhile, it is observed that cancerous
cells has potential property of dividing more quickly and increase their populations in human
body. It includes the fact that treatment of chemotherapy is responsible to be applicable after
specific stage of cancer in terms of making an individual to become wellbeing. However, it is
observed that actual chemotherapy treatment is generally painless but some of drugs used in this
treatment are accountable for developing nursing slightly when they entre in veins of particular
patient. It is necessary for physicians to diagnose the actual condition of an individual before
making decision of providing chemotherapy treatment to destroy cancer cells for their wellness
respectively.
1.1 Problem statement
“To analyse the side effects of chemotherapy treatment among cancer patients.”
The investigation related to treatment of chemotherapy for evaluating it side effects is important
to find its facts and figures to make appropriate techniques for reducing the same. It is observed
that chemotherapy is used for treatment the problem of cancer at critical stage due to which
chemotherapy is required for an individual wellbeing (Zhang and Guo, 2016). However, it is
necessary to analyse the side effects related to chemotherapies among cancer patients to which
effective strategies can be developed for reducing these adverse impacts. Moreover, it includes to
focus on side effect so chemotherapies for creating effective as well as efficient clinical
techniques to improve their satisfaction regarding treatment.
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1.2 Eclipse framework
In context of this project, the eclipse framework includes the use of model in order to define
research problems along with target population and intervention with respective outcomes. It
includes the use of PICO model in order to carry out investigation in selected research problems
including effective interventions. However, it is observed that chemotherapy is used for
treatment critical stage of cancer for damaging cancerous cells which facilitate improve their
wellbeing (Anandavadivelan and et. al., 2016). It is necessary for physicians and care providers
to diagnose properly in terms of making appropriate decision of treatment for welfare of
individual. Moreover, the chemotherapy is known to be a complex clinical procedure which is
only used when cancer stage is complicated.
1.3 Objectives of the study
 To analyse the basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies.
 To identify the need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare organisation.
 To evaluate the type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among cancer
patients.
 To examine the different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product among
cancer patients in the healthcare organisation.
 To determine the various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients.
1.4 Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1
Null hypothesis (H0) – There is the basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies.
Alternative hypothesis (H1) – There is not the basic understanding about cancer and
chemotherapies.
Hypothesis 2
Null hypothesis (H0) – The important need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare
organisation exist.
Alternative hypothesis (H1) – The important need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the
healthcare organisation does not exist.
Hypothesis 3
Null hypothesis (H0) – The type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among
cancer patients are studied.
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Alternative hypothesis (H1) – The type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy
among cancer patients does not studied.
Hypothesis 4
Null hypothesis (H0) – The different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product among
cancer patients in the healthcare organisation are required to be considered.
Alternative hypothesis (H1) – The different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product
among cancer patients in the healthcare organisation does not required to be considered.
Hypothesis 5
Null hypothesis (H0) – The various side effects of chemotherapies exist among cancer patients.
Alternative hypothesis (H1) – The various side effects of chemotherapies does not exist among
cancer patients.
1.5 Research question
 How to analyse the basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies?
 What is the need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare organisation?
 How to evaluate the type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among
cancer patients?
 What are the ways to examine the different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal
product among cancer patients in the healthcare organisation?
 How to determine the various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients?
1.6 Background
The given investigation is based on the healthcare sector including care organisation known for
its specialist treatment for cancer patients. These organisations are helpful for providing services
to people suffering from cancer for their better health condition (Hurvitz and et. al., 2018).
However, it has been analysed that the different healthcare organisations has the criterion of
providing care services to all individuals having problem cancers including inpatients and
outpatients. It includes specific treatment procedures and activities for providing more effective
as well as efficient care services for making cancer patient healthy as soon as possible. It
includes effective roles and responsibilities of care professional who put efforts with proper
focus to treat the condition of cancer in respect of improving health condition of them. They
provide an appropriate treatment for specific cancer for making patients disease free
respectively. This investigation will focus on knowledge about cancer and chemotherapies along
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with need of chemotherapy for cancer patients. It will also include the different kind of cancers
and specific stage when chemotherapy is required along with types of drugs used in this process.
The various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients are given below.
1.7 Simulation approaches and types
Simulation can be defined as a method in which construction of an artificial environment occurs
within which relevant data be developed for gaining desired outcomes. It includes number of
steps which are required to be followed for using simulation method that are given here. Initially,
it includes the criterion to decide on the purpose of simulation and what performance metrics
requires monitoring. Secondly, it involves the practice of formulating a first pass simulation
respectively (Escalante and et. al., 2017). Thirdly, it consists to calibrate the simulation and
measure its performance to behaviour of existing layout of research. Meanwhile, it includes the
analysis of the results as well as selects the best alternative for use. However, the final step
involves the criterion of sharing the simulation formulated of own study. Moreover, the
simulation involves considering several elements such as business relevance, learning
application, collective decision making, diversity & ambiguity and job & personal relevance.
1.8 Justification
In context of this project, it has been justified that use of chemotherapy in order to identify
various side effects of chemotherapy on cancer patients. It includes the criterion of using the
chemotherapy in order to treat the complicated cancer problem for making patient wellbeing.
However, it includes the analyse the side effects of chemotherapies are required to be identified
along with respective stage of cancer and types of cancer occurs among people. Moreover, it
consist the evaluation of drugs used in chemotherapy which has side effects on human body.
1.9 Need of the study
In respect of this investigation, it will focus on the analysis of chemotherapy and side to gain
more detailed knowledge about the same for gaining accurate. It is required to evaluate the
utilisation of different types of drugs which are extremely powerful to kill cancerous cells for
treating the problem of cancer. However, it has been analysed that investigation should be
carrying out for analysing use of various drugs and their respective side effects that are observed
among patients. Moreover, it includes the requirement of identifying the use of some of drugs
which has less side effects on human body.
