Child Development Project - Desklib

This project covers various aspects of child development, including the normal pattern of development for a baby from conception to birth, factors affecting fetal growth, speech and language difficulties, and the impact of bilingualism on language development. It also explores the work of prominent theorists in the field of communication and language development.

Child Development Project
Pre-Birth Development
(0303KU40) (0314KU40)
1. Describe the normal pattern of development for a baby from conception to birth.
Weeks 1-12 Weeks 13-27 Weeks 28-40
Its look like a fetus who is curled in the
familiar fetal position. In regard to arm
position, it can be said that elbows are bent
and legs are extended. Upper lip as well as
external ears begin to form. Baby’s size is
about the size of plum.
In week 9, baby’s toes appear that are easily
visible.
In these weeks, organs of babies are fully
formed. Kidney also starts working by
producing urine and release it into amniotic
fluid. Red blood cells are also being produced
by spleen and it carries oxygen throughout
the body. In regard to baby’s size, it can be
said that it is around 7.4cm long or size of
peace ovaries of babies are fully developed
and baby starts moving around.
In week 28, baby is around 16 inches long
and by the week 39-40 it becomes around 19-
22 inches. Most of the babies are in position
on breach in which their head is up and
bottom down. Babies can move to the head
down position easily.
Mothers start feeling kicks and babies’
stretch.
In week 32, babies practice breathing and in
the week 35, babies skin become very
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Baby’s brain is more active in the 27 week
and throughout the areas of brain, it starts
making a system of complex connection.
smooth. Babies’ toenails also start growing as
like their fingernails in the week of 38
(0303KU39)
2. What external factors affect foetal growth?
As it is known from above pattern of development, it is known that babies’ growth happens gradually and there are number of factors that
affect fetal growth. Some common external factors include: paternal and maternal genetics, capacity of placenta to provide nutrients and
maternal size. These all environmental patterns interact with intrinsic growth patterns as well as development of fetus (Kiserud and et.al.,
2018). Most of the changes and development happens due to variation in environmental factors such as: nutrition, maternal size, happiness and
environment in which mothers live.
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(0303KU39)
3. What external factors affect a baby’s brain development?
There are number of factors that affect baby’s brain development such as: proper nutrition, exposure to infections. Food and nutrition has great
impact on child’s or fetal’s brain development. When mother focuses on having nutritional values of food then baby’s brain is more likely to
develop in an effective and positive manner. Whereas, due to poor nutritional values, smoking, drugs, alcohol consumption has negative impact
on brain’s development. Along with this, it is also found that the environment in which mother lives also have great impact on baby’s brain
development. If mother lives around a positive, healthy and happy environment then it has positive impact on baby as they develop and grow in
a positive manner (Zeanah and Humphreys, 2018). It is known as daily routine activities and it is the reason as pregnant women and at the time
of post-pregnancy, women are being encouraged to be happy and safe because it has direct impact on baby’s brain development. After birth,
children should be protected from being in a touch of people who have mental disorders like trauma, stress and other problems. Baby’s learn
what they see and for developing good habits and proper brain development, they should be encouraged to live in a healthy environment.
4. Child Development
(0303KU40)
For the following age groups, describe the patterns of development taking into consideration the six aspects of development - Physical,
Cognitive, Emotional, Social, Behavioural and Communication/Linguistics. Include 2 examples of activities/environments that you can provide
to support these milestones of development (0303KU52,54,55,61,62)
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a) Birth to 18 months
b) 18 months - 24 months
c) 2 - 3 Years
d) 3 - 5 Years
e) 5 - 7 Years
f) 7 - 12 Years
g) 12 - 16 Years
h) 16 - 21 Years
Physical Cognitive Emotional Social Behavioural Communication/
Linguistics
Birth to 18
mths
Breathing
and eating
internal
systems are
developed.
They make
smooth
movement,
Children can
expose to
environment
and can learn
by imitating.
Afraid of strangers
and show interest in
games and toys.
Show understanding
of words and
become comfortable
with familiar people.
Self-control
appears to some
extent and pretend
play.
Babies say their first
word in this age.
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moves into
sitting
position and
stands along
with support.
18 -24 mths Babies start
walk alone,
eats with
spoon, can
pull toys
while
walking and
can help out
in undressing
themselves.
Start repeating
things that
they notice as
nerve
connection
becomes
stronger.
