Literature Review Child and Youth Care

The provided document consists of a comprehensive list of books and journal articles relevant to the field of child and youth care. The selected resources encompass diverse topics within the field, such as pain management, suicide interventions, cultural considerations in youth care, family therapy approaches, resilience factors among youth, and online counselling services. The literature review highlights the multifaceted nature of child and youth care, emphasizing the importance of understanding complex issues like mental health, family dynamics, and cultural influences to effectively support vulnerable children and youth.

Child a youth counselling

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK ..............................................................................................................................................1
1. Developmental and non developmental issues that Chantelle be dealing with.......................1
2. Appropriate model or therapy approach for working client ..................................................2
3. Respond to Chantelle's mother regarding her progress...........................................................5
4. Critical reflection on current strengths and weaknesses.........................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Child counselling refers to a psychological field which focuses on providing treatment to
child or adolescence who are diagnosed with some mental disorders (Anglin, (2014). LBC
(Learning Behaviour Consultancy) is a child consultancy for providing treatment to children
suffering from mental illness or disorder. This assignment is about a 13 year old teenage girl
Chantelle, who is suffering from depression because of her mother's Chrohns disease. This report
talks about various non development issues faced by that girl because of her responsibility to
taking care of her mother. It also describes about various therapies , approaches that can be used
to cure her from depression and anxiety. Apart from this, report also discuss about various
strength and weakness that Chantelle counsellor have.
TASK
1. Developmental and non developmental issues that Chantelle be dealing with
Chantelle is a 13 year old girl who is concerned about her mother. As she is suffering
from Chrohns disease and Chantelle take care of her mother by dropping eduction. Her life is not
like other children as she has the responsibility of her mother which is very difficult for girl at
this age. Because of this she is highly depressed and result of which she is not developing
emotionally, physically and socially that is required in this age. Some developmental and non
developmental issues that Chantelle would be dealing with includes:
Physical development: As Chantelle is a 13 year old teen, she is dealing with physical
changes that comes with puberty. Due to these changes, she feels moody, sensitive, self
conscious and uncertain at times. This results in improper physical development of girl as she
becomes physically mature and gains weight. Her rapidly changing appearance started
developing a feelings of self conscious in her mind (Ranahan, (2014). These changes happens at
distinct rates that can create anxiety in her.
Emotional development: In the age of 13, teens deals with hormonal shifts which
contributes in mood swings. In this age a child faces mood swings which changes number of
times a day due to peer problems or school stress. As per the given case study, Chantelle is more
concerned about her mother and she think too much that how she will manage this for her entire
life. Due to mother's responsibility on her, she feels trapped and depressed because of which was
not able to maintain a balance between her mood. This are the main cause behind non
development of her mental health.
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Social development: Normally, 13 year old teens depends more on friends as they want
to live freely and in their own way. They desire to spend their time with friends instead of family
and confide in peers more. But, in case of Chantelle, she has her mother's responsibility so she
does not get time to be with her friends. This would be the main reason behind her incomplete
social development (White, (2015).
Cognitive development: A 13 year old teens has the mental ability to solve their problem.
They may also try to think regarding consequences of their actions and behaviour. In-spite of
only thinking about tangible objects, they start to understand concepts like trust and faith. But in
case of Chantelle, she would not be cognitively developed and have not the ability to think
abstractly. Main reason behind her under development of cognitive is that she use to take care of
her mother and generally avoid to talk with others by staying at home.
2. Appropriate model or therapy approach for working client
As per the given case study, a 13 year old girl Chantelle was suffering from depression
and feels trapped in her own home. As Chantelle's mother is suffering from Chrohns disease
from the time when that girl was 6-7yrs old and she dropped her school for taking care of her
mother. Because of which she was not able fully participate in other activities which generally
children of her age use to do. This situation creates various non development issues such as
physical development, social development, emotional and cognitive development. Main cause of
this issues is that she generally avoid socializing, playing with friends which make her mind
emotionally weak and unstable. Because of this, Chantelle is get highly depressed as she over
think about her mother and how she will take care of her for the whole life. So, a counsellor from
LBC child consultancy services tried to help her in overcoming from this situation of depression.
In order to provide a proper treatment of depression and to help Chantelle in adolescence
development various therapy approaches are used such as play, narration and CBT. Counsellor
is more concerned about the girl's recent comment about her situation. She stated that she is
thinking about taking care of her mother for the rest of her life which is very difficult to perform
(Box & et. al., (2015). She started thinking herself to be trapped in her own house, because of
which she is highly depressed and loose her emotional balance as well as experience mood
swing so many times a day. So in order to take out her from this situation counsellor decided to
provide a therapy which will help her in dealing with this situation and getting recover from
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depression. The best approach which is suitable according to the scenario of this 13 year old girl
is CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) as she requires mental and emotional development
for making her mind stable.
CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) :
CBT therapy is generally a type of talk therapy which sometimes works more effectively
than medicines or other therapy over an individual who is suffering from depression or anxiety.
This therapy helps the client in identifying, understanding and dealing with emotion-filled
thoughts which get arises throughout the day. Chantelle was referred by Carers Lewisham for
counselling.
So being a therapist of Chantelle, I started conversing with her in order to identify
various difficulties which she is facing in her daily life. By using this conversation, I tried to
identify the negative thoughts that she has in her mind so that it can be removed and make her
feel happy. I use to communicate with her and while taking session I tried to develop a friendly
relationship with Chantelle. This therapeutic relationship help in creating a better
communicational process which assists in making that child more comfortable so that she can tell
me about her thoughts toward current situation and rest of life. I also gave her anti depression
drug along with the session activities so that they can achieve better result and she can recover
from her situation much more quickly (Alaggia & et. al., (2015).
Main reason behind using this therapy is that while conversing with Counsellor,
Chantelle started communicating about her situation which normally she avoids to share with
others. This therapy also helped her in recognising fear or sources of distress and I provided her
various suggestions which she can apply on herself for removing fear. This will aid in improving
behaviour, changing thought pattern and also motivate toward facing these difficulties instead of
getting depressed. Following are the activities which I undertake while providing treatment to
Chantelle :-
Psycho-education:- It refers to the process of educating an individual who is taking
mental health treatment by delivering accurate information regarding self management. I added
this intervention in the treatment procedure of Chantelle. Main reason behind using this
treatment is that girl is more worried about her mother's diseases and because of which Chantelle
is suffering from depression. This depression is the main cause behind her thought of getting
trapped in her own house and various negative thought that are pooping up in mind. Psycho-
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education(PI) is consider to be most reliable treatment for preventing adolescent depression. This
therapy will help her to overcome from depression. Further it also support her in converting
negative pattern of thinking into more realistic and positive manner. While providing her
Cognitive Behavioural therapy, I provided various inspirational video link that she can watch at
home. This will help her in overcoming the situation of depression and anxiety. It will also
inspire her to reconstructing the way of thinking by removing negative thoughts from mind.
Sand play:- It is a form of expressive therapy where patient is asked to create a model
using miniature toys and coloured sand. Main reason behind using this activity is that it presents
the reflection of person's life and provide them opportunity to resolve conflicts and achieving
self acceptance. By using this therapy I asked Chantelle to draw images of animals in sand and
then I asked her to relate it with people that are important in her life. After which I used to
discuss about these peoples and her experience with them (Theron, Liebenberg & Ungar, (2015).
This will help her in recognition the happy moment of her life which make Chantelle happy.
Sand play activity proves to be more beneficial for her as while memorizing these moment she
get relaxed and give up her negative thought. She was also able to reconstruct her negative
thoughts into positive and more realistic way.
Story telling:- It is an another activity which I used under Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy that help patient in identifying reason behind their problem and appropriate solution to
that problem. This activity is conducted during Chantelle's counselling session for removing her
problem of emotional stability and mood swing. Story telling therapy is mainly focused over the
chronic mood problem of Chantelle which further help her in dealing with difficult situation
that may arises in future and what actions to be taken at that time. During this session I use to
communicate her about problem which she is facing. After determining this problem I narrate a
story so that she can identify various actions that can be taken to solve these situations. This
session also helped me in developing a better relation with her as she actively take part in this
activity. She started becoming more curious about the story that she going to hear in next session
so that she can apply over herself and this theatre make her happy (Shealy, (2017).
Relaxation Breathing Training:- The relaxation breathing is an activity which is
generally used to remove the physiological symptoms of anxiety that a person faces such as
shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, dizziness etc. I also added this activity to my Cognitive
behavioural therapy as I think it is one of the essential activity that Chantelle is required to do as
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she is suffering from depression and emotional instability. Main reason behind applying this
therapy is that girl is facing various psychological issues because for her mothers disease.
Chantelle is more worried about her mother's health which in turn develop various negative
thoughts in her mind. Apart from this she was not social and avoid to go out. She over think
about her mothers condition and because of which she experiences fear and anxiety which make
her breath faster. Relaxation breathing will help in keeping her body and heart beats calm as well
as also make her mind stable by minimizing negative thoughts while she is exercising this
activity. This therapy will also help in developing her mind.
So this activity is used so that she can learn how to manage her body while she
experience a negative thought or fear. This activity will help her in reducing the body's anxious
arousal so that she can think more clearly and positively. It further help in increasing feeling of
comfort and also will reduce the anxiety symptoms
(Stein & Polo, (2014) .