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CHAPTER 2
Literature review
2.1 The basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies
As per views of Bansal and et. al. (2017), chemotherapy can be defined as a drug treatment used
to destroy fast growing cancerous cells. It includes the use of drugs which are more powerful
chemically due to which it has side effects on human body. Basically, it has been analysed that
the treatment of chemotherapy can be utilised more often in order to treat the cancer problems
among patients. It is observed that cancerous cells has an ability to multiply and grow faster due
to which critical stage can be acquired due to which chemotherapy treatment is required to
treatment the respective condition of an individual for their wellbeing. The chemotherapy
treatment is critical clinical process which is used to treat the problem of cancer among patients.
According the opinion given by Friedlander and et. al. (2018), cancer can be described as
condition of disease which is responsible for developing abnormal cells in specific part of human
body that can divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissues. It includes the rapid multiplication
of these abnormal cells which are known as cancerous cells among patients. Meanwhile, there
are different types of cancers based in its location and origin such as breast cancer, prostate
cancer, basal cell cancer, skin cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, leukaemia, lymphoma and
many more. It is necessary for people to remain aware about this problem and prefer regular
checks up so that cancer can be detected at initial stage. The diagnosis at early stage of cancer is
favourable to treat this health issue effectively because later stages are much complicated and
cure is not guaranteed by doctors. However, the cancer problem is considered as extremely
complicated life threatening condition of human beings. It includes the fact that there are number
of cause behind the cancer including heavy consumption of alcohol, excess body weight,
physical inactivity, poor nutrition etc. It has been analysed that genetic factors are also
responsible for contribution in order to develop the cancer. Moreover, it is necessary for people
to remain aware from early symptoms and use regular check up to remain disease free.
Tahover and et. al. (2017) states that chemotherapy can be defined as an effective treatment
which is used for cancer patients to destroy the developed cancerous cells for improving the
health condition of them. It is necessary for physicians to diagnose actual condition of specific
patient according to which they are required to make decision of using process of
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chemotherapies for treating the cancer problem. Basically, the chemotherapy is known as a
complicated treatment process which is effective to damage cancer cells that has ability growth
as well as multiplies them very fast. It is observed that chemotherapy procedure has a critical
practice which is required to be carried out carefully in order to make patient fell relieved.
Meanwhile, it is identified that chemotherapy should be conducted for people welfare to treat the
cancer condition in terms of making patient completely wellbeing. It is observed that
chemotherapies has number of side effects in which some of them are problematic for an
individual like hair fall etc. The chemotherapy has side effects of human body and this process is
not able conduct in small period of time. It depends upon ability of patient and their respective
stage of cancer to provide effective care for making patient fell wellbeing as soon as possible.
2.2 The need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare organisations
The need of chemotherapy occurs in case of patients having severe condition of cancer because it
is helpful to kill cancerous cells to improve health condition of them. As mentioned by Mills,
Kolb and Sampson (2018), it is necessary for physicians to establish more effective as well as
efficient care plan for providing facility of chemotherapies for improving condition of patients.
Basically, it is observed that chemotherapy is required as per specific cancer condition of an
individual because some of patient requires 3 chemotherapies, few requires 4 set of
chemotherapies and so on. It is necessary for care professionals to diagnose actual condition of
an individual which facilitate to make appropriate decision of providing set of chemotherapies in
respect of damaging present cancerous cells in specific organ of patient. It is required for an
individual to remain in hospital for at least one night for gaining treatment of chemotherapies by
proper concentration and team work for providing better quality of services. It is necessary to
make appropriate decision regarding specific type of chemotherapy which is suitable according
to particular patient for gaining respective outcomes. The most important aspect is to identify
that whether a person has some of other health problems like diabetes, heart disease, lung
problem tec. along with having condition of cancer. It is important because presences of these
health issues are responsible for influencing the formulation of appropriate care plan for
providing chemotherapy effectively. It is necessary to provide better quality of chemotherapy
services for treatment the different types of cancers among patients in proper manner.
On the other hand, it has been analysed that chemotherapy is known as a kind of drug treatment
that is much effective as well as efficient for destroying the cancerous cells. According to the
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Loibl and et. al. (2018), it includes the use of chemotherapies in terms of number of requirements
of individuals according to their specific condition of cancer which facilitate to deliver desired
care facilities. There are various kinds of needs of cancer patient for which chemotherapies can
be provided for their welfare. Initially, the need of patient includes the criterion of making
people cure the condition of cancer without help of other clinical treatment accordingly. It is
required to provide the use of treatment procedures in order to destroy the cells of cancer which
exist in hidden manner. However, the other need of chemotherapy is utilised in respect of
preparing the process of increasing effectiveness of other treatments to shrink the tumours
accordingly. It will provide support to damage harmful cells for enhancing health condition of
cancer patients. In addition to this, it has been analysed that early signs and symptoms can be
treated with the help of providing small amount of chemotherapy drugs which facilitate to make
them feeling relived from the same. It involves the fact that cancerous cells cannot be damaged
by any other treatment process and only chemotherapy drugs have that much potential for
destroy these harmful cells for reducing their negative effects on human body. It is observed that
only chemotherapy is last option for cancer patients for their treatment to gain better health status
respectively.
In addition to this, it has been evaluated that there are some of other conditions besides of cancer
which need the treatment of chemotherapy to make patient disease free. Tan and Norhaizan
(2019) states that it includes the diseased condition of bone of diseases and immune system
disorders. However, the bone marrow disease refers to a condition in which blood cells and bone
marrow cells can be treated with the help of transplant of bone marrow for making an individual
disease free. Moreover, the immune system disorders requires lower dosage of chemotherapy
drugs which helps to control overactive immune system in some of health problems including
arthritis and lupus.