Pretend to feed their
dolls and start
showing some
emotions like anger,
excitement and
shame.
Point to show
interest in something
and like to play who
show affection.
Have tantrums and
shift their focus
from self to others.
Enjoy talking and
learn words.
2-3 years Babies
become
capable to
throw balls
overhand,
Can imitate
complex
actions of
adults and can
name objects
Have rapid mood
shift and show fear
in certain situations
such as darkness and
Play near a friend
and find difficulties
in sharing their
feelings with others.
Extra crying and
changes in facial
expression.
They take huge jump
in language or can say
around 50 or more
words.
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stands on
tiptoe, can
run, kick a
ball and
climb onto as
well as down
from
furniture.
that they see
in picture
book.
others.
3-5 years Children can
walk
backward in
this age, can
catch ball.
children
loves
practicing in
creativity and
craft.
Children can
use magical
thinking to
explain their
feelings and
solving
problems.
They start
thinking with
pre logical
thinking skill.
Become independent
to some extent and
like to give as well
as receive affection.
They become self-
sufficient and begin
cooperative play.
Start understanding
that their emotions
and mind are their
own. Know
difference between
sadness and
happiness.
Learn new words
quickly and know
most common object
things name.
5-7 years Can run with Can acquire Feel good when they Can express feelings Find happiness in Can link words like:
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speed and
agility. can
twist and
have better
coordination
among
different
body parts.
new
vocabulary
and can
compose
sentence of 5
or more
words.
spend time outside
and prefer to play
with others.
and can talk about
tricky emotions like
jealousy and
frustration.
doing activities at
their own and learn
cooperate.
now, because and can
ask relevant questions.
7-12 years It is the age
where
children can
get involved
in some
complex
activities like
swimming,
dancing.
They can
dress
themselves
Are capable to
understand
others’
perspectives
and putting
their feelings.
They can
think
hypothetically.
They are more likely
to abide and stick on
rules and do not feel
hesitation to take
initiative.
Lack of confidence
and do not express
affection towards
parents.
They believe
following only
good things as they
can identify
difference between
wrong and right.
Decoding new words
without help of others
and reading familiar
stories.
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without help
of others
12-16 years Many
physical
changes
happen in
this age such
as: skin
darkness,
hips widen,
hair growth
and thickness
all over the
body and
even
pregnancy
become
possible.
Can deal with
several
concepts at the
same time and
can imagine
future
consequences
of their
actions.
They are confident
and have high
expectations from
their close ones.
They experience
mood swings.
Social circle expands
and they prefer
spending time with
friends only.
Focus on grooming
themselves and
become short
tempered.
Less literal
understanding of
language but can
understand sarcasm.
16-21 years
Growth in
They are
capable to
They are more
concerned with
Have capacity and
skills to form
Experience intense
sexuality and have
Can talk difficult
sentences and can
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height and
size to the
great extent,
adult
triangular
patterns and
number of
changes
happen and it
is called age
of maturity.
consider facts
and
possibilities
that may
affect their
decision
making.
developing ability to
share intimacy and
can feel guilty if
they do something
wrong.
relationships with
others and some
children look
towards the future.
mood swings. easily understand link
between sentences and
stories.
5. List a minimum of 5 factors that can affect HEALTH, WELLBEING and DEVELOPMENT of children and young people – you are
required to highlight both the positive and negative
0034KU21,22,24, 0301, 0303, 0306, 0307,0309, 0310, 0314KU21,22,26
Area of development Positive Factors Negative Factors
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Health Nutrition, healthy relation, families’ background, geographic and
heredity.
Poor nutritional access, mental health
disorders in gene, environment where they
live, poor exercise and hormones.
Wellbeing Fulfilling career, strong financial background, enough sleep,
regular exercise and happy relations with others.
Children in poverty, poor relations with
others, lack of financial resources, poor diet
and lack of physical exercise.
Development Nutritional value, parent behaviour, care, an active interaction in
societies, happiness and improved relations with others.
Poor relations with parents and friends, poor
sense of belongingness, lack of physical
activities and parents’ behaviour.
Communication Cognitive ability, motivation, number of sibling, active
interaction with societies and physical development
Delayed general development, fear of public
speaking, past accidents, behavioural factors
like introvert behaviour.
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6. Speech and language difficulties There are many factors impacting a child’s communication and language development. In this section you
will reflect on your knowledge, understanding and where relevant practice in supporting a child where there are factors impacting on the child’s
communication/language development.
