Childcare Assessment

This childcare assessment covers topics such as current legislation relevant to home-based child carers, the role of regulatory bodies, the importance of a balanced approach to risk management, and promoting a safe, healthy, and secure environment for children. It also explores topics such as safeguarding, equality, and play in childcare.

Childcare Assessment

Table of Contents
Question 1........................................................................................................................................1
1. As a home-based child carer you must have an understanding of current legislation and
regulations. Outline current legislation relevant to the home-based child carer....................1
Question 2........................................................................................................................................1
2. Outline the role of regulatory bodies in relation to home-based childcare. If you do this,
please state in the box that you have provided an attachment................................................1
Question 3........................................................................................................................................2
3. Consider the role of regulatory bodies in relation to home-based childcare......................2
Question 4........................................................................................................................................3
4. Why it is important to take a balanced approach to the management of risk.....................3
Question 5........................................................................................................................................4
5. Design a leaflet for parents and carers explaining how you will promote a safe, healthy and
secure environment for the children in your care...................................................................4
Question 6........................................................................................................................................5
6. It is a requirement that you have procedures in place for administrating medication to
children. Write a procedure for:.............................................................................................5
Question 7........................................................................................................................................6
7. Carry out a risk assessment of own home. You should produce 2 separate risk assessments
and support with photographic evidence................................................................................6
Question 8........................................................................................................................................7
8. Summarise ways to maintain a safe and healthy environment for children in relation to: 7
Question 9........................................................................................................................................8
9. As a home-based child carer you will be required to have policies and procedures in place.
................................................................................................................................................8
Question 10......................................................................................................................................9
10. Describe in detail the terms:.............................................................................................9
Question 11......................................................................................................................................9
11. Write a summary of regulatory requirements for safeguarding children within a home
based setting...........................................................................................................................9
Question 12......................................................................................................................................9

12. Identify the Local Authority safeguarding procedures in your own local area................9
Question 13....................................................................................................................................10
13. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the lone worker in a home-based setting in
relation to the safeguarding, protection and welfare of children..........................................10
Question 14....................................................................................................................................10
14. Define the following types of abuse and identify the signs and/or symptoms associated
with each type of abuse:.......................................................................................................10
Question 15....................................................................................................................................11
15. Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse..............11
Question 16....................................................................................................................................11
16. The procedures that need to be followed you as a lone worker in a home based setting
when harm or abuse are suspected or alleged against:.........................................................11
Question 17....................................................................................................................................12
17. Write a policy identifying procedures for the safeguarding, protection and welfare of
children in a home-based setting..........................................................................................12
Question 18....................................................................................................................................12
18. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the home-based childcarer in supporting equality,
diversity and inclusive practice............................................................................................12
Question 19....................................................................................................................................12
19. Evaluate how your own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with
children and young people....................................................................................................12
Question 20....................................................................................................................................13
20. As a home-based childcarer you will need to have an understanding of the day-to-day
routines of children in your care and how you can promote their well-being......................13
Question 21....................................................................................................................................13
Produce 2 plans to meet the needs of children aged between 0 and 7 years and 7 years and
older in relation to:...............................................................................................................13
Q31.................................................................................................................................................24
Question 32....................................................................................................................................24
Outline the different ways you can effectively manage and support the child to promote
positive behaviour................................................................................................................24

Question 33....................................................................................................................................25
As a home-based childcarer you will need to understand the value of play in promoting
children’s learning and development....................................................................................25
Question 34....................................................................................................................................25
Explain the innate drive for children and young people to play...........................................25
Question 35....................................................................................................................................25
Analyse how play is necessary for all children and young people’s development and well-
being.....................................................................................................................................25
Question 36....................................................................................................................................26
Explain benefits of balancing child-initiated and adult-led play activities..........................26
Question 37....................................................................................................................................26
Identify how children’s play needs and preferences change in relation to their stage of
development.........................................................................................................................26
Question 38....................................................................................................................................26
Discuss the need for an inclusive approach when planning play activities..........................26
Question 39....................................................................................................................................27
When working as a home based child carer you will undertake observations and assessments
of the children in your care...................................................................................................27
Question 40....................................................................................................................................27
Supporting a child with extra help before the child starts to fall behind the expected pattern of
development is known as early intervention........................................................................27
References......................................................................................................................................28

Question 1
1. As a home-based child carer you must have an understanding of current legislation and
regulations. Outline current legislation relevant to the home-based child carer.
In context of home based child carer, it has been analysed that legislation should be used for
providing care facilities effectively. It includes number of legislation and regulations which helps
to carry out operational tasks and procedures in appropriate manner. However, it is very
important to consider legislation at the time of providing care services to children for their proper
development in order to gain desired outcomes (Drange and Havnes, 2019). It consist number of
legislation which are applicable in home based child carer settings which are given below.
Children Act 1989 is known as child protection legislation which includes some of key
principles that should be used by workers in home based childcare settings. It includes the
paramount nature of the child’s welfare and the expectations as well as requirements around
duties of care to children.
Children Act 2004 is responsible for encouraging partnerships between agencies and develops
more accountability with the help of several aspects. It involves the criterion to place a duty on
local authorities for appointing kid’s facilities members who are ultimately accountable for
delivery of services. However, it consists the way of placing a duty on local authorities and their
partners to co-operate in safeguarding as well as promoting the wellbeing of kids and young
people.
Children and social work act 2017 has an important role to encourage employees working in
home based childcare in order to maintain safety of children. It includes following safeguarding
practice for providing secure and comfortable environment to children (Adamo and et. al., 2016).
Question 2
2. Outline the role of regulatory bodies in relation to home-based childcare. If you do this, please
state in the box that you have provided an attachment.
The regulatory bodies in relation to home based child care plays an important role to make sure
that employees should use effective practices of maintaining safe and hazards free atmosphere
for children. It includes the criterion of providing more effective as well as efficient guidelines to
motivate staff members to follow them which facilitates to deliver better quality of services for
develop of kids in proper manner. Meanwhile, it includes their role of providing care standards
1