2.3 The type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among cancer patients
Cancers can be described as a condition when abnormal cells developed and divide
uncontrollably to destroy tissue of the body. It includes the development of harmful cell which
are responsible for damaging body tissue, these cells are known as cancerous cell. Basically, it is
observed that cancer can be developed in any area of the human body. As per views provided by
Baghdadi and et. al. (2016), it includes different types of cancers such as breast cancer, prostate
cancer, basal cell cancer, skin cancer (melanoma), colon cancer, lung cancer, leukaemia,
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lymphoma and so on. However, it has been analysed that different types cancers depends upon
their locations and stage of occurrence on body according to appropriate treatment which
facilitate to improve health condition of patient. It involves the requirement of diagnosing the
condition of an individual with the help of appropriate pathological activities to determine
specific cause and location of cancer. It will provide support to formulate an effective as well as
efficient care plan including desired care interventions for making patient relived. Meanwhile,
the cancers has several stages which must be diagnosed carefully to provide accurate medical
facilities for welfare of patient in healthcare organisations.it is required for care professionals to
diagnose specific cancer type with the help of pathological processor and activity it deliver desire
treatment. It is favourable to formulate accurate decision in order to treat particular cancer
problem for welfare of patient. Moreover, there are different type cancer condition occurs in
which some of them are explain here.
Breast cancer can define as a condition in which cancerous developed and multiplies in the
location of breasts. As mentioned by Huang and et. al. (2016), it includes prostate cancer which
occurs in the prostate of the man which is a condition of having a small walnut sized gland which
is responsible for producing seminal fluid. Basically, it consist the basal cell cancer which is
known as a kind of skin cancer which has started from basal cells. It involves the skin cancer that
is also called as melanoma which can be considered as most complex type of skin cancer.
However, colon cancer or rectum cancer is problem that occurs in specific part which is located
at the lower end of the digestive tract or alimentary canal. It involves the lung cancer which is
common among people having habit of regular smoking and this condition has been started from
lungs which leads to further damage the alveolar sacs that develops more complicated situation
for an individual. In addition to this, it has been analysed that leukaemia which is known as a
cancer of blood forming tissues that hinders the capability of human body in order to fight
against infection. It includes the another type of cancer that is called as lymphoma which is
responsible for occurring in lymphatic system of human body and damage respective tissues.
Meanwhile, it is observed that some of common types of cancers which ate usually diagnosed
among people such breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer. Moreover, it is required for
people to take precautions and balanced diet to avoid occurrence of cancerous condition as it is
highly critical which is difficult to be treated with the help of using even chemotherapy.
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On the other hand, it has been identified that above mentioned different cancers conditions
requires use of chemotherapy method for treating the same. According to the views of Cats and
et. al. (2018), it includes the criterion the chemo drugs are required in specific amounts according
to the specific stage of cancer among patients. It is observed that an initial stage requires small
amounts of chemo drugs and when condition becomes more complex them the amount of chemo
medicines has been increased accordingly. However, it is evaluated that chemotherapy is not
generally required in treatment for earlier stages as it is not considered as a part of treatment for
initial phases. It consist the criterion of providing the appropriate treatment by making decision
carefully and proper cooperation within team is very important to make chemotherapy treatment
successful. Meanwhile, it involves the use of chemotherapy in some of cases among women
suffering from breast cancer to improve their condition. Moreover, the stages when condition of
patient becomes complicated then chemotherapies are required for treating the health problems
for betterment of patients.
2.4 The different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product among cancer patients in
the healthcare organisations
The chemotherapies are of different types which are based on the basis of using specific drugs
for the same. As per opinion of Patel and et. al. (2016), it is observed that single drug should be
applicable in everyone’s condition with cancer because body conditions of people are different
from each other. It is required for care professionals to use appropriate types of chemo drugs in
order to treat the specific cancer condition of an individual. Basically, it is observed that
chemotherapy drugs can be divided into several categorise as per their chemical combinations
and elements in which some of them are defined below.
Alkylating agents are considered as more active compounds in resting phase of the cell and it is
known as cell-cycle non –specific. It includes several types of alkylating agents for treatments of
chemotherapy in context of drugs. Meanwhile, it consist mustard gas derivatives including
Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, & Ifosfamide; ethylenimines
like Thiotepa and Hexamethylmelamine; Alkysulphonates like busulfan; Hydrazines & Triazines
including Altretamine, Procarbazine, Dacarbazine and Temozolomide; NitrosureasCarmustine,
Lomustine and Streptozocin and Metal salts: Carboplatin, Cisplatin, and Oxaliplatin.
Plant alkaloids can be extracted from various kinds of plants like periwinkle plant (catharanthus
rosea), Pacific Yew tree (Taxus), Asian happy tree (camptotheca acuminata) etc. The plant
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alkaloids are known as cell-cycle specific that attacks cancerous cells during various stages of
division. Yahata and et. al. (2016) states that it includes Anthracyclines Doxorubicin,
Daunorubicin, Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone, and Idarubicin; chromomycins like Dactinomycin &
Plicamycin and Miscellaneous including Mitomycin and Bleomycin. However, it involves the
antimetabolites refers similar product to normal substances within the cells which has potential
to interrupt the division of cancerous cells. It consist several antimetabolites such as folic acid
antagonists including methotrexate, Pyrimidine antagonist like 5-Fluorouracil, Foxuridine,
Cytarabine, Capecitabine, and Gemcitabine; Purine antagonist involving 6-Mercaptopurine and
6-Thioguanine and Adenosine deaminase inhibitor: Cladribine, Fludarabine, Nelarabine and
Pentostatin. On the other hand, the chemotherapy drugs includes Topoisomerase inhibitors which
has potential for inhibiting with action of topoisomerase I and II whereas they are helpful to
control the manipulation of structure of DNA essential for replication.
In addition to this, it includes the type of chemotherapy drugs including miscellaneous
antineoplastic in which some of them are unique for their properties and abilities. According to
Overbeek and et. al. (2017), it includes ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor like hydroxyurea,
adrenocortical steroid inhibitor including mitotane; enzymes like asparaginase & pegaspargase,
antimicrotubule agent including estramustine and retinoids like bexarotene, isotretinoin and
tretinoin (ATRA). These chemo drugs are available from which suitable one can be provided for
wellbeing of particular patient. It is well known that single type of chemotherapy is not
applicable for making them wellbeing. It includes the criterion that specific drug is not able to
consider in treatment plan for improving the cancer condition of an individual. However, it has
been analysed that specific type of cancer can be treated with the help of implementing
appropriate chemo drugs which are more effective as well as efficient for particular patient for
maintaining their better health condition. It will provide support to deliver better quality of
chemotherapies for gaining improved patient outcomes.
