Chronic Heart Failure: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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3/14/2019

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Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................2
Body............................................................................................................................................................2
Etiology & Pathophysiology....................................................................................................................2
Clinical manifestations............................................................................................................................4
Diagnosis process....................................................................................................................................5
Treatments...............................................................................................................................................6
Pharmaceutical treatment.....................................................................................................................6
Non-pharmaceutical treatment.............................................................................................................7
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................9
References.................................................................................................................................................11

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Chronic heart failure
Introduction
Chronic heart failure is also known as the congestive heart failure is the ongoing
incapability of the heart to push or pump sufficient blood throughout the body to make sure
enough oxygen is supplied to each part of the body. This condition can be caused by different
risk factors like old age, increased blood pressure, diabetes, and being obese (Stout et al., 2016).
The symptoms associated with this condition include chest pain, cough, swelling of the ankles
and legs, tiredness, constipation, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, and shortness of breathing.
This Adverse health condition impacts the inferior chambers of the heart called the left and right
ventricles. CHF occurs when the heart is unable to cope with the changing oxygen demands of
oxygen of the body (Klip et al., 2013).
Congestive heart failure assessed at least 300,000 population of Australia currently
undergo Congestive heart failure (CHF) and about 30,000 fresh cases are identified each year.
Between, 1996-1997, nearly 41,000 hospitalizations were reported for congestive heart failure as
a principal diagnosis (Sahle, Owen, Mutowo, Krum, & Reid, 2016). There are presently 26
million heart failure patients globally. Particularly in the US, the prevalence of these health
conditions is more than 5.2 million. In this particular assessment report the etiology, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment for CHF will be discussed (Zarrinkoub, et al., 2013).
It can be concluded that this particular health conditions is a global health issue.
Body
Etiology & Pathophysiology

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Causes
In this particular section, the pathophysiology and etiology will be discussed. Chronic
heart failures are caused by the combination of different health condition including coronary
heart disease, heart attack, and cardiomyopathy, conditions that overwork the heart such as valve
disorder, diabetes, kidney disorder, and hypertension.
Risk factors
The risk factors associated with this health condition include diabetes type two, obesity,
excessive smoking, anemia, hypo and hyperthyroidism, myocarditis, heart arrhythmias, atrial
fibrillation, lupus, amyloidosis, emphysema, excessive alcohol consumption, and viral
contamination of the heart muscles (Borlaug, 2014).
Chronic Heart failure is the final outcome of dissimilar pathophysiological courses in
which there is damage to the heart that include loss or diminishing of working myocardial cells.
Mechanisms of Compensatory neuro-hormone are triggered in order to uphold satisfactory
cardiac function and the tissue perfusion. Instigation of the sympathetic nervous system upsurges
heart rate and contractility of the cardiac system, while triggering of the system called renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone raises reabsorption of sodium and water withholding. Although these
reactions are primarily beneficial, continued overstimulation of both sympathetic nervous
scheme and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone structure outcomes in maladaptive circulatory
remodelling. The discharge of natriuretic peptides counters the vasoconstriction impacts of the
sympathetic nervous organization and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone scheme (Piepoli, &
Crisafulli, 2014).
In the diastolic type of congestive heart failure, the ventricle turns into less compliant or
harder, this damages ventricular filling. This damage results in abridged ventricular