and guidelines along with carrying out inspections to make sure that home based childcare
centres to ensure that children are getting proper services. Some of relevant aspects are explained
further.
The health and safety of children is an important factor which should be focussed by staff
members working in childcare settings for improving their entire health condition better. It will
provide support to facilitate the accurate development and growth among kids that is favourable
for their future regarding appropriate health condition (Kuehnle and Oberfichtner, 2020).
However, for health and safety, the regulatory body has provided Health and Safety Act at work
Act 1974 which should be followed by every institution including home based childcare centre to
maintain safe environment in organisation and improve safety factor for kids.
The safeguarding, protection and welfare of children includes the criterion of following umber
of guidelines to encourage the employees to protect the children in childcare settings. It includes
the several objectives including making sure health, safety & welfare of staff at work, protect
non-employees against the health & safety risks rising from work activities etc. Meanwhile, it
has been analysed that the objective of controlling the keeping and utilisation of explosive or
highly flammable or dangerous substances.
Equality, diversity and inclusion include delivering equal care and facilities to kids who
belongs to different culture or areas. It is necessary to manage equality among staff members in
order to provide salaries, incentives, opportunities and other benefits at home based childcare
centre. Moreover, the regulatory body provides Equality Act 2010 by considering important
factors like age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage & civil partnership, pregnancy &
maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation.
Question 3
3. Consider the role of regulatory bodies in relation to home-based childcare.
The regulatory body plays an important role in terms of providing instructions to home-based
childcare to provide appropriate care for kids. It includes the criterion of providing the proper
guidelines to carry out various kinds of operational activities as well as procedures. Meanwhile,
it will provide support to deliver appropriate care facilities and support to kids that impact
positively on their growth and development respectively (Busch and Leyendecker, 2019). It
involves the way of providing legislation and encourage to consider all the rules and regulations
in order to deliver desired care facilities for welfare of kids. In addition to this, it consist their
role to carry out inspection in institution of childcare to make sure that every child will get
2

proper services with equality. Moreover, it will facilitate to enhance the workplace practices and
policies for motivating staff to deliver appropriate care to kids. The regulatory body put efforts to
make sure that home based childcare are providing care services to children appropriately or not.
Question 4
4. Why it is important to take a balanced approach to the management of risk.
The management of risk can be defined as an important procedure to evaluate the relevant risk a
factors in order to manage the same for providing safe environment for children in home based
childcare settings. It includes the process to identify, evaluate and prioritise of risks followed via
coordinated as well as economical application of resources. It will facilitate to minimise, monitor
along with controlling the probability or effect of unfortunate events. Meanwhile, it includes the
criterion of following number of steps in respect of managing risks while providing childcare
services for their welfare (Pek-Greer and Wallace, 2017). Initially, it consist to identify the risk
factors related to specific case of child and relevant risks related to environment in childcare
centre. Secondly, it includes the way of analysing the risk to understand the aspect of managing
the same in effective manner. Thirdly, it involves evaluate or rank the risks in terms of
prioritising them to solve one by one to reduce the risk factors for ensuring safeguarding of kids.
However, it involves to treat the risk with the help of selecting best solution from number of
alternative methods available.
On the other hand, it has been analysed that balanced approach is all about to manage risk by se
of balancing act between opportunities for learning, play and safe atmosphere. It includes the
criterion of managing the balanced approach that is all more important because f wider changes
in terms of everyday life activities of kids. However, it is observed that management of risk can
be done through several effective methods such as avoidance, retention, sharing, transferring and
loss prevention along with reduction respectively (Keizer and et. al., 2020). It is necessary to
identify hazards and other dangerous factors which are responsible for harming kids, and then
they should be avoided with the help of suitable methods. It is required to assess risk factors after
evaluating them in order to control the same. Additionally, the final step is to review the control
measures to make sure that children will gain secure facilities and deliver safeguarded
environment to them accordingly.
3

Question 5
5. Design a leaflet for parents and carers explaining how you will promote a safe, healthy and
secure environment for the children in your care.
The safety and healthy environment is required to be promoted among parents and guardians so
that they can maintain the secure atmosphere at their home. It is necessary to provide knowledge
about different aspects of managing healthy as well as secure environment for kids in order to
facilitate their proper development respectively. However, it has been analysed that promotional
sessions are required to be organised on regular basis in home based childcare for parents and
people of community to make them understand about importance of managing health & safety
for kids (Ward and et. al., 2018). It includes several principles which should be conveyed to
guardians and parents of children in order to promote safe, healthy and secure environment that
are mentioned below.
Initially, it consist the way of considering that safety is an ethical responsibility for people
working for welfare of kids. Secondly, it includes the principle that safety can be considered as a
culture but not a program to gain better outcomes. Thirdly, it involves the fact that management
is required to manage safety practices and policies at home based childcare home as management
is responsible for maintaining the same. Meanwhile, it includes the criterion of providing proper
training and learning to staff members so that they can perform safely while dealing with kids
regarding their welfare. However, it consist the principle that safety is known to be condition of
employment which impact positively on environment of childcare home. It is necessary to put
main policy for managing safety while hiring employees in home based childcare centre which
helps to deliver secure facilities to kids.
In addition to this, it has been analysed that proper information should be provided to parents n
guardians to make them understand that all the injuries are preventable with the help of taking
responsibility of safety along with following desired precautions (Yuda, 2020). It includes the
criterion of providing safety programs that must be site specific with recurring audits of the
workplace as well as prompt corrective action. However, it consist the way to convey
information about safe activities and precautions to manage healthy as well as secure
environment for kids. It is required to encourage children towards healthy habits like washing
hand frequently and eat fruits & green leafy vegetables.
4

Question 6
6. It is a requirement that you have procedures in place for administrating medication to children.
Write a procedure for:
The administration of medication includes to follow proper criterion by making decision of
providing accurate medicine with appropriate dosage according actual requirement of child
health status. It includes seven rights to be consider while administrating medication such as
right patient, right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right reason and right documentation.
Basically, it is necessary to select appropriate route of providing medication as per specific need
of a child regarding their health problems. However, it consist several routes of drug
administration like parental (intravenous, intramuscular & subcutaneous), oral, nasal, ocular,
transmucosal (buccal, vaginal & rectal) and transdermal accordingly (Yamamoto and et. al.,
2020).
Storage of medication includes the fact that most of the medicines are required to be stored at
room temperature in a cool and dry place. It includes the problem that contact of specific
medication with heat, air, light and moisture nay damage them or modify their actual chemical
formula which may harm on human body. However, it consist the criterion of following three
key components in regards to proper storage of medication such as security, safety and integrity.
Moreover, majority of medicines can be stored at room temperature but away from moisture,
heat, light and air to maintain their actual chemical compounds which is favourable for human
body.
Record keeping with regard to medication is an important aspect to maintain relevant
information which is required legally and it is also favourable for some future purposes. It
includes the criterion of record keeping of providing medication include some of important
aspects which should be mentioned in proper manner. However, it includes the need of
mentioning name and date of birth of the patient along with updating the name, formulation as
well as strengths of specific medicine (Araujo, Dormal and Schady, 2019). It is necessary to
provide information that how often or time the medicines should be taken by client and how the
medication will be taken like mouth or applied to the skin etc. Meanwhile, it consist the name of
GP practice, any stop or review date along with relevant additional information about the
instructions related to specific drug or known for particular drug allergies.
5