2.5 The various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients
As per views of Rahbar and et. al. (2018), chemotherapy is known as an effective treatment for
people suffering from complicated phase of cancer. It is observed that chemotherapy is an
appropriate treatment method used for maintaining better health condition of cancer patients.
However, it has been evaluated that chemotherapy has several side effects on human body which
are face by patients after the carrying out the respective procedures. It involves various kinds of
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side effects such as fatigue, hair loss, easy bruising & bleeding, anaemia (low red blood cell
counts), infection, vomiting & nausea, appetite changes and constipation. Meanwhile, it is
required for care professionals to make appropriate care plan with specific precautions and
clinical practices in order to reduce the side effects of chemotherapies among patients. It is
observed that chemo drugs have side effects of damaging the normal cells which is known as
critical side effects of chemotherapies. It includes the cells like blood forming cells in the bone
marrow, hair follicles and cells in the mouth, digestive tract as well as reproductive system.
However, it includes the side effects that chemo drugs are responsible to damage cells of heart,
kidneys, bladder, lungs and nervous system. It is severe side effects because chemotherapy is
critical procedures which leads to weakness in the human body and damage to cells of other
organs develops more complicated condition. It consist the fact that side effects of chemotherapy
occurs in mouth, tongue and throat related issues including pain or swallowing any eatable
products. Moreover, it is required for care professionals to provide some reliving pills or
therapies for improving the comfort level of patient which facilitate to increase rate of recovery.
On the other hand, it has been analysed that chemotherapy has number of side effects on human
body including peripheral neuropathy or other nerve related issues like tingling, pain and
numbness. As mentioned by Galluzzi and et. al. (2017), it includes the problem related to nails
and skin that changes such as changing in colour of skin and dry condition of skin. Meanwhile, it
is observed that changes in urine and bladder are evaluated which are developed due to kidney
problems. It includes the several other side effects on human body such as weight changes,
affect concentration of brain, changes in libido as well as sexual function of an individual. It is
also responsible for develop fertility problems which may remain same for a long term duration.
It has been identified that some side effects are critical and required to immediately inform the
care providers. Initially, it includes the condition of having high fever than 100.5 F to 101F or
greater and bleeding or unexplained bruising. It consist the condition of having rashes, allergic
reaction like swelling or mouth or throat, sever itching and trouble swallowing (Wei and et. al.,
2017). It involves intense chills, unusual pain, pain or soreness at the chemo injection site or
catheter site. However, it consist the symptom of shortness in breath, long lasting diarrhoea or
vomiting and blooding stools or blood in the urine. It is necessary to immediately contact with
doctor for further treatment because these symptoms are complicated for cancer patient.
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CHAPTER 3
Methodology
3.1 Study overview
This investigation will use the qualitative method of research and descriptive research design for
conducting this study by collecting appropriate information. It is observed that qualitative
research method is much effective as well as efficient method of carrying out study in side
effects of chemotherapy on cancer patient which will provide support to gain appropriate
outcomes. It is favourable in terms of gaining detailed information and understand opinions
which facilitate to gain accurate findings. Meanwhile, qualitative method of research is
beneficial for providing in depth knowledge to analyse specific attitudes, feelings and behaviours
in order to interpret appropriate outcomes (Farhood and et. al., 2019). It involves benefit if
developing openness with the help of motivating people for expanding about their responses
related to specific topic which helps to achieve correct research outcomes. In addition to this, the
descriptive research design is suitable for this project because it is suitable technique for
analysing non quantified topics and research problems in proper manner. However, it is
favourable for developing possibility to observe the phenomenon in a completely natural as well
as unchanged natural atmosphere. It includes the criterion of creating opportunity for integrating
the qualitative method of collecting desired data. The descriptive method is effective to conduct
study about side effects of chemotherapy on cancer patents to gain appropriate findings
respectively.
3.2 Search strategies
The search strategies can be defined as phrases and words used for searching relevant
information to collect accurate data in order to study the appropriate results. It includes the use
different types of search strategies such as ways of information seeking, analytical strategies,
searching versus browsing, building blocks, facet searching, pearl growing, interactive scanning
and simple searching for gathering relevant information (Rico and et. al., 2017). It will provide
support to study actual facts and findings in terms of gaining appropriate outcomes of the
investigation. However, it includes the strategy of identifying key concepts & terms, select
relevant databases & resources, combine search terms with Boolean operators, run searches in
selected resources and review & refine search results. It is required to utilise effective search
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terms such as chemotherapy, types of chemotherapy drugs, types of cancers, stage of cancer
required chemotherapy and so on. It is favourable to enhance the use of effective search
strategies for attaining better outputs.
3.3 Search parameters
Search parameters of research includes the criterion of considering factors which are required to
be studied related to the specific research problems. It includes the parameters and components
related to particular topic of the investigation which is suitable to gather accurate information for
analysing appropriate data respectively. It will provide support to collect desired information
which will facilitate to attain accurate findings (Pei-Hua and et. al., 2018). These findings
become more reliable and appropriate that can be applied in future for improvement of relevant
areas through which human beings get benefited in proper manner. In context of this
investigation, the search parameters for this study includes several factors such as types of
cancers among people required the treatment of chemotherapy which is favourable to make them
healthy. It includes the parameter of studying about that which stage of cancer is mostly needs
the treatment of chemotherapy for treating the health condition of patients in healthcare settings.
3.4 Inclusion criterion
In context of this project, the inclusion criterion of this investigation is all about to consider
recently published research articles in order to gain accurate information related to side effects of
chemotherapy on cancer patients. It includes the strategy of utilising only specific research
articles which are published on the topic of chemotherapy which are favourable to gather
appropriate level of data (Wildiers and et. al., 2018). However, the year of publishing were
considered with rage of 2015 to 2020 which is suitable to collect desired information in context
of specific research topic. It is observed that recent articles are used to collect accurate
information which facilitate to attain required outcomes.