Apart from these, while starting this session, I identified various issues and difficulties
while developing a therapeutic relationship with Chantelle. Following points describes about
various issues/challenges which are faced by me during this therapy:
11 First and foremost difficulty faced by me is that Chantelle is very introvert and is not
ready to discuss about her problems and situation that she is facing. She use to keep quite
and don't want to talk. So I found it difficult to make her relax and develop a her trust
over me.11 Another major issue is that she is quite afraid of her life and health issue that her mother
is facing due to Chrohns disease. Because of which she overthink and develop negative
thoughts which in turn will make my effort ineffective and I have to start it over and over.
This make Cognitive behavioural therapy a very lengthy process.11 Third and major issue is that when Chantelle started talking about her life is that she
don't express properly what feeling she is having and fear restrict her for being more
social and talk with others. This is the major issue as I find it difficult to identify the
actual cause of anxiety as I am not able to provide and relax her with an appropriate
solution.11 One major issue faced by me while taking her Cognitive behavioural therapy session is
that she don't respond answer according to the question. As she was so depressed that she
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asked about something whereas she respond about something else and not according to
the question (Dowling & Rickwood, (2016) .
These all are the factors which act as barrier for me while giving therapeutical treatment
to Chantelle. As these all issues affect the activities which I used in therapy. But by taking
various session and regularly communicating with her I became successful in developing a
therapeutic relationship with Chantelle. Apart from that, this theory is not suitable for people
suffering from complex mental health. Some criticisms about CBT is that it only address current
problem by focusing on specific issues and doesn't address the causes of mental health condition
for instance unhappy person.
3. Respond to Chantelle's mother regarding her progress
After referring Chantelle for counselling her mother come to us and requested to get
information about progress of her daughter. So we had a conversation regarding various
activities and therapies applied over her and what were the outcome of these activities.
After doing counselling of Chantelle, it can be said that she is depressed and feels like
trapped in her own house. The main reason behind her depression can be her responsibilities at
the age of 13 (Van Breda, (2017) At this age, children play, study, enjoy and spend their time
with friends, but in case of Chantelle she has responsibility and is not able to spend time with
friends due to which she is not able to develop physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively.
Her mood swings in every minute and she is not behaving appropriately with others. In order to
overcome this issue and improving mental position of Chantelle, I uses Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy. This theory helps in treating psychological disorders and issues. It simplifies the way to
make sense of challenging conditions and problematic responds to them.
The main reason behind choosing this theory for treatment is that its effective in treating
depression and it creates long term results. It is based on universal human behaviour laws and
focuses on improving health of client (Lundqvist, (2015). This theory helps Chantelle in
overcoming from depression. It will also assists her in eliminating negative thoughts or thinking.
One of the another main reason of applying this theory is its flexibility, as it is suitable for
everyone. This theory helps in replacing negative behaviours with positive. Before applying this
theory, Chantelle feels depressed and remains unhappy. She gets negative thoughts in her mind
and start crying on small-small things. Her mood swings in every minute and she doesn't behaves
well. But after the application of cognitive behavioural theory, she feels happy and her negative
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thoughts starts to convert into positive one. She begins to behave well with others.
Implementation of this theory helps gradually in improving condition of Chantelle. She starts to
over come her depression and begins to stay happy. Application of CBT assists in reversing
negative thinking pattern of girl and appropriately dealing with frustration and stress.
Different exercises are included in cognitive behavioural therapy like mindfulness
meditation, sand play, psycho-education, relaxation breathing training and problem solving.
Chantelle goes through such exercises which helps her in relaxing her mind. This also helps her
in reducing physiological symptoms related to anxiety. All these exercises helps effectively in
treating condition of Chantelle and in overcome her with issue of depression (O'Neill, Swan &
Mulé, (2015). This therapy assists her in make them feel happy and relaxed. She starts to thinks
positively instead of negative. All this contributes in improving progress of Chantelle.
But, there are various ethical issues that are involved in providing cognitive behavioural
therapy to girl. Initially, various difficulties arise in understanding issue of Chantelle as she is not
ready to tell everything appropriately. This was the major ethical issue faced while treating her,
as being a counsellor it is necessary to learn about each and every aspect of Chantelle's case. But
she was not ready and highly depressed so we can't force her to speak up. Other ethical issues
faced while providing therapy is that each activity used over patient must be compel with
legislations or health act. As this theory is not applicable on complex nature of problem, so
before applying this theory it becomes very necessary to carefully determine the issue that is
faced by Chantelle. So, these are some difficulties that the counsellor face at the time of
counselling.