Question 7
7. Carry out a risk assessment of own home. You should produce 2 separate risk assessments and
support with photographic evidence.
The risk assessment can be defined as an effective method that can be used to determine hazards
or risk factors that has potential harm for children. It includes specific process with respects steps
in order to identify hazards so that their harm can be reduced in context of children. Initially, it is
required to evaluate the hazardous factors and other risk factors that may cause harm to kids.
Secondly, it is required to decide that who might be harmed by specific hazards and how.
Thirdly, it includes the criterion of evaluating the risks along with deciding on precautions for
reducing the relevant harm for kids (Klette, Drugli and Aandahl, 2018). Meanwhile, it is
essential to prepare records of findings elated to risk assessment in terms of applying them for
attaining respective outcomes. However, it involves the final step of reviewing the assessment as
well as update if necessary.
Indoors risks include number of objects which are generally available at home but they are
hazardous in respect of safety of kids. It includes the several examples related to indoor risks
such as sharp objects, dangerous chemicals, choking hazards, stairs & windows, electrical
outlets, doors & furniture, playful pets, health hazards and many more. However, the sharp
objects are mostly responsible to harm kids at home such as blade, knife etc. which are required
to keep away from their reach so that a safe atmosphere can be provided to them. Moreover, it
consist the chemicals like phenyl used for cleaning floor is dangerous for children as they can
drink it by considering as soft drink.
Outdoors risks involve the different types of hazards for children due to which they should
always kept under supervision of elder people to make sure about their safety as well as health. It
includes various kinds of outdoor risks like tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, combustion gases,
busy road, heighted playing tools in garden, tap water, river, pesticides, allergens, poisonous
creatures and so on (Schröder and et. al., 2019). However, it has been analysed that many of
pinch points and hard edges were founded in playground or gardens which are responsible for
developing several injuries for children from which they should be protected.
6

Question 8
8. Summarise ways to maintain a safe and healthy environment for children in relation to:
The maintenance of environment is very important in terms of providing safe atmosphere for
children. It includes the criterion of using more effective as well as efficient practices for
managing secure environment for kids respectively. Meanwhile, it is necessary to follow number
of appropriate steps which helps to maintain safe and healthy atmosphere for kids that is
mentioned here. It is required to identify the potential hazards in respect of eliminating them
from the environment to make it secure for kids. Basically, it includes the way of making sure
that all the staff members are trained properly in regards to maintain safety concerns. It is
required to make sure that all the workers of home based childcare settings has proper equipment
to provide secure atmosphere for kids welfare (Lekhal, 2020). It is necessary to provide visual
safety aids & messages, develop a safety committee along with holding the safety meetings on
monthly basis. It is very important to encourage kids towards healthy habits for improving their
lifestyle to make their future safe and healthy. However, there are some of ways through which
safe and healthy environment for children can be maintained in which some of them are given
here.
Preparing formula feeds is an important way to formulate the appropriate formula of food
which is safe to feed kids at their early age due to that kids are protected from harmful diseases.
It includes the criterion of improving immunity of kids by providing nutritional food for them
which improve health condition of them.
Sterilisation of feeding equipment is must for avoiding different types of infections and
maintenance of cleanliness of baby food which is helpful to avoid health problems for children.
It is observed that sterilisation of feeding equipment are must for safely handling the baby to
reduce risk of infections and other problems related to health in order to maintain appropriate
health status of kids.
Preparation and storage of food should be focussed with the help of taking proper precautions
like washing hands, washing vegetables, using clean utensils and other equipment. It will provide
support to provide safe environment in terms of providing safe food products to kids for their
wellbeing (Klette and Killén, 2018).
Safe disposal of waste includes to the best method of segregation as well as composting which
includes the way of separating waste materials after segregating to reuse or recycle the same. It
7

consist the criterion of using proper gloves, mouth masks etc. for avoiding infections related to
waste among kids to make sure about their health and safety respectively.
Care of pets is another important way of maintain safe and healthy atmosphere by proper
handling of them to avoid relevant infections among children. It is necessary to wash hands after
feeding or conducting caring activities of pets to maintain hygiene in order to maintain healthy
environment. It is required to do proper vaccination of pets to avoid relevant disease among kids.
Considering the above safety ways, it has been analysed that these practices should be
considered in respect of maintaining appropriate environment for children (Ereky-Stevens and et.
al., 2018). It will facilitate to provide safe and healthy atmosphere for welfare of kids
respectively.
Question 9
9. As a home-based child carer you will be required to have policies and procedures in place.
The policies and procedures are required to be established related specific home based childcare
to maintain safe environment for kids. It includes the criterion of making policies for staff
members to encourage them to carry out operational tasks in appropriate manner. However, it is
required to have procedure to motivate employees to take safety precautions in terms of
managing safety concerns related to children at work place. It is required to formulate more
effective as well as efficient policies related to incident ad accidents so that proper handling can
be done in specific situation to deal with it in proper manner.
Accidents: The accidents are mostly reported to higher authority of home based childcare along
with informing to legal departments like police. It includes the policy to provide initial first to
victim and immediately get them to the hospital for desired treatment to make them wellbeing
(Hašková and Dudová, 2020).
Incidents: The incidents include minor injuries or some near to harm attempt in home based
childcare. It includes providing first aid to child and informing their guardians about the specific
incident happened.
Emergencies: This includes the policy to provide immediate first aid to a child and practice of
protection to secure children present in home based childcare centre should be considered.
8

Question 10
10. Describe in detail the terms:
Safeguarding refers to protecting rights of an individual to live in safety, free from abuse or
neglect whereas duty of care can be defined as legal obligation to always act in best interest of
individuals and others.
Child protection can be described as an act of securing children any kind of harm, abuse and
neglect with the help of providing safe atmosphere. It includes the criterion of removing all the
hazardous objects or things from the premises where kids exist for studying, playing or gaining
care services respectively (Wallace, 2016). However, It includes to follow safety legislation and
ethical principles including informed consent, beneficence, trustworthiness, honesty,
confidentiality etc.
Question 11
11. Write a summary of regulatory requirements for safeguarding children within a home based
setting.
The regulatory requirements related to safeguarding children includes number of principles that
are required to be considered by care professionals working in hoe based childcare setting. It
includes several regulatory principles such as empowerment, prevention, proportionality,
protection, partnership and accountability in order safeguard kids. However, it has been analysed
that Children Act 1989 which is responsible for providing legislation framework in terms of
protecting children. It includes the criterion of following the Care Act 2014 which sets statutory
responsibility for care professionals in respect of delivering secure services and environment for
safeguarding kids. Moreover, these legislation are required to be followed by staff members
working in home based childcare (Ahn and Yoo, 2016).
Question 12
12. Identify the Local Authority safeguarding procedures in your own local area.
In context of Local authority safeguarding, it has been analysed that home based childcare
requires to follow relevant guidelines and instructions in order to maintain safe environment for
them. It includes the policy of following safety concerns for delivering better quality of care
facilities for kids. Meanwhile, it is observed that safeguarding principles are considered like
empowerment, protection, prevention, proportionality and accountability. It includes the criterion
9