3.5 Exclusion criterion
This research project has been focused on the exclusion criterion of avoiding articles with old
published years having accurate information about the topic. It is not favourable to use very old
published research articles because it is responsible for reducing the authenticity of the data as
well as respective finings due to which it will not consider as liable for future perspectives in
terms of human welfare (Hasegawa and et. al., 2017). If authentic information will not use then it
14

is juts waste of time to conduct the investigation. This study will focus on avoiding the articles
published before the year of 2015.
3.6 Sample description
The sampling method can be described as process to selected group of subjects from target
population to gain information for interpreting findings. It includes that sampling method can be
divided into two sections such as probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling with their
respective sub parts from which suitable one can be used to selected group of respondents
(Ventzel and et. al., 2016). However, this project will focus on use of random sampling method
through which appropriate research articles are selected to collect appropriate data. The random
sampling is helpful to collect subjects in random manner.
3.7 Data extraction
Data collection method includes use of primary and secondary sources to gather relevant
information to analyse the same to gain appropriate findings. It includes the primary data is
known as first hand data because it is gathered by researcher with the help of using several
primary sources like questionnaire, survey, interview, focus groups etc. However, the secondary
sources includes use of information from different resources such as books, journals, magazines,
newspapers, articles, websites, government publications and many more (Foukakis and et. al.,
2016). The secondary sources are helpful to review the views of various authors to conduct
literature review in research. This project will focus on use of secondary sources to conduct
literature review and data analysis & interpretation of respective findings.
3.8 Critical appraisal
Critical appraisal can be described as an effective method which has a role to assess outcomes of
specific research in systematic as well as careful manner. It includes the criterion of evaluating
the available information to analyse the right and wring aspects in context of specific research
topic. Meanwhile, it has been analysed that critical appraisal is all about to judge the evidence of
specific research with the help of considering several factors such as trustworthiness, value and
relevance in respect of particular investigation (Shen and Yang, 2017). It is observed that critical
appraisal is known to be important because is beneficial to provide help for decreasing the extra
pressure along with allowing to research question to claim with high quality of evidence.
15

Moreover, this investigation will consider appropriate research articles for analysing accurate
information in order to achieve accurate findings respectively.
16

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Discussion
Theme 1: The basic understanding about cancer and chemotherapies
As mentioned above, it has been identified that chemotherapy is an important treatment method
applicable for cancer patients in which fast developing cells can be damaged. It is observed that
strong drugs are used at initial stage of cancer and further phases require chemotherapy treatment
among clients. It includes the fact that chemotherapy drugs has some of side effects on human
body. However, the cells developed by cancer has special ability to grow and multiply faster than
normal cells. It is necessary to damage them quickly with the help strong treatment method for
completely killing of cancerous cells to improve health condition of an individual. Meanwhile, it
consist the fact that critical stage of cancer requires the treatment by chemotherapy drugs to
destroy cancerous cells to make patient wellbeing (Najafi and et. al., 2019). Meanwhile, it is
observed that the process of chemotherapy is a complicated clinical practice which should be
carries out effectively. It is required for cancer patients in which set of chemotherapies are
formulated according to particular condition of an individual. Moreover, cancer can be
considered as a critical health problem which is not generally detected at early stage but it
develop serious symptoms at later phase when treatment becomes critical. It is necessary for
people to have habit of regular check to detect severe health problems earlier to gain medication
to become disease free easily.
On the other hand, it has been founded that cancer is a critical condition in which specialised cell
multiply in uncountable way and they are responsible for damaging body tissues. It is observed
that cancer are of different types which may occur anywhere in human body such as prostate
cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, leukaemia, lymphoma and so on. Basically, it has been
analysed that cancer has number of symptoms including injury, benign tumours, illness and other
relevant problems that can be consider as indication of cancerous condition of an individual. It is
required for people have healthy lifestyle to avoid cancer problem and adopt regular check up
habit which facilitate to avoid severe health conditions to become complicated by getting
respective treatment earlier (Gibbons and Groarke, 2018). Meanwhile, it has been evaluated that
there are some of harmful habits which impact negatively on health condition and develop
complicated diseases. it includes negative habits of lifestyle such as extra body weight, lack of
17

physical activity, poor nutrition, extra intake of fast food, excess consumption of alcohol and
many more. It is required for people to improve their lifestyle in order to avoid risk of cancer and
other complicated problems for remaining healthy.
Theme 2: The need of chemotherapy for cancer patients in the healthcare organisation
Considering the given information, it has been analysed that the severe cancer stage generally
need the chemotherapy treatment in order damage the cancerous effectively. It includes the
requirement of formulating appropriate plan of providing chemotherapies for destroying
cancerous cells rapidly for making an individual wellbeing. Basically, it is observed that the
chemotherapy is required according to specific condition of every particular individual as they
need may vary to have 3 or 4 chemotherapies for improving their health condition. It is needed
for care professionals to involve specialist in the treatment process to formulate appropriate set
of chemotherapies along with making accurate decision of relevant drugs for treating cancer in
effective manner (Beaver, Williamson and Briggs, 2016). However, it has been founded that
chemotherapies are required according to ability and presence of cancerous cells ink body and
the way of damaging body tissues to destroy these harmful cells effectively. It is required for
patient to stay one night before going through the procedure of gaining chemotherapy treatment
for gaining desired benefits regarding actual health condition. Meanwhile, the chemo treatment is
complicated due to which care professional should cooperate properly with their team to perform
the same in appropriate manner. The chemotherapy is needed in patient suffering from critical
stage of cancer for destroying cancerous cells to make them disease free.