(0034KU13,17,23,24,25 0301PC2,3,4,5,6,10,11,12,15,17,21 0301KU13,17,21,22,23,26,27,38,39,41,42,43,44
0303KU13,17,21,22,23,26,27,57,58,59, 0306,0307KU13,17,21,22,23,26,27, 0309KU13,17,21,22,23,26,27,49
0310, 0314KU13,17,21,22,23,26,27,40)
(1B) If you have not worked to support a child who has had a difficulty within speech and language, then research and identify two conditions
that can affect a child’s language development. Give an overview of both conditions and state which methods resources and tools could be used
to support the child’s language development. Consider how these methods link to a prominent theorist who’s work centres around the
development of communication and language. Highlight any other external agencies who can offer support for a child with speech and language
difficulty. Research and identify what their job role is.
Answer: Brain disorder and birth defects can affect language development. By providing special care and encouraging them in social activities,
they can be treated in an effective manner.
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(1C) How might a child with English as an additional language/bilingual/multilingual affect negatively and positively the child’s language
development? Give examples of strategies, tools, and resources you have used or would use to support the child’s language development.
Include examples of why you have to be mindful when using non-verbal communication strategies/body language/gestures when communicating
with children/families from differing cultures.
Answer: It can have great impact on their CV and they may find easier in learning new languages.
People can be better at one than others and sometimes may find difficulties to speak different languages in professional manner.
By encouraging them to live with diverse people, their language capacity can be improved.
7. Theorist Project
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(0034,0301,0303,0306,0307,0309KU23 0310KU23,39,40 0314KU23,40)
There have been many competing theories on how children develop and learn. Please research the following 2 theorists using around 2000
words.
 Dr Suzanne Zeedyk – your research should include information on the following points, pre and post-natal care, positive mental
health and family structure…
 Albert Bandura – your research should include information on the following points, discrimination, domestic violence and poverty.
In your project please give an explanation of what their theory is, and how it has an impact and links into your practice and setting today.
A bibliography must be included, listing textbooks, websites and magazines that you have used.
CfE
LIT4-12a,14a,15a,21a22a,23a,24a,25a,28a,29a,30a
Dr Suzzane Zeedyk's theory of Brain Development for pre and post-natal care
The theory of brain development by Dr Suzzane Zeedyk for pre and post-natal care explains that the brains are designerd in a manner that
they keep developing after birth. The theory provides the information that the brains should be born incomplete. It can be understood that it
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explains that just like the other organs that are born incomplete for example in premature babies the lungs are not developed properly at the time
of birth can create concern for the parents as the baby will not be able to breath properly. Similarly, to this when a heart is not developed
properly at the time of birth the baby will not be able to process blood properly. The brains are designed differently as it can develop even after
the birth (Pre and post-natal care, 2021). The theory explains that the human brain can be different at the time of birth. This creates problems for
the women to give birth as the head can be big.
Results of an incomplete brain
There can be various types of outcomes of an incomplete brain that can provide the baby with advantages and disadvantages such as,
Advantages
One of the advantages of the brain that is born early is that the brain is very flexible in terms of development. It can provide the baby
with the opportunity of getting developed in ways that allows the baby to find and understand him or herself by being close to the environment.
A baby is able to learn a particular language that allows him or her to understand the local accent of the environment (Gesell, 2021). A baby is
able to analyse and understand that what will be the days in which they will be scared or find fun.
Disadvantages
On the same hand there are disadvantages of the early born child such as, the brains that are born to early can be damaged or broken. The
human brains are very adaptable and it is affected and notices everything that happens to the baby. The brains are developed up to 90% at the
age of 3. The brain is developed up to 70% during the 1st year of the birth. It means that the best adaptability of the brain is in the early years
which creates the problem for the child to learn in the 20s.
Dr Suzanne Zeedyk's theory of Emotional trauma for positive mental health
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The theory of emotional trauma by Dr Suzanne Zeedyk for the positive mental health can be helpful in understanding that the child can
experience the tough condition even after the tough time is over. The theory provides the information that the child is required to give moral
support during and after the tough time so that the child does not face any mental health issues in the future. It explains that the babies are born
with the brains that are not mature at the time of birth and is in the development stages. In this stage the child are trying to develop the
understanding about the things that are scary for them and trying to understand that whether the world feels safe for them or not ( Positive mental
health, 2021).