of following the policy of keeping children safe and respond to child protection concerns
respectively. However, it includes the policy of home based childcare centre to safeguard kids by
listen to children and respect them by immediately responding them regarding their protection or
relevant aspects to manage their respective concerns.s
Question 13
13. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the lone worker in a home-based setting in relation to
the safeguarding, protection and welfare of children.
The role of lone workers includes their way of maintaining safe environment for kids by
eliminating all the hazardous objects. It consist their responsibility to fulfil their duty to help
their employer in order to provide care facilities to complete actual desires of children. They
have role to deal with kids properly with the help of managing their dignity and respect of them
(Springette and Petitclerc, 2020). However, it has been analysed that lone worker should
safeguard children by making them comfortable along with encouraging them to share about any
kind of abuse, harm or neglect. It will facilitate to improve the environment to protecting kids to
make sure about proper development as well as welfare of children.
Question 14
14. Define the following types of abuse and identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with
each type of abuse:
Domestic abuse: It includes symptoms such as black eyes, bruises on the arms, busted lips, red or
purple marks on the neck and sprained wrists.
Neglect: This involves signs like poor appearance & hygiene, health & development problems,
housing & family issues, malnutrition, begging, stealing, hoarding, becoming clingy and change
in behaviour.
Physical abuse: It consist the aches & pains, diarrhoea or constipation, nausea, dizziness, chest
pain, rapid heart rate, loss of sex drive and frequent colds or flu (Karhula, Erola and Kilpi-
Jakonen, 2017).
Emotional abuse: It involves symptoms including humiliation, fear, hypercriticism, refusing to
communicate, extreme moodiness etc.
Sexual abuse: It includes signs like bruises, scars, chafing or bite marks in genital area, discharge
or bleeding from vagina, rectal or genital bleeding, anal tests or dilation and presence of sexually
transmitted infections or disease.
10

Question 15
15. Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse.
There are several kinds of actions which are required to be taken while a child or young person
alleges harm or abuse in order to improve their physical and psychological condition stable. It
includes the initial action to provide first initially in terms of treating the physical injuries of an
individual. Meanwhile, it has been analysed that abused child should treated by communicating
to increase their morale strength so that they can overcome with the situation (Barnes and et. al.,
2016). It is necessary to inform their guardians and file legal complaints against the culprit of
abuse along with taking strict action against them on the basis of organisational policies. It is
required to support the abused individual to gain proper treatment in respect of making their
emotional, mental and physical condition of them as soon as possible.
Question 16
16. The procedures that need to be followed you as a lone worker in a home based setting when
harm or abuse are suspected or alleged against:
The procedures related to protecting children from harm or abuse for which effective actions
should be taken by care workers working in home based childcare centre. It includes some of
procedures that should be followed for lone workers which are given here.
Self: It is necessary for lone workers to follow all the protection procedures like monitoring kids
to protect them from harm and injuries along with managing respect towards them. It includes
their responsibility to support employer in order to fulfil needs of safety of kids in effective
manner (Duval and et. al., 2020).
Third parties: The third parties plays an important role in terms of providing appropriate policies
and procedures that should be followed to eliminate factor of harm or abuse. They have other
responsibility to conduct inspection to make sure about delver of better quality of care to kids in
childcare settings.
11

Question 17
17. Write a policy identifying procedures for the safeguarding, protection and welfare of children
in a home-based setting.
In context of safeguarding, protection and welfare of children, it has been evaluated that effective
policies are required to followed in home based childcare are mentioned here. It includes the
policy that every child should get equal right of protection from abuse and exploitation
regardless of age, race, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnerships. Meanwhile, it
consist the criterion of encouraging care workers in terms of following the safety standards in
more effective as well as efficient manner (Crowe, Carvlin-Miller and Concotelli-Fisk, 2019). It
involves the responsibility to meet the obligations in regards to duty of care towards protection
of vulnerable kids in childcare centre.
Question 18
18. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the home-based childcarer in supporting equality,
diversity and inclusive practice.
In respect of home based childcare provider, it is observed that they have role to deal with all the
children in equal manner and deliver accurate care services to everyone. It is necessary for them
to follow the Equality Act 2010 in order to provide the equal care services as per their actual
needs to facilitate their proper development as well as growth. However, it is required to hire
employees from diversity which is favourable to deal with kids belongs to different cultures to
treat with them in appropriate way. Moreover, it is favourable for follow evidence based
practices and client centred approach which is effective to improve overall health condition of a
child (Park and Min, 2019).
Question 19
19. Evaluate how your own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children
and young people.
The attitude is an important aspect which should be focussed by employees working in childcare
settings to always remain positive to deal with them effectively. It is observed that kids need
love, care and support to gain proper growth as well as development accordingly. Meanwhile, it
has been analysed that some of essential values should be consider by care providers in childcare
12

including quality, integrity, respect, education, service and team work which is suitable for
improving the health condition of them. Moreover, it is observed that behaviour of workers
should be healthy and positive towards children to gain their trust and confidence which impact
positively to gain their better condition.
Question 20
20. As a home-based childcarer you will need to have an understanding of the day-to-day
routines of children in your care and how you can promote their well-being.
The understanding of regular routine is very important to evaluate actual care needs of children
which facilitate to deliver accurate facilities for their development as well as welfare. It will
provide support to deliver better quality of services and support for improving skills and abilities
of kids respectively.
Question 21
Produce 2 plans to meet the needs of children aged between 0 and 7 years and 7 years and older
in relation to:
Basis 0 to 7 years 7 years and above
diet: Milk, yogurt, lean proteins
and hole gain cereals
personal physical care needs: Washing hands, assist in
toileting, clothing, eating etc.
Assist them to fulfil regular
routine activities and their
studies
rest and sleep provision: Kids needs someone to sleep
with and requires elders
support to rest
children can sleep alone at
day time but requires elders
to rest at night
personal hygiene routines. Personal hygiene should be
maintained by parents
Some of hygiene can
maintained by kids and
elders assist for rest of
hygienic activities.
Q22.
13