In addition to this, it has been identified that specific chemotherapies are required to be decided
according to actual condition of an individual. It is observed that some of health problems are
already present due to which decision of chemotherapy treatment should be taken carefully for
gaining better patient outcomes (Bergqvist and Strang, 2017). It includes number of health
problems which are required to special considered such as lung disease, heart diseases, diabetes
and many more. The decision is very important for chemotherapy is a critical clinical procedure
having side effects on human body. Meanwhile, chemotherapy is needed generally when a
person face complicated stage of cancer because it helps to destroy cancerous cells effectively.
However, the minor chemotherapy drugs are provided to patients in which initial or moderate
stage of cancer as it is sufficient to treat the same. This treatment method is also needed in terms
of boosting up effectiveness of other clinical practices for shrink the tumours. Moreover,
18

cancerous cells have much potential due to which they cannot be destroyed by any other clinical
procedures and hence, chemotherapy drugs area used in minor to major quantity as per specific
requirement of patient.
Theme 3: The type of cancers and relevant stage requires chemotherapy among cancer
patients
The above information has been founded that there are several kinds of cancer conditions which
may occur among people having respective stages. It includes number of stages of cancer
according to treatment decision of chemo drugs can be made for making client feeling relief.
Basically, it is observed that earlier one is stage zero that means non cancer nut only some
abnormal cells present having efficiency to become cancer. It consist stage one which includes
small are in human body for having cancer and stage two & three has meaning to have large area
with cancerous cells that are grown in nearby lymph nodes or tissues accordingly (Sousa and et.
al., 2016). However, it consist the stage four in which cancer has been started to spread in other
parts of body which is known as kind of advanced or metastatic cancer condition. It includes the
use of specific diagnosing methods and procedures such as ultrasound, CT scan and PRI scan to
understand about actual stage and kind of cancer so that accurate care plan can be formulated for
providing treatment in proper manner. Moreover, it is necessary to make decision of providing
chemotherapy drugs according to specific condition of an individual which facilitate to make
them disease free respectively.
On the other hand, it has been evaluated that type cancer can be distinguished on the basis of part
where cancerous cells developed. It includes several kinds of cancers such as prostrate cancer,
lung cancer, mouth cancer, colon cancer, basal cell cancer, melanoma, bladder cancer, non-
Hodgkin lymphoma, non-melanoma skin cancer and many more. It is necessary for care
professionals to diagnose actual cancer condition with the help of detecting specific stage in
respect of formulating more effective as well as efficient care plan of providing chemotherapy
treatment. It will provide support to deliver appropriate chemo drugs in specified amount which
improve health condition of an individual (Joly and et. al., 2019). Meanwhile, it has been
analysed that different types of cancer conditions have complications which are required to be
deal with appropriate drugs. It is observed that chemotherapy is common treatment process for
different kinds of cancer condition but some of other clinical practices are also applicable for
them. It is observed that radiation and surgical method are also applied in complicated condition
19

of cancer in terms of making an individual disease free. Moreover, it is helpful to treat different
stages of cancer with the help of accurately detection of specific clinical situation of patient for
treating their health problems effectively.
Theme 4: The different types of chemotherapy drugs and medicinal product among cancer
patients in the healthcare organisation
The chemotherapy method of treatment can be defined as an effective clinical method which has
potential to deal with cancer problems. It is observed that chemotherapies are generally used for
treating different types of cancers in order to make patients healthy. Basically, it is observed that
effective methods are used in process of chemotherapy with the help of considering utilisation of
various kinds of drugs applicable in specific condition of client. It is necessary for care
professionals to make decision of providing chemotherapy drugs according to specific condition
of an individual. It is very important to use appropriate drugs which are suitable for particular
patient because it is required to gain accurate outcomes of treatment (Hansra and et. al., 2017).
There are several kinds of chemotherapies in which specific should be applied which is
applicable in particular case of patient. However, it has been founded that specific chemo drugs
are available but according to body response of a person, specific drugs should be utilised in the
process of chemotherapy has it facilitate to attain positive outcomes. The use of specific and
specialised use of drugs are responsible for differentiating various kinds of chemotherapies that
are implemented in clinical settings. It is necessary to use appropriate chemo drugs for delivering
better quality of care services for making patient disease free respectively.
On the other hand, it has been identified that specific chemo drugs are of different types such as
Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, & Ifosfamide; ethylenimines like Thiotepa and
Hexamethylmelamine; Alkysulphonates like busulfan; Hydrazines & Triazines including
Altretamine, Procarbazine, Dacarbazine and Temozolomide; NitrosureasCarmustine, Lomustine
and Streptozocin and Metal salts: Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin and Mechlorethamine
which are considered as mustard gas derivatives. It includes the periwinkle plant (catharanthus
rosea), Pacific Yew tree (Taxus), Asian happy tree (camptotheca acuminata) are the plants from
which plant alkaloids can be extracted for chemotherapies in proper manner. However, it has
been founded that chemo drugs are differentiated on the basis of their actual source from which
they are extracted to formulate specific medication to be used in the treatment of cancer
(Santabarbara and et. al., 2016). It includes the utilisation of different chemo drugs which are
20

suitable and acceptable by body of an individual to gain desired outcomes. Meanwhile, it is
observed that chemo drugs are much strong and efficient to kill the cancerous cells for securing
body tissues in order to improve better health condition of patient. It will provide support to treat
the complicated disease of cancer for making people wellbeing.
Theme 5: The various side effects of chemotherapies among cancer patients
As mentioned above, it has been analysed that it has been identified that chemotherapy can be
considered as strong treatment procedure to treat the problem of cancer among people. It
includes the fact that chemotherapy has number of side effects on human body which needs
sufficient time to overcome with the same. Meanwhile, it is necessary for care professionals to
remain prepared to deal with side effects of chemo drugs for maintain patient condition stable. It
is observed that there are number of side effects of chemo drugs because their action for
cancerous cells if much strong to kill them and it has some of negative impacts on human body.