The theory explains that the in the early development stages when the child experiences or faces the situations that contains violence,
neglect, parental divorce and the parental mental illness can create the negative effect on the mental health and leave the child in the various
types of physiological conditions. The excessive amount of these incidents can cause the various types of mental problems for the child and can
cause the health related problems for the adults such as, heart diseases, diabetes and suicide.
This is required that the parents should provide the child of moral support so that the child does not face the negative mental health
problems which can result into various negative consequences in the future (Rege and et.al., 2019). This will be beneficial for the child as the
child will be provided with the support that can be helpful in reducing the impacts of the tough times that the child has faced which can result
into effective growth and the development of the brains.
Dr Suzanne Zeedyk's theory of attachment for family structure
The theory of attachment by Dr Suzanne Zeedyk explains that the brains develops the various types of emotional attachments at the start
which explains about the process of emotional developments. This theory can help in understanding that the family structure should be in a way
that helps the child to develop the emotional attachment that can provide the child with the ability to develop the positive opinions and relations
with their family members.
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Attachment is one of the basic element that plays an important role in effectively developing the brain of the child (Family structure,
2021). This is necessary for the parents to create the friendly environment and the structure of their family so that the brain development process
of the child is effectively taking place. The theory explains that the baby is always in the need of his or her parents or an adult that can help in
saving them or performing any activity that the baby will not be able to perform alone. The parents are likely to notice the emotional needs and
the requirements that is needed to be fulfilled by them so that the child does not face any problems in terms of the development and the
development process is taking place effectively.
The theory provides the information that the structure of the family should be in a manner that provides the child with support and
facilities that is required at the early stages of brain development (Cavallera and et.al., 2019). This makes the parents to create the availability of
all the necessary resources that the child is required to have at the early stage of their brain development. This act of providing the necessary
resources to the child helps the child in developing the attachment with his or her parents.
Albert Bandura's theory of social learning for discrimination
The theory of social learning by the Albert Bandura is helpful in understanding the aspect of the discrimination. In this theory it is
explained about the discrimination and the prejudice that the child may learn. It explains that the behaviour that is learnt by the individual is the
result of the environment by the process of observational learning. The theory explains that the child can learn to practice the discrimination by
living and observing the environment in which the unfair treatment with the people exist that is based on any grounds such as the sex, race,
culture or background of the person (Discrimination, 2022). The theory provides the information that it is necessary for the adults to address the
problems of the discrimination so that the injustices are reduced amongst the child and their behaviour.
It explains the various aspects of the discrimination that can be found in the child because of the injustice or unfair treatments that makes
the child to act in a manner that is not very ethical. The children can learn about the discrimination by watching the television or reading the
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books and magazines that provides the information or acts that is in the favour of a specific person. The theory also explains about the prejudice
that means the attitude or the opinion of person towards the specific person because that person belongs to a specific religion, nationality or race
(Cavalheiro and et.al., 2019).
The theory helps in understanding that the thoughts and feelings of the child is influenced by the surrounding and the environment that
the child is in. This can create the problem in effectively learning and developing the positive mindset of the child. The brain of the child can be
influenced that can make the child to have the unfair opinions and make the child to make the unethical decisions that seems to be correct from
their perspective but in reality the decisions can make a negative impact on the other person.
Albert Bandura's theory of social learning for domestic violence
The theory of social learning by Albert Bandura explains that the domestic or the personal violence can be considered as a private matter
that has gained the attention because of the public health crisis (Arnett and et.al., 2020). The theory explains that the domestic violence is
required to be reduced and put the efforts that helps in understanding and preventing the behaviour of domestic violence. It explains about the
link of early exposure to the violence and the abuse that leads to the domestic violence. It is required that the child should be provided with the
ethical knowledge and to keeping them away from the exposure to the violence.
The parents are required to behave in ethical manners in front of the child as in the early stages of development the brain of the child will
adopt the knowledge and the acts that has been performed in front of them (Domestic violence, 2022). The child is required to be prevented to be
exposed with any act of their parents that creates a negative mindset of the child in regard to the parents and their relation. The child will learn
that the domestic violence is a very common thing and not an offence because he or she has been exposed to it from the early stages of the
development.