14

Q23.
The small amount of EYPP funding per child means that organizational work will be a key way
to increase subsidy. For example, to specifically commission the preparation to meet your needs
for progression with experience. Excellent preparation seems to have a lasting effect on use.
Partnership working can be one-off or, in the long term, for example, working together to
make a profit for young people and families who go to more than one place. This will allow for
consistency of approach, advice and support (Han, Lee and Suh, 2017). Similar situations can
rotate as common companions and allow them to refine and focus educational reasoning.
Possible partners
 Parents
 Other settings
 Schools or Children's Centres
 Services e.g. health visitors or family support workers etc
Work with these partners
1. Parents: Partnership with parents will help in understanding more about child through
gathering useful information from parents.
2. Other settings: These include tutors, friends and relatives of children whom can be approach
for improvement in the child.
3. Schools: This education centre can be partnered to share useful activities and advices
important for child.
4. Health services: These partners will help in guiding on balanced diet for children (Collischon,
Kühnle and Oberfichtner, 2020).
Q24.
The basis for a successful joint effort with guardians is the sharing of relevant information and
ideas that are considered good for the family and the child. In this model each performer sees the
different skills, encounters and information about each of the different abilities; each supporter
estimates the ideas, events and information about the different accommodations; all sponsors see
the requirement for the donation of each of the properties; each partner feels valued. Our
15

working relationship needs to be defined by a shared sense of direction, shared respect and
organizational ability. We share data, responsibilities, capabilities, dynamics and responsibilities.
The organization is all about building relationships that rely on trust, commonality, data sharing
and being able to find each other. In this regard, it should be assumed that the data will be passed
to the defendants, unless this is likely to put the young person at risk.
Trust in the family-family relationship must ensure that all enablers make a profit or
support the relationship, or the goals of the relationship, in order to achieve positive outcomes
for the child (Wu, 2018). The level of defenders to engage effectively in this group is influenced
by reflection on the ground, their passionate needs, the connection between them as defenders,
their relationship with their young person, their skills and their resilience understanding, and
their beliefs about the potential for improvement.
The sharing of information between carer and parents helps in realizing the learning
requirements of kids. For instance; if a children have a difficulty in any specific stream; then
both carer and parents together could quickly support the kid and help him to develop fast.
Q25.
Powerful data sharing between experts and neighboring offices is critical for authentication,
evaluation and management.
The fear of data sharing cannot be overshadowed by the general flow of the need to
advance government support and ensure the well-being of children. The general rule is that data
can be submitted to the consent of the interested party (Kinkead-Clark, 2020). Sharing
confidential information without consent will normally be justified in the public interest in
limited circumstances.
Q26.
Some of the areas of learning and development in relation to child development has been
discussed below:
Communication and Language
This includes aggression and deliberation, understanding and dialogue. Linguistic progress is
important because it is the purpose of all learning. Expanding jargon equips children with
communication.
16

Physical Development
This will spread the movement and take care as well as self-reflection. Equipment and toys are
used to fuel the physical development of young children outdoors. The child should have the
opportunity to run openly, climb, jump, kick and find out how he can change gear.
This helps to develop self-confidence and self-awareness. Little P.E. gears, clubs, balls,
sacks of beans enhance coordination and appropriate skills. The handling skills are created by
evolutionary toys, puzzles, stringing, and use of small tools such as scissors. Children should
have the ability to check and control small objects to allow them to use a pencil and on these
lines to create shapes and subsequently letters and numbers (van Rooijen and Jacobs, 2019).
Individual, Social and Emotional Development
This area is careful to establish relationships, create self-confidence and awareness and monitor
emotions and behavior. This is an important area of learning, especially in the main term, and it
affects how the child learns to be invited to be a free student, for example.
Young people should be sure to make decisions, do a series of exercises and focus on their
commission. Similarly, he is concerned about how your young person relates to other children
and adults, understands how to share and play them usefully in small and sometimes larger
meetings. They should be able to communicate and control their emotions, create respect and
thinking for the needs of others. It's also about your young person's ability to take care of
themselves, for example by leaving for the toilet, wearing coats and so on.
Literacy
This covers reading and writing. A selection of books is available through the nursery. Suddenly
we don't just show why young people are at different levels, but we could show letters and
sounds, which are essential for understanding how to see them. Prescribing skills are powerful in
different areas of kindergarten (van Liempd and et. al., 2018). Young people leave marks with
backpacks, paints, pencils and various tools, perhaps in sand, earth, dough and earth.
Children need to become familiar with these levels before they can properly check a pencil
to create a letter / number (so whatever it may seem, it is a piece of existing personal technique).
Understanding the World
This looks at individuals and networks, the world and innovation. Young people have the
opportunity to explore research through the interesting records of their native environment, for
example magnets, mirrors, shadows, ordinary objects.
17

Young people have the opportunity to prepare and help shape the bite, for example cakes,
toast, saltine, sandwiches, organic cutting products. Young people come to PCs and use
programs designed for young children and offer an overview of computer science and the basic
skills required. We have ICT hardware certification. ICTs are about understanding how to
control hardware just like using PCs. Young people will have access to a wide range of subjects,
including mouthpieces, tablets and mechanical toys.
Expressive Arts and Design
This encourages young people to explore and use media and materials and to use their creative
minds. We offer opportunities to paint, make up, draw and model, a wide range of encounters are
offered using a variety of materials and tools such as colored pencils, pencils, paints, sticks,
paper, scissors, pens, dirt, garbage cans (Cook, Corr and Breitkreuz, 2017).
Young people can explore and do something extraordinary for them. This is a pleasant
meeting. The approach is important and does not usually produce a noticeable finish. Find out a
little and clarify their thoughts! It is important that they use their creative imagination in their
designs, structures and models.
Music/Drama includes tuning in to various sounds, making sounds, singing rhymes and
melodies. Most youngsters appreciate pretend and we additionally use music, rhymes, stories and
manikins to animate kids to carry on jobs in the existence region which might be a bistro, shop,
clinic, carport or vets.
Outdoor Play
The outdoor game is ready and will provide energetic opportunities to grow most of the learning
areas and their learning goals. Children are encouraged to use the nursery and facilities with a
degree of independence (Mätzke, 2019).
Many children prefer to play outdoors and as a result show greater levels of contribution
and motivation as they learn new skills and ideas throughout the education program. Young
children learn to be truly dynamic and the outdoors provides an opportunity and a more
wonderful place to do so. Social change prevents normal open doors from forcing children to
play outside. There has been a sharp rise in the strength of young people and general asthma.
Q27.
18

a. Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal
factors including:
Health status: It is the most important factor which influences the development of child. For
instance, if the child has poor health, then the there will be less development of that child but on
the other hand; a child having good health get an advantage of better learning and quick
development.
Disability: Child with disability also struggles for their development and learning; due to
discrimination at schools and other educational instates these kids loss the opportunity of
development as the other kids get.
Sensory impairment: Kids having such disability, unable to understand the topics as other
children do. They required special trainings and coach to encrypt the information according to
their sign language (Del Boca, Piazzalunga and Pronzato, 2018).
Learning difficulties: Children facing difficulties in learning have slow development compare to
other kids. Special mode of learning tools like equipment, practical implementation and special
arrangement are there to make them learn difficult topics in an effective way.
b. Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external
factors, such as:
Poverty and deprivation: Poverty stops children healthy development due to unreachable of
healthy diets to these children; lack of facilities at home and poor quality of free education gain
by them.
Family environment and background: Family having education or literate tries to put this into
their kids; thus children having educated and capable of monetary family background get higher
development as compared to weak family ground kids.
Personal choices: Choices by parents especially those who are facing poverty also affects the
development. Sometime parents unable to provide proper care and education to their kids. So
they chose not to give quality education which influenced kid’s development and learning.
How they are looked after: How the child is caring by guardian or parents also affects their
development. For instance; if the child doesn’t get proper care then it results in poor
development of children.
Education: Quality of education affects the development, as more quality better development of
children.
Q28.
19