However, it has been analysed that there are several side effects which should be faced by
patients having treatment of chemotherapy including rapid hair loss due to which people become
bald. It includes number of various other side effects like feeling fatigue, easy bleeding &
bruising, low red blood cell condition that is anaemia, infection, nausea & vomiting, constipation
and appetite changes among people. It is required for care professionals to take precautions for
reducing the level of side effects in terms of improving health condition of an individual
respectively.
In addition to this, it has been founded that side effects of chemotherapy are related to several
body organ systems and their functions. It includes the side effects of chemo drugs on digestive
system in terms of disrupting respective process of digestion as well as it affects the reproductive
system of human body. However, it includes the chemotherapy impact negatively as it is
responsible for damaging normal body cells including red blood cells related to bone marrow,
hair follicles and cells of mouth (de Almeida and et. al., 2020). It consist the damaging of cells
related to some of important organs like heart, kidney, lungs, bladder and nervous system which
develop complicated situation of an individual undergoing process of chemotherapy. Meanwhile,
it has been evaluated that the chemotherapy process is itself a complicated treatment procedure
which are responsible for developing weak body which is not capable to easily overcome with
the health condition. The weak body has slow recovery after treatment and may acquire other
problems or infections easily. The chemotherapy develops pain in mouth and patient feel painful
21

at the time of swallowing food then doctors should provide easily eatable food. The chemo drugs
damages mouth, throat and tongue which impacts negatively on eating ability of an individual.
4.2 Application to theoretical/conceptual framework
In clinical settings requires use of effective nursing frameworks and theories in order to deal with
cancer patients while providing chemotherapies. It includes the use of more effective as well as
efficient framework to cooperating with patient and colleagues in order to deliver better care
services. Basically, it is necessary to understand actual situation of an individual and develop an
appropriate care plan in order to deliver desired facilities properly. It is very important for
medical practitioners to select accurate theoretical framework to improve their way of dealing
with patients and provide effective treatment for their wellbeing. However, there are various
frameworks that can be used by care professionals to provide chemotherapies for cancer patients
in which some of them are given below.
Environmental theory: This can be defined as an effective framework to establish comfortable
atmosphere for patient to improve their treatment outcomes and maintain safety factors. It states
that environment has number of elements such as ventilation, light, warmth, effluvia and noise
which should be maintained in proper manner because external influences may prevent or
contribute to disease or even death of an individual. Meanwhile, it is observed that it is necessary
to focus on several concepts including person, environment, and health and nursing in order to
provide appropriate care services to cancer patients to improve their health condition with the
help of providing treatment of chemotherapy. However, nurses should provide environment to
patient with fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good diet etc. for improving health condition of them.
It is necessary for nursing staff to focus on physical psychological and social factors while
providing healthy environment to an individual which facilitate to improve recovery rate of
patient. It will provide support to increase effectiveness of treatment of chemotherapy which
leads to attain improved outcomes respectively.
Interpersonal relational model: This theory is based on the concept of psychodynamic nursing in
which improved behaviour is helpful to others in terms of determining their difficulties. It
includes the criterion of implementing formulation of human relations to make effective
communication to develop mutual understanding with a sick individual to gain their cooperation
for making treatment process more efficient (Duregon and et. al., 2018). However, it is necessary
to create a comfortable atmosphere for client which motivates them to share their accurate
22

problems with care professional that facilitates to establish appropriate care plan to deliver
proper treatment facilities. It will provide support to provide better quality of care with the help
of carrying out treatment procedure of chemotherapy for wellness of an individual. Meanwhile, it
has been analysed that effective cooperation with patient is beneficial in respect of formulating
plan of chemotherapies which facilitates to increase the improved outcomes. It is essential for
care professional to behave properly which impacts positively on treatment process in order to
gain better results. Moreover, the interpersonal relation should be improved which make patient
comfortable and confident which is favourable to conduct chemotherapy process effectively. It
will facilitate to treat cancer potentially for improving health condition respectively.
Behavioural systems model: This model was primarily developed by Dorothy Johnson which
states that a person can be considered as a comprised set of organised interactive, interdependent
and integrated subsystems. It includes the criterion of maintaining constancy between several
factors like biological, psychological and sociological elements accordingly. Basically, it is
based on the concept of managing adjustments and adapting of external as well as internal forces
working regarding patient. It involves several subsystems such as affiliative system with social
bonds, dependency with helping or nurturing, ingestive with food intake, eliminative with
excretion, sexual with procreation & gratification, aggressive with reservation & self-protection
and achievement along with efforts in order to gain mastery as well as control. Meanwhile, it has
been analysed that it is required to balance heath condition and make it stable by providing
appropriate care services. It involves the criterion of completing overall needs of patient before
and after providing chemotherapy which will provide support to reduce side effects along with
improving recovery of them. However, the subsystems of this theory should be focussed for
improving overall condition of an individual for making them disease free very soon. It consists
to fulfil treatment and nutrition needs for improving their health condition respectively.
Goal attainment theory: The goal attainment theory can be considered as an effective framework
which can be used for delivering appropriate care for better health of cancer patients. It includes
the criterion of setting goal of providing chemotherapy efficiently in order to achieve stable
health condition of an individual. Basically, this theory is based on an open system framework in
which human beings can have constant interaction with the atmosphere. It includes the personal
system which is individual based including their perception, self, growth, development, time
space, interpersonal, society and body image according to which appropriate plan of providing
23

chemotherapy should be formulated to apply the same (Zimmer and et. al., 2018). Meanwhile, it
consist the focus on interpersonal factors including interaction, communication, transaction and
socialisation for perform clinical practices accordingly. It encourages maintaining privacy and
confidentiality of an individual and paying respect to them while providing chemotherapy
regarding their wellness. However, it is required to involve family members, friends and peers to
gain knowledge about client which helps to provide care facilities in more effective as well as
efficient manner. It will provide support to mutually communicate the goals of care plan to gain
their cooperation which impact positively in the entire procedure of chemotherapy treatment for
making individual wellbeing as soon as possible.