4. Critical reflection on current strengths and weaknesses
For providing mental health treatment and counselling sessions to adolescents and
children various core skills are required by a therapist or counsellor. It includes reversible
thinking, good listening & communicational skills, politeness, problem solving skills, analytical
skills, creativity, interpersonal skills etc. These skills help counsellor in dealing with unique
problems that are faced by children. As a counsellor, I have various skills and strengths that
enables me to provide counselling to adolescents and children. These includes reversible
thinking skills which helps me in assessing child from inside as well as outside. It helps me in
understanding the perspective of children and their family. It becomes also easier for me to know
the perceptions of Chantelle related to various things. Creativity is also one of my strength that
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helps me in encountering children with different ages who have attain various cognitive
development levels (McClintock, Tauroa & Mellsop, (2016) .
Creative abilities and skills are very much required in effectively communicating with
others so, it helps me in interacting with Chantelle in an effective manner. Developing an
approachable presence is also necessary in treating depression disorder. All the above mentioned
are different skills or strengths that I possess which helps me in understanding issues of patient
and treating psychological disorders. Apart of these strengths, I have some weaknesses because
of which several difficulties are faced by me while providing therapy to Chantelle. This includes
communicational skills, interpersonal skills and It includes weak interpersonal skills and lack of
gentleness. Being a counsellor, I required to speak politely and must use soothing work which
doesn't harm the emotion of patient. But I am short temper person which make me talk louder
while I get frustrated. Another weakness is my ineffective interpersonal skills, I am not able to
perform my duties well. In order to improve this skills, I've joined training sessions that helps me
in enhancing these skills and enables me to deal with patients effectively (Stalker & et. al.,
(2016).
Analytical and problem solving skills are also required that assists me in dealing with
patients and creating effective treatment plans. Good problem solving skills helps me in
understanding and resolving issues that are confront by patient in better manner. It enables me in
providing appropriate solutions which helps in treating condition of patient. Good analytical
skills makes it easy for me to analyse and determine needs and issues of patient. For a
counsellor, it is very necessary to win trust of patient who is suffering from depression and other
psychological disorders. This will assist in providing effective solution of problem and also helps
in overcome the patient from that situation. All these are the skills that should be possess by a
counsellor in order to perform their duties well and treat patients appropriately (Lundqvist,
(2015) .
CONCLUSION
From the above given case study it can be summarized that Chantelle is suffering from
depression and anxiety because of her mother's health as she is suffering from Chrohns disease.
Because of which she had faced various non development issues such as emotional, physical and
social development. For taking away her from this situation of depression and anxiety, a
Cognitive behavioural therapy is used. This treatment includes various activities such as story
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telling, psycho-education, sand-play, mindfulness meditation and relaxation breathing. These all
activities help her in developing an understanding to deal with her fear and anxiety as well as in
handling her mother.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Anglin, J. P. (2014). Pain, normality, and the struggle for congruence: Reinterpreting residential
care for children and youth. Routledge.
Ranahan, P. (2014). Watching in child and youth care suicide interventions: The potential for
observation practices to be disengaging. International journal of child, youth and family
studies. 5(1). 4-23.
White, J. (2015). An ethos for the times: Difference, imagination, and the unknown future in
child and youth care. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies. 6(4).
498-515.
Box, S. J., & et. al., 2015. Psychotherapy with families: An analytic approach. Routledge.
Alaggia, R. & et. al., (2015). Does differential response make a difference: Examining domestic
violence cases in child protection services. Child & Family Social Work. 20(1). 83-95.
Theron, L. C., Liebenberg, L. A., & Ungar, M. (2015). Youth resilience and culture. Springer
Netherlands.
Shealy, C. N. (2017). Knowing a way toward professional child and youth care: The therapeutic
home parent model. In Professionalization and Participation in Child and Youth
Care(pp. 103-122). Routledge.
Stein, G. L., & Polo, A. J. (2014). Parent–child cultural value gaps and depressive symptoms
among Mexican American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 23(2). 189-199.
Dowling, M., & Rickwood, D. (2016). Exploring hope and expectations in the youth mental
health online counselling environment. Computers in Human Behavior. 55. 62-68.
Van Breda, A. D. (2017). A comparison of youth resilience across seven S outh A frican sites.
Child & Family Social Work. 22(1). 226-235.
Lundqvist, Å. (2015). Parenting support in Sweden: new policies in old settings. Social Policy
and Society. 14(4). 657-668.
O'Neill, B., Swan, T. A., & Mulé, N. J. (Eds.). (2015). LGBTQ People and Social Work:
Intersectional Perspectives. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
McClintock, K., Tauroa, R., & Mellsop, G. (2016). An examination of child and adolescent
mental health services for Māori rangatahi [youth].International Journal of Adolescence
and Youth. 21(1). 56-63.
Stalker & et. al., (2016). A comparison of walk-in counselling and the wait list model for
delivering counselling services. Journal of Mental Health. 25(5). 403-409.