Sequence of development refers to the normal pattern in which young people learn different
skills and the pace of progress refers to the rate at which a child develops. In any case, according
to Burnham et al (2010) the difference between the adaptation of development and the rate of
progression is that the group refers to the normal or expected situation in which young people are
experiencing learning different skills. The pace of development refers to the pace at which a
young person develops. At least the successes of most children are critical, but the extent to
which they develop their skills varies.
It is similar to the different areas of child development, for example, social, academic and
linguistic where some young people do not have the continuity of normal development. In any
case, it is essential to observe and notice the difference between the ways of development and the
pace of progress when working with children in a way that meets the needs of young people.
meet. For example, if a young person is experiencing a delay in any part of his development,
consider his experience, well-being and state of development, as these elements will affect all
areas of development. Tassani et al (2010) state that the difference between developmental
adaptation and the pace of progress recognizes the needs of young people during the stages of
their school years. This will help the school plan and promise that the child will have enough
help they need in the areas they are struggling with. It is essential to know the progress of each
young person as this will provide us with the information and understanding of how a child is
growing up with the aim of seeing any concerns or problems effortlessly followed by
investigation and offering the necessary assistance. For example, a young person with language
problems might be referred to a language teacher who could work with the school to implement
techniques or skills that support the child.
Q29.
Infants and Toddlers
Physical Cognitive Social Emotional
Newborn: unpleasant,
uncomfortable,
embarrassing,
thoughtful
development
3 months: 90 degree
head, use your arms to
Sensori-motor:
realistically analyze a
situation to discover
it; updating the
improvements in
such a way that, in
the same way, they
animate the
Connection: the child
settles when the
parent consoles; the
child seeks comfort
from the parents, safe
monitoring
5 months: accept
1 year birth: learn
primary self-
confidence, leaders,
position
1-3 years: simple
authority of the body
and domination over
20

support; find out
through the midline
5 months: deliberate
treatment; turn; the rest
of the head will
disappear; going after
things; move objects
from hand to hand;
play with your feet; use
the body by stretching,
moving; contact the
private parts, rock on
the stomach for
pleasure
7 months: sitting on a
"tripod"; press the head
and get off the floor;
support pressure on the
legs; "rake" with your
hands
9 months: coming and
going from the session;
crawl, pull up; stoop
and recover; thumb
restriction; hand-eye
coordination, but
without manual tilt
12 months: walking
15 months: most
amazing engine
capacity 2 years: figure
out how to climb the
steps first, at that level
down.
progression of the
synapse
4-5 months: coos,
curious and
interesting depending
on the situation
6 months: sounds
jabbers and mirrors
9 months: separation
between defenders
and others;
experimental critical
thinking
12 months:
emblematic start of
the portion; focus on
images in books by
word of mouth;
object survival; some
may use single
words; reactive
language developed
more than a
meaningful language
15 months: learning
through reporting on
complex routines;
understands that
objects are used for
specific purposes
2 years: 2 word
sentences; use more
mental plush and
understand the toy
arrangement, confuse
each other
social updates;
outward appearance
of emotions
9 months: socially
intuitive; jokes (ie,
pie) by defenders
11 months: more
intense tension;
separation
discomfort; single
game
2 years: production,
equivalent and logo,
play
the position (can be
addressed by others)
12-18 months:
"terrible two" can start;
persistent, preventive,
reactive to anger
18-36 months: feeling
proud when they are
"appropriate" and
ashamed when they
are "terrible"
18-36 months:
Possible problems in
others - the beginning
of mercy
18-36 months:
authentically attached
to toys or questions for
safety
Pre school
Physical Cognitive Social Emotional
Physically active Rule
of Three: 3 yrs, 3 ft, 33
Ego-centric, illogical,
magical thinking
Play:
 Cooperative,
Self-esteem based on
what others tell him or
21

lbs.
Weight gain: 4-5 lbs
per year
Growth: 3-4 inches per
year
Physically active, can’t
sit still for long
Clumsy throwing balls
Refines complex skills:
hopping, jumping,
climbing, running, ride
“big wheels” and
tricycles
Improving fine motor
skills and eye-hand
coordination: cut with
scissors, draw shapes
3– 3 ½ yr: most toilet
trained
Explosion of
vocabulary; learning
syntax, grammar;
understood by 75%
of people by age 3
Poor understanding
of time, value,
sequence of events
Vivid imaginations;
some difficulty
separating fantasy
from reality
Accurate memory,
but more suggestible
than older children
Primitive drawing,
can’t represent
themselves in
drawing till age 4
Don’t realize others
have different
perspective
Leave out important
facts May
misinterpret visual
cues of emotions
Receptive language
better than expressive
till age 4
imaginative, may
involve fantasy
and imaginary
friends, takes
turns in games
 Develops gross
and fine motor
skills; social
skills; experiment
with social roles;
reduces fears
Wants to please
adults
Development of
conscience:
incorporates parental
prohibitions; feels
guilty when
disobedient;
simplistic idea of
“good and bad”
behavior
Curious about his
and other’s bodies,
may masturbate
No sense of privacy
Primitive, stereotypic
understanding of
gender roles
her
Increasing ability to
control emotions; less
emotional outbursts
Increased frustration
tolerance Better delay
gratification
Rudimentary sense of
self
Understands concepts
of right and wrong
Self-esteem reflects
opinions of significant
others
Curious
Self-directed in many
activities
School Aged
Physical Cognitive Social Emotional
Slow, steady growth: 3
-4 inches per year
Use physical activities
to develop gross and
fine motor skills
Use language as a
special tool
Comment: 5-8 years:
can see other people's
opinions, can't expect
the other person's
Relationships are
particularly obvious
Understanding the
good and the bad
The rules depended
Self esteem based on
ability to perform and
produce
Alternative strategies
for dealing with
frustration and
22