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The theory explains that the unfair treatment or the aggressive behaviour of any person can create a mindset of the child that the violence
is the only solution to the problem. The domestic violence can be a result of the various aspects such as the unfair treatment or the unjust
behaviour of the authority or any superior individual with them. The theory also explains about the procedure of the learning that the people
learn the domestic violence by observing the other persons.
Albert Bandura's theory of perceived self-efficacy, poverty and economic development for poverty
Albert Bandura gave the theory of the perceived efficacy, poverty and economic development so that it can be understood that the
poverty is a trap that has been created by the mechanism that says that the financial wealth is a function that operates as the initial wealth that
makes the poor to put their efforts in so that they can come out of the trap (Levine and Munsch, 2018). It is explained that the efforts and the
aspirations that has been made by the individual is due to the desires of achieving financial stability.
The theory explains that there are various causes the individual to make efforts in achieving the financial stability. It has been explained
that the efforts are made so that the individual can achieve the financial stability that allows them to spend on their wishes and desires which can
lead to the satisfaction of the individual. The various types of wishes and desires are the reason that makes the individual to put their efforts in
achieving the financial stability and the individual that is poor and requires the financial stability so that they can survive in their life are the
people that makes efforts only for the living.
The theory also explains that the poverty can make effects on the child and make them to counter the situation that is tough for them. The
theory explains that the children who are suffering from the poor self-efficacy and are from the background that have the low economic support
can face the various types of problems such as in the schools or getting their desires or wishes fulfilled (Molitor and Hsu, 2019).
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8. (0034 KU 23, 0301, 0303,0306,0307,0309,0310 KU24)
What is the theory behind attachment and how does this impact on children and young people? Please ensure that your answer includes a
prominent theorist.
The main theme of theory of attachment is care giver who are always available to infants’ needs. They have great impact on child development
as they make them feel valued, comfortable and increase sense of belongingness (Vostanis, 2021). With this theory, care givers can create secure
base that has great impact on child development.
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9. (0034KU22, 0301KU23,40,43,46, 0303KU23,47,48,49, 0306,0307,0309,0310, 0314KU23)
Referring to your settings behaviour management policy, describe how current theory supports you to promote positive behaviour in the setting,
describing methods used and why. Include details of why it is important to recognise behaviour as a form of communication, how play
influences communication and the steps you must take if a child’s behaviour is so extreme it may cause harm to themselves or others. Suggested
research for suitable theory: positive reinforcement theory and operant conditioning.
Positive reinforcement can help us out in understanding as what child is doing rather than focusing on what child is doing wrong. It can help
out in knowing behaviour of children and by encouragement, their positive behaviour can be developed.
Operant conditioning is an effective ways of learning that providing rewards as well as punishment for behaviour is important. Rewards can
encourage children and it can lead positive behaviour. As like this, punishment can protect children from doing things in a wrong manner
(Patey and et.al., 2018).
REFERENCES
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Books and journals
Arnett, J. and et.al., 2020. Child development a cultural approach. Pearson Australia.
Cavalheiro, M.G. and et.al., 2019. Child development skills and language in toddlers with cleft lip and palate. International Journal of
Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 116. pp.18-21.
Cavallera, V. and et.al., 2019. Scaling early child development: what are the barriers and enablers?. Archives of disease in
childhood. 104(Suppl 1). pp.S43-S50.
Gesell, A., 2021. Child development. Prabhat Prakashan.
Kiserud, T. and et.al., 2018. The World Health Organization fetal growth charts: concept, findings, interpretation, and application. American
journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 218(2), pp.S619-S629.
Levine, L.E. and Munsch, J., 2018. Child development from infancy to adolescence: An active learning approach. Sage Publications.
Molitor, A. and Hsu, H.C., 2019. Child development across cultures. Cross‐cultural psychology: Contemporary themes and perspectives.
pp.153-189.
Patey, A.M. and et.al., 2018. Changing behaviour ‘more or less’—do theories of behaviour inform strategies for implementation and de-
implementation? A critical interpretive synthesis. Implementation Science, 13(1), pp.1-13.
Rege, M. and et.al., 2019. Promoting child development in a universal preschool system: A field experiment.
Vostanis, P., 2021. Helping children and young people who experience trauma: children of despair, children of hope. CRC Press.
Zeanah, C.H. and Humphreys, K.L., 2018. Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 57(9), pp.637-644.
Online
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Discrimination. 2022. [Online] Available through: <https://sites.psu.edu/aspsy/2015/04/05/prejudice-and-discrimination-is-
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