Healthcare systems model: This framework plays an important role in terms of delivering
appropriate medical facilitates to make an individual disease free. It states that a person is itself a
complete system along with having several interrelated parts which are required to be maintained
for managing appropriate health condition of them. Meanwhile, it is necessary for managing
harmony as well as balance among external and internal atmosphere with the help of maintaining
stressed condition along with defending against tension developing stimuli. It includes the
criterion of concentrating on clinical practices related to stress and stress reduction in terms of
improving stable condition of client. However, it is observed that chemotherapy is critical
process of treatment due to which patient become fearful or stressed sometimes which should be
managed for improving respective outcomes of treatment. It consist the criterion of evaluating
stressors in order to manage them for maintaining comfort level of patient for attaining desired
outcomes. The confident and calm condition of client is favourable to enhance recovery rate
which will provide support to make them disease free as soon as possible. It is necessary to apply
interventions like strengthening flexible lines of defence, strengthen resistance against stressors
and maintain adaption among patients for improving treatment outcomes of chemotherapy.
Philosophy and science of caring: This can be considered as an important framework which
facilitates to deliver appropriate care with providing correct services to an individual. It includes
the criterion of providing care effectively as it impact positively on health condition of patient.
Basically, it includes the fact that caring consist curative factors and it is responsible for
promoting growth of client which improve their recovery rate.it is observed that a caring
environment is responsible for reducing chance of occurring complications and improve patient
condition as they feel better via having fresh air and comfortable living area. It is responsible for
24

developing ability of an individual for promoting better health condition which helps to cure the
cancer problem as soon as possible. However, it has been analysed that the philosophy & science
of caring in order to form humanistic altruistic value system and instilling faith and hope which
enhance respective outcomes. It includes the cultivating sensitivity to self & others, developing
trust and helpful relationship between nurse & client and it is favourable to promote expression
of feelings accordingly. Meanwhile, it consist the criterion of utilising problem solving technique
in terms of making decision along with promoting teaching & learning method to motivate
patient to follow give instructions properly. It involves the way of promoting supportive
environment along with assisting actual requirement of an individual which should be completed
while providing chemotherapy for treating cancer problems effectively. Moreover, it is required
to focus on important components such as person, environment, health and nursing to maintain
appropriate atmosphere and deliver desired sets of chemotherapies in respect of making person
completely wellbeing. It requires to make client physically, mentally and socially wellbeing as
well as functioning.
Culture care diversity and universality: The culture plays an important role while dealing with
patient having problems of cancer in terms of treating the health issue. It includes the criterion to
respect culture of every client while dealing with them for providing appropriate care facilities.
Basically, it consist the criterion of delivering nursing care that should be congruent care with
cultural values, beliefs and practices. It is necessary for nursing staff to consider cultural belief of
people till they can manage the same according their codes of conduct for maintain their comfort
level. However, it has been analysed that cultural care preservation is favourable to preserve
health, recovering from illness or face death. It includes another factor of cultural care
accommodation which is helpful in adapting to or negotiate for suitable for health status or face
death. Moreover, it involves the cultural care re-patterning that is helpful in respect of
restructuring or modifies lifestyles which are culturally meaningful. It is observed that client
refuse to intake treatment due to their specific cultural value then it is required for care
professionals to manage their beliefs for providing chemotherapy in order to make them disease
free respectively.
Situational leadership theory: The clinical settings have new cases with complications on regular
basis due to which specific criterion of dealing with them is not sufficient. It is required to
consider sue of situational leadership theory which plays an important role for dealing with
25

different types of clinical circumstances for adaptability which gain success to make patient
wellbeing. However, the cancer patients face critical condition then nurse working with them
should use situation leadership approach which will provide support formulate appropriate care
plan accordingly. It will provide support to use critical thinking for providing chemotherapies
effectively for managing better health condition of cancer patients.
4.3 Limitations
Considering the above data, it has been analysed that the project has been done with the help of
using appropriate methods and technique in order to gather appropriate content which will
facilitate to gain accurate findings. It includes the best efforts of collecting accurate information
so that accurate findings can be attained that can be applied in clinical practices for future
perspectives. Basically, it has a limitation that articles selected were not specifically based on the
similar aim of this project due to which relevant content was extracted which may have a degree
of limitation. It involves the criterion of defining various kinds of theoretical frameworks in
which they are suitable indifferent condition which are not specifically mentioned. Moreover, it
has been analysed that the given project has minor limitations but the efforts were accurate due
to which the findings of respective investigation can be considered as real and future oriented.
4.4 Implications for nursing
The chemotherapy is an important treatment method which is generally used by care
professionals for treating cancer among patients for their wellbeing. It includes the use of given
information about utilisation of specific chemo drugs which are suitable according to condition
of patient body in order to gain desired outcomes. Meanwhile, the findings of this project can be
applied in terms of improving the way of providing chemotherapies with the help of preparing
more effective as well as efficient plan of care which impact positively on respective treatment
outcomes. In addition to this, it should be applied that appropriate nursing framework should be
used according to particular situation with the help of considering critical thinking for making
client wellbeing as soon as possible. Moreover, it is favourable to apply situation leadership
approach to deal with different clinical conditions of cancer patients for delivering appropriate
chemotherapies in order to make them wellbeing.
26

4.5 Conclusion
From the above project, it has been concluded that chemotherapy can be considered as an
important clinical treatment which is favourable to treat complicated stages of cancer among
people. It includes the use of different types of chemo drugs which should be applied according
to internal body response of an individual. Meanwhile, it consist the criterion of using
appropriate care plan of providing chemotherapies in order to facilitate recovery of patient which
helps to make them disease free as soon as possible. It involves the requirement of taking
precautions because the chemo therapy has some of side effects on human body for making
individual comfortable. However, it consist the use of appropriate chemo drugs for making the
treatment effective in terms of making patient disease free. Moreover, it is required to use
appropriate nursing frameworks such as environmental theory, interpersonal relational model,
behavioural systems model, goal attainment theory, healthcare systems model, philosophy and
science of caring, culture care diversity & universality and so on.
27

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