Motor & perceptual
motor skills better
integrated
10-12 yr: puberty
begins for some
children
work
8-10 years: notice the
difference between
behavior and
purpose; age
10-11 years: able to
see other people's
ideas and think
carefully
Solid state: accurate
view of
opportunities;
objective and
understanding idea;
hard intuition;
consider themselves
and their
characteristics;
includes ideas about
place, time,
measurement
He remembers
months or years ago
More powerful
change skills
He sees how his
behavior affects
others
on direct behavior
and play and giving
the child structure
and security
5-6 years: accepts the
modification rules
7-8 years: strict
compliance with the
rules
9-10 years: the rules
can be established
Begin to understand
social work; seeing
them as a resolution;
it can change
behavior according
to different
situations; execution
of social services
Take more
responsibility at
home
Less dream games,
more group
activities, board
games
Deep quality - get
out of control; selfish
craftsmanship
expressing emotions
Sensitive to other’s
opinions about
themselves
6-9 yr: have questions
about pregnancy,
intercourse, sexual
swearing, look for
nude pictures in books,
magazines
10-12 yr: games with
peeing, sexual activity
(e.g., strip poker,
truth/dare, boy-girl
relationships, flirting,
some kissing,
stroking/rubbing, re-
enacting intercourse
with clothes on)
Q30. Explain how children’s learning is influenced by:
Positive relationships: A securely attached child will find that their family / carers comfort them
when they are upset and develop a sense of well-being and peace of mind. This is essential for a
strong development in the child and will prepare them for a proper start in daily life. The young
people who are added safely are better prepared to address their feelings and habits and better to
be recognized by others. This also makes children look good on social progress.
23

Environment: Despite learning in school, the setting also animates the psychological turn of the
child's events. This includes psychological, emotional, motivational and motor skills. The best
setting for this is a quiet and welcoming home that allows the young person to focus on
developing their skills. The appearance of such a lively situation can adversely affect the child's
speech and speech development. If you don't have a positive learning environment it can lead to
stress, lack of confidence, a desire to stay in one place for a long time, and so on.
Q31.
1. A measure of sleep quality or lack of sleep
2. Lack of structure and feeling of insecurity
3. Desire and thirst can be a cause of problem behavior
4. Food, diet and allergies
5. Level of outdoor activity, exercise and fresh air
6. Overview and understanding
7. Screen Time
8. Learning style and challenge
9. Speed of handling and action
Question 32
Outline the different ways you can effectively manage and support the child to promote positive
behaviour.
There are number of ways through which children can be managed effectively in order to
promote positive behaviour in that some of them are given below.
 It includes to play with kids and remain involved with them to make them convinced
easily towards desired methods.
 It is necessary to be a role model and show child to feel comfortable with you to establish
positive relation with them (Clark and et. al., 2019).
 It is required to listen actively and keep promises to fulfil their desires to make them
comfortable for their development.
24

 It is essential to develop environment of good behaviour and make them feel comfortable
which make them happy as well as confident.
Question 33
As a home-based childcarer you will need to understand the value of play in promoting
children’s learning and development.
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child includes civil, political, economic, social and cultural
rights of very kid regardless of their race, religion or abilities. It includes number of rights
children such as right to life, right to name, right to express views, right to freedom, right to
healthcare, right to protection from economic & social exploitation and many more. However, it
consist to pray for vulnerable children to be protected, make donation for child protection fund
and sponsors childcare policy which facilitate to enhance the learning as well as development of
kids respectively.
Question 34
Explain the innate drive for children and young people to play
It has been analysed that innate drive is known as an impulse to play among children and young
people. It is very important for kids to play because it is responsible to facilitate their desired
growth as well as development respectively. Meanwhile, it is observed that play can be
considered as psychological and social necessity for them and it is known as fundamental to
healthy development and wellbeing of individuals (Pavolini and Van Lancker, 2018). However,
it involves the fact that play is a kind of process which is freely chosen, personality directed and
intrinsically motivated.
Question 35
Analyse how play is necessary for all children and young people’s development and well-being.
The play is very necessary for children and young people which is helpful to develop creativity
among and they remain energetic all the time. It is observed that play is responsible for allowing
kids to utilise their creativity at the time of developing their imagination, dexterity and physical,
cognitive as well as emotional strength. However, it has been examined that plain is important
aspects in terms of health brain development and it is favourable to make kids involve in early
age along with interacting with world around them.
25

Question 36
Explain benefits of balancing child-initiated and adult-led play activities.
The benefits of balancing child-initiated and adult led play activities are as follows:
o It is favourable to support emotional development of children by improving respective
strength that make their capable to make their own choices in life.
o It is beneficial to gain independence skills as they can help themselves to resources.
o It is suitable in order to boost up functioning of brain in human body.
o It is beneficial to stimulate the mind and boost creativity along with improving kids
relationships with other people.
Question 37
Identify how children’s play needs and preferences change in relation to their stage of
development.
The choices become change due to creativity when a child want to adopt new play activities as
they get bored from the previous one. It includes their changed preferences on the basis of their
attractiveness towards new playing toys and activities which is responsible for developing
innovative ideas among kids. However, it has been analysed that kids have changed preferences
due to problem solving skills, creativity and their willingness to take risks that are just a few of
the skills developed through play. It is beneficial for kids as they get attract towards new playing
procedures then their choices become changed.
Question 38
Discuss the need for an inclusive approach when planning play activities
The inclusive approach can be defined as an effective practice which is favourable in terms of
providing desired learning as well as education of all the children. It includes the criterion that all
kids are capable to be a part of their community along with developing a sense of belongingness
and become better prepared for life. Meanwhile, it is necessary for using inclusive approach to
make kids learn to gain knowledge about their own cultures and pay respect of others religion. It
will provide support to children by delivering opportunities in terms of developing friendships
with each other.
26

Question 39
When working as a home based child carer you will undertake observations and assessments of
the children in your care.
The observations plays an important role to make easy to understand about actual desires and
needs of people due to which appropriate plan of fulfilling their actual needs can be fulfilled. It is
necessary to carrying an effective as well as efficient assessment of actual needs of children to
complete their desires in proper manner. Some of important aspects are given below.
 The observation of children is useful to make appropriate plan for individual children’s
needs to deliver appropriate services.
 The proper assessment is favourable to formulate accurate decision making for early
intervention to make kids wellbeing.
 It includes the criterion of making marinating safe area with the help of reviewing the
environment.
 The managing services and care for child with specific needs effectively during the
transition.
 It is favourable to share accurate information to colleagues when working in partnership
to perform in appropriate manner.
Question 40
Supporting a child with extra help before the child starts to fall behind the expected pattern of
development is known as early intervention.
In context of fall related to expected patterns of development, it is necessary to establish an early
intervention by consulting child specialist and improve their regular diet along with care
facilities. It is necessary to analyse the actual reason behind fall and focus on the same to
improve overall developing condition of children. However, it is observed that proper medical
care and regular care is required to be provided to regain proper growth and development of kids.
27

References
Books and journals
Drange, N. and Havnes, T., 2019. Early childcare and cognitive development: Evidence from an
assignment lottery. Journal of Labor Economics, 37(2), pp.581-620.
Adamo, K.B. and et. al., 2016. Does intervening in childcare settings impact fundamental
movement skill development?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(5), pp.926-932.
Kuehnle, D. and Oberfichtner, M., 2020. Does Starting Universal Childcare Earlier Influence
Children’s Skill Development?. Demography, 57(1), pp.61-98.
Busch, J. and Leyendecker, B., 2019. Socialization and Development of Refugee Children:
Chances of Childcare. In Children’s Social Worlds in Cultural Context (pp. 187-200). Springer,
Cham.
Pek-Greer, P. and Wallace, M., 2017. A study of childcare teacher retention in the childcare
service industry. Global Business Review, 18(1), pp.71-86.
Keizer, R. and et. al., 2020. The Influence of Fathers and Mothers Equally Sharing Childcare
Responsibilities on Children’s Cognitive Development from Early Childhood to School Age: An
Overlooked Mechanism in the Intergenerational Transmission of (Dis) Advantages?. European
Sociological Review, 36(1), pp.1-15.
Ward, S. and et. al., 2018. Promoting physical activity, healthy eating and gross motor skills
development among preschoolers attending childcare centers: Process evaluation of the Healthy
Start-Départ Santé intervention using the RE-AIM framework. Evaluation and program
planning, 68, pp.90-98.
Yuda, T.K., 2020. Reappraisal of the political approach on East Asian welfare state
development: the case of childcare expansion in South Korea. International Journal of Sociology
and Social Policy.
Yamamoto, K. and et. al., 2020, July. Internet of Toys for Measuring Development of Ball
Handling Skills in Support of Childcare Workers. In International Conference on Human-
Computer Interaction (pp. 689-698). Springer, Cham.
Araujo, M.C., Dormal, M. and Schady, N., 2019. Childcare Quality and Child
Development. Journal of Human Resources, 54(3), pp.656-682.
Klette, T., Drugli, M.B. and Aandahl, A.M., 2018. Together and alone a study of interactions
between toddlers and childcare providers during mealtime in Norwegian childcare centres. Early
Child Development and Care, 188(3), pp.387-398.
Schröder, L. and et. al., 2019. Teachers’ conversational style and children’s language
development in German childcare centers: A culture-sensitive intervention. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 50(2), pp.164-184.
Lekhal, R., 2020. Receiving extra support in Norwegian centre-based childcare: the role of
children's language and socioemotional development. Early Child Development and
Care, 190(4), pp.580-593.
Klette, T. and Killén, K., 2018. Painful transitions: a study of 1-year-old toddlers’ reactions to
separation and reunion with their mothers after 1 month in childcare. Early Child Development
and Care.
Ereky-Stevens, K. and et. al., 2018. Relationship building between toddlers and new caregivers
in out-of-home childcare: Attachment security and caregiver sensitivity. Early Childhood
Research Quarterly, 42, pp.270-279.
28

Hašková, H. and Dudová, R., 2020. Selective pronatalism in childcare and reproductive health
policies in Czechoslovakia. The History of the Family, pp.1-22.
Wallace, R., 2016. Supporting nutrition for Australian childcare (SNAC): the development,
implementation and evaluation of an online nutrition education intervention.
Ahn, J. and Yoo, J.P., 2016. The effect of infancy childcare center use and maternal employment
on toddlers’ language development in South Korea. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 10(1),
pp.130-141.
Springette, M. and Petitclerc, A., 2020. The Role of Racial-Ethnic Socialization, Center-Based
Childcare and Caregiver Stability in Promoting Successful Development in Young Children of
Formerly Incarcerated Parents.
Karhula, A., Erola, J. and Kilpi-Jakonen, E., 2017. Home sweet home? Long-term educational
outcomes of childcare arrangements in Finland. In Childcare, Early Education and Social
Inequality. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Barnes, J.K. and et. al., 2016. Engaging parents in early childhood education: Perspectives of
childcare providers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 44(4), pp.360-374.
Duval, S. and et. al., 2020. Examination of the Quality of Interactions as Observed in Childcare
Centers and Reported by Early Childhood Educators. SAGE Open, 10(2), p.2158244020932914.
Crowe, T.K., Carvlin-Miller, S. and Concotelli-Fisk, N., 2019. Time Use and Perceptions of
Childcare Responsibilities: Comparison of Mothers of Adolescents With Disabilities and
Mothers of Adolescents With Typical Development. Annals of International Occupational
Therapy, 2(1), pp.23-32.
Park, S.H. and Min, H., 2019. Promoting a healthy childcare environment: A focus group study
of childcare providers' perspectives. Nursing & Health Sciences.
Han, Y., Lee, Y. and Suh, J.H., 2017. Effects of a sandplay therapy program at a childcare center
on children with externalizing behavioral problems. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 52, pp.24-31.
Collischon, M., Kühnle, D. and Oberfichtner, M., 2020. Cash-For-Care, or Caring for Cash? The
Effects of a Home Care Subsidy on Maternal Employment, Childcare Choices, and Children's
Development.
Wu, W., 2018. Development of Mandarin by English-Mandarin bilingual children in a Chinese
childcare centre: the role of input.
Kinkead-Clark, Z., 2020. Using socio-cultural lens to explore adult–child interactions in
Jamaica’s childcare settings. International Journal of Early Years Education, 28(1), pp.22-35.
van Rooijen, M. and Jacobs, G., 2019. A professionalisation programme towards children’s risk-
taking in play in childcare contexts: moral friction on developing attitudes and collegial
expectations. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 27(6), pp.741-756.
van Liempd, H.I.M. and et. al., 2018. Young children’s exploration of the indoor playroom space
in center-based childcare. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 43, pp.33-41.
Cook, K., Corr, L. and Breitkreuz, R., 2017. The framing of Australian childcare policy
problems and their solutions. Critical Social Policy, 37(1), pp.42-63.
Mätzke, M., 2019. Comparative perspectives on childcare expansion in Germany: explaining the
persistent east‒west divide. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and
Practice, 21(1), pp.47-64.
Del Boca, D., Piazzalunga, D. and Pronzato, C., 2018. The role of grandparenting in early
childcare and child outcomes. Review of Economics of the Household, 16(2), pp.477-512.
Clark, S. and et. al., 2019. The impact of childcare on poor urban women’s economic
empowerment in Africa. Demography, 56(4), pp.1247-1272.
29

Pavolini, E. and Van Lancker, W., 2018. The Matthew effect in childcare use: a matter of
policies or preferences?. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(6), pp.878-893.
30