Childcare Eligibility for Asylum Seekers

This document discusses the issue of childcare eligibility for asylum seekers in Australia. It explores the basic needs of asylum seekers, the childcare needs of their children, and the initiatives taken by the Australian government to address these needs. The document also highlights the effectiveness of these initiatives and the limitations they face. It concludes with the importance of advocacy in improving the condition of asylum seekers and ensuring adequate childcare services.

Running head: CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Childcare eligibility for Asylum Seekers
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Introduction
As opined by Dalton-Brown (2018), one of the most important problems that the
different nations of the world are facing currently is the problem of refugee crisis and also
their inability to devise the best possible manner through which the refugee problem can be
addressed. Churchill and Fawcett (2016) are of the viewpoint that despite the support given
by the national governments of the different nations to the refugees there still exist a wide
gulf between the kinds of support or services that the refugees or the asylum seekers need and
the ones which are being offered to them. In this regard, mention needs to be made of the
childcare support which is being given by the national government of different first world
nations like Australia, United Kingdom, USA and others to the asylum seekers in their nation
(Hartley & Fleay, 2017). For example, it is commonly agreed that the primary purpose of
these services or support which are given to the asylum is to enable them to fulfill their basic
psychosocial needs and other needs in the best possible manner (Chase & Rousseau, 2018). It
is with this objective that diverse childcare benefits are being offered to the asylum seekers so
that they children get the right kind of education which is needed to get assimilated within the
social framework of the concerned nation and also their parents had the time to seek
employment and cater to the economic needs of their family members. However, it is seen
that in the nation of Australia these basic childcare services are being denied to the asylum
seekers and to avail them the asylum seekers had to pay subsidies. This action research
project will attempt to analyze current literature relevant to the topic of “childcare eligibility
for asylum seekers” and will make some recommendations to influence change in this area.

2CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
The Problem
Asylum Seekers and their basic needs
As per the “Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights”, the different
nations are required to offer asylum or safe-dwellings to the people from the crisis nations of
the world (Baker, 2019). Chase and Rousseau (2018) are of the viewpoint that this is not only
a humanitarian act on the part of the different nations of the world but at the same time
ensures that the status quo of the world is being maintained in an effective manner. In the
particular context of the nation of Australia it is seen that more than 10,700 refugees settled
in the nation during 2007, the majority of which were the Africans and the percentage of
refugees or asylum seekers in the nation since then had increased by more than 41.2%
(Sbs.com.au, 2019). More importantly, it is seen that in addition to the asylum support that
the nation of Australia offers to these people, these people are also entitled to other benefits
like “Employment–related maternity rights”, healthcare benefits, educational benefits,
childcare benefits and others (Aph.gov.au, 2019). However, in the majority of the cases it is
seen that although a whole gamut of rights as well as benefits are being offered by the
Australian government to these individuals on paper yet in practical scenarios it is seen that
these regulations or interventions are rarely being followed by the state authorities
themselves.
Gavanas and Williams (2016) have articulated the viewpoint that the asylum seekers
had various psychosocial needs like a safe-environment wherein they can reside in a peace
manner, educational needs, medical needs, employment needs, sexual needs and others. As
opined by Mohammadi (2019), an effective fulfillment of these basic psychosocial needs is
important for the asylum seekers because of the fact that they in turn enable the asylum
seekers to maximize the full potential of their lives and thereby add value to the nation. More
importantly, the basic needs of adequate healthcare services are related to the need of the

3CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
asylum seekers to maintain standard health and physical conditions so that they can achieve
effective educational, job, sexual and other needs (Merry, Pelaez & Edwards, 2017). In this
regard, it needs to be said that childcare services offered by the Australian government is one
of the most important ones which is directly related to the healthcare, educational, job and
other basic psychosocial needs of these asylum seekers.
Childcare needs of the asylum seekers
The Australian Government’s Department of Human Services taking into effective
consideration the childcare needs of the asylum seekers had came forward with various
initiatives to fulfill the basic childcare needs of the asylum seekers (Humanservices.gov.au,
2019). However, in the majority of the cases it is seen that the asylum seekers are being
deprived of these childcare services and this in turn is taking a toll on their lives. More
importantly, it is seen that the deprivation of these services not only affects the asylum
seekers but their children as well. In this regard, it needs to be said that one of the most basic
childcare need of the asylum seekers is that their children would be offered adequate
education so that they can assimilate as well as integrate themselves within the social
framework of the Australian nation (Paxton et al., 2019). More importantly, another
important childcare need of these people is that their children would be taken care of by the
different institutions so that during this time that they look for employment and thereby
provide for the economic or the financial needs of their family members presently residing in
the nation of Australia (McGregor et al., 2018). Furthermore, another important need of these
people related to this section is the fact that they would be able to learn the English language
from them so that they can in turn meet their social needs in the concerned nation
(Acecqa.gov.au, 2019). However, it is seen that although the Australian government had
pledged to devote a significant amount of their resources as well as capital for the resolution

4CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
of the issues faced by the asylum seekers and also for the fulfillment of their basic
psychosocial needs like childcare needs, educational needs, employment needs and others yet
when it comes to actual implementation or real-life scenarios very few benefits are being
offered to these people (Aph.gov.au, 2019).
Governmental initiatives
The Australian government in the recent times has came forward with various
regulations as well as measures for the improvement of the childcare services which are being
offered to the asylum seekers. In this regard, mention needs to be made of the “Child Care
Subsidy” policy of the Australian government through which it intends to offer subsidy to the
asylum seekers who have children below the age of 13 years of age so that they can look after
the educational and other needs of their children (Betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2019). As per this
policy of the national government, the asylum seekers are entitled to get a subsidy on the total
capital that they spend for the care, educational and other needs of their children. In addition
to this, some of the asylum seekers’ families are also entitled to “Additional Child Care
Subsidy” provided their children are being taken care of by their grandparents or they are
undergoing a transition in their jobs or facing financial troubles (Sbs.com.au, 2019). More
importantly, depending on the financial conditions of the asylum seekers and other factors
various services are being offered to their children like Centre Based Day Care, Family Day
Care, Outside School Hours Care, in Home Care and others (Baker, 2019).
The services offered or rendered by the “National Quality Framework (NQF)” of
Australia related to the childcare needs of the asylum seekers are important to note in this
regard (Sbs.com.au, 2019). For example, it is seen that the NQF had outlined the basic
qualifications that the educators are required to have so as to impart education to the children
of the asylum seekers. In addition to this, it had also given specific regulations for the child to

5CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
the educator ratio that needs to be maintained within the educational settings in which the
children are being imparted education (Baker, 2019). Furthermore, the focus is also on the
quality of the education which is being imparted to the children since the NQF recognizes the
fact that if the children are going to have the social skills and also to use it in an effective
manner to get assimilated with the societal framework of Australia then they need to not only
get acquainted with the language of English but at the same time learn the social etiquettes of
Australia as well (Acecqa.gov.au, 2019). More importantly, during the time the children are
in these educational institutions the parents of these children have the opportunity to pursue
their employment or jobs in an effective manner without having to worry about the safety or
the security of their children.
The Australian government in addition to the above mentioned services also offers
various kinds of maternity leaves, childcare leaves and others to the asylum seekers in their
nation (Humanservices.gov.au, 2019). This is important because of the fact it enables the
asylum seekers to cater to the needs of their children and also to take appropriate care of them
as well. For example, the maternity leaves is an especially important one in this regard since
it enables the asylum seekers to take care of themselves while being pregnant which in turn
would ensure that the children that they are giving birth to is born healthy in all respects
(Paxton et al., 2019). On the other hand, the policy of childcare leaves is also important since
it offers the desired leaves to the asylum seekers to care periodical leaves during which they
can cater to the needs of their children and also analyze their development (McGregor et al.,
2018). Thus, it can be said that the Australian national government over the years through the
usage of these initiatives had tried to offer effective childcare services to the asylum seekers.

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Effectiveness of the Governmental initiatives
There are various positive aspects of the childcare services which are being offered to
the asylum seekers in the nation of Australia. For example, one of the most important aspects
of the childcare services which are being offered to the asylum seekers is the fact that they in
a succinct manner try to address or fulfill the different psychosocial needs of the asylum
seekers in the Australia (Chase & Rousseau, 2018). In addition to this, the childcare services
which are being offered by the national government had enabled these people to look after
the various needs of their children like educational, care need and others in an effective
manner without causing any significant amount of damage to their own work and other
aspects of their lives (Dalton-Brown, 2018). Furthermore, the effective usage of these
services had also enabled the asylum seekers to enhance the level of social skills and also
helped in the acquisition of the English language which in turn had helped to make their life
much simpler in the nation of Australia.
Limitations of the Governmental initiatives
There are various limitations of the different governmental initiatives related to the
sector of childcare services which in turn affect the quality or effectiveness of these services.
For example, one of the most important limitations of these services is the fact that they are
not in synchronicity with the basic needs or the requirements of the asylum seekers
(Mohammadi, 2019). In this regard, it needs to be said that the childcare services have been
designed taking into consideration the Australian framework and this fails to meet the
expectations or the needs of the asylum seekers (McGregor et al., 2018). Another important
limitation of the childcare services which are being offered to the asylum seekers is the fact
that the national government as of now had not devised adequate implementation plans or
monitoring plans to ensure the fact that they are being followed in an ardent manner

7CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
(Aph.gov.au, 2019). This is perhaps one of the major reasons why the despite the plethora of
measures or policies that the Australian government had passed the condition of the asylum
seekers and their children had not improved in any significant manner. One of the major
reasons for the limited amount of childcare services which are being offered to the asylum
seekers is the fact that the Australian society even in the present times considers them as
outsiders and thereby the national government does not thinks it fit to waste a significant
amount of resources on them. Another important reason for the same can be attributed to the
fact that the asylum seekers generally do not like to opt for the childcare services offered by
the national government and this in turn had created a detached approach on the part of the
national government itself.
Role of Advocacy
The inability of the childcare services to improve the living conditions of the asylum
seekers clearly indicates that there is a need for advocacy to improve the condition of the
asylum seekers and also to ensure that adequate childcare services are being offered to them.
This is important because of the fact that the past initiatives undertaken by the national
government of Australia had failed to yield any significant results. Thus, it is likely that
through the use of the process of advocacy the individual people and also the various private
non-profit organizations of the concerned nation would not only be able to advocate for the
rights or the needs of these people but at the same time would be able to influence the
national government to formulate the kind of measures or policies which will be helpful for
the asylum seekers. For example, an advocacy on the part of these asylum seekers would
effectively convey information to the national government regarding the kind of changes or
support that they need from the side from the national government (Baker, 2019). More
importantly, the national government would also be able to understand the mistakes or the

8CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
short-comings of the earlier policies that they have been using and this in turn would enable
them to formulate better policies (Paxton et al., 2019). Furthermore, an advocacy on the part
of the people would also gather national support for the problems or the issues faced by
asylum seekers and this in turn is likely to enhance the support as well as funding for the
resolution of the issues faced by the asylum seekers through the formulation of better policies
which will be in synchronicity with the needs of the asylum seekers. In addition to these, the
higher subsidy that the asylum seekers had to pay for the childcare services clearly articulates
the need for advocacy.
Recommendations
The Australian government in order to enhance the effectiveness of the childcare
services which are being offered to the asylum seekers can take the help of various measures.
Firstly, they can increase the efficiency of the childcare services by taking into effective
consideration the needs or the requirements of the asylum seekers since it is seen that the
childcare services which are being offered to the asylum seekers is completely modeled on
the Australian framework. Secondly, increasing the funding for these childcare services is
another important measure that the national government can use for offering a wide gamut of
services to the asylum seekers which will meet their needs or expectations. Thirdly, use of
effective implementation and regulatory or monitoring measures is another option that the
national government can utilize to ensure that they are being followed in an ardent manner.
Conclusion
To conclude, the different nations of the world are increasingly coming forward to
support as well as help the refugees by offering them asylum and other kinds of services.
However, at the same time it is seen that the psychosocial needs or the requirements of the
asylum seekers are completely different from those of the native people of Australia. Thus,

9CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
the national government would have to devise effective policies or measures which would
take into consideration the basic needs or the requirements of these people to ensure that the
same are being fulfilled. Having said this, in the majority of the cases it is seen that although
the national government devises effective policies yet in the absence of adequate
implementation or regulatory measures they fail to fulfill the basic needs of the asylum
seekers. These aspects become clear from the above analysis of the childcare services which
are being offered to the asylum seekers in Australia.

10CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Part 2
Action Research
In Part 1 of the paper, the researcher had discussed the problem of childcare eligibility
for the asylum seekers and also the manner in which the asylum seekers are being deprived of
their childcare subsidies and other related facilities which are being commonly offered to the
Australian citizens. For example, the researcher found that this deprivation of basic childcare
eligibility or subsidy is not only unjustified for the asylum seekers but at the same time
hinders the fulfillment of their basic psychosocial needs. This is important from the
perspective of the natural growth as well as development of the children who belong to the
families of the asylum seekers. Thus, the researcher concluded that there is a need for
advocacy not only on the part of the Australian government but also on the part of the various
non-profit organizations so as to ensure that these people have to the basic childcare
eligibility rights and subsidies which in turn is likely to help them in a substantial manner.
The Part 2 of this paper will thereby cover the issue under discussion here from the
perspective of the action based research model and its various components like acting,
observing and reflecting. More importantly, the researcher will take the help of Cartmel,
Macfarlane and Casley (2012)’s “Circle of Change Revisited Model of Critical Thinking:
deconstruct, confront, theorize and think otherwise” model for the formulation of the action
research plan.
Revisiting and Reflecting on the issue
The issue of childcare eligibility is an important one from the perspective of the
asylum seekers in the nation of Australia because of the fact that it is directly related to the

11CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
growth and development of these people. For example, I personally believe that if the
national government of Australia offers the asylum seekers adequate amount of childcare
subsidy and other kinds of benefits then they this is likely to help the asylum seekers in a
significant manner. More importantly, as the above research work indicates this will enable
them to focus in a succinct manner on the other aspects of their lives like employment, family
life and others. Furthermore, as part of the “Article 3 of the European Convention on Human
Rights” it is the responsibility of the different nations offering asylum to the refugees to not
only offer them safe abode but at the same time to take the help of different kinds of
measures which will ensure that their basic psychosocial needs are being met. However, the
discrimination which is being meted out to the asylum seekers in Australia regarding the
basic psychosocial needs is not only contradictory to the above mentioned article but at the
same time hinders in the effective fulfillment of their basic psychosocial needs (Doherty &
Hekmat, 2019). Thus, it can be said that there is a need for change in the current scenario
which is especially important from the perspective of the asylum seekers and also the growth
of the nation of Australia itself.
Deconstruct
The Part 1 of the paper in a succinct manner explored the issue of childcare eligibility
and also the manner in which adequate subsidies are not being offered to these asylum
seekers and their resultant effects. However, in the present times it is seen that the situation is
changing in a significant manner because of the fact that there are many non-profit
organizations and also the national government itself is taking different kinds of initiatives
for the resolution of this issue. In this regard, mention needs to be made of the non-profit
organizations like Punchbowl Children’s Centre, Lakemba Children’s Centre, Carrington
Occasional Care and others along with different governmental authorities like Sydney’s

12CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Canterbury-Bankstown Council, Australian Department of Education in Brisbane and others
(Sbs.com.au, 2019). Canterbury-Bankstown Mayor Khal Asfour commenting on the
importance of the advocacy done by them says “Our program is going to give kids an
opportunity to develop their skills, including learning English, and getting ready for
kindergarten” (Commongrace.org.au, 2019). On the other hand, a representative of Lakemba
Children’s Centre’s commenting on the importance of the advocacy done by them says
“Parents will be able to have this time to improve their own English skills, find work to
support their families, and attend legal and medical appointments if required” (Sbs.com.au,
2019). However, as recent researches suggest and also the above analysis shows although
these initiatives have started the process of change yet at the same time it is seen that the
situation is far from ideal.
The researcher in order to effectively understand the issues faced by the asylum
seekers related to the childcare eligibility took the feedback of 30 different asylum seekers
and the majority of these people were parents with alteast one children below the age of 10
years. One of the common aspect among the responses given by the different respondents
was the fact that they all showed dissatisfaction with the fact that they were not entitled to the
kind of childcare subsidy that the citizens of Australia had access to. Furthermore, they also
complained that because of the deprivation of these subsidies they have to personally take
care of their children and also educate them which in turn affected their work, social life and
other aspects of their life. In addition to these, the majority of these individuals showed
concerns regarding the future as well as adequate growth or development of their children
because of the fact that they themselves were unable to afford different kinds of paid
childcare services offered by the different organizations because of inadequate income means
that they had.

13CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Confront
The Part 1 of the paper makes it clear that the national government of Australia only
offers childcare subsidies to the native citizens of the concerned nation and no subsidies are
being offered to the asylum seekers. More importantly, it is seen that the asylum seekers had
to pay a significant amount of money to get childcare services from the different private
organizations of the concerned nation which is not always possible because of the low
amount of money that they are being able to make. The net result of this is that these
individuals in the majority of the cases had to look after the needs, development, education
and other aspects of their children all by themselves which takes a toll on the other aspects of
their life (Asrc.org.au, 2019). Furthermore, despite the fact that the national government and
also different no-profit organizations are coming forward with different kinds of plans or
initiatives to address this issues yet it is seen that even in the present times a reasonable
framework for addressing this issue that not been formulated. These aspects become clear
from the conceptual framework and also the feedbacks given by the 30 asylum seekers who
had been participated in the study.
Theorize
The researcher for the effective completion of the paper formulated a questionnaire so
as to collect relevant feedback regarding the issue under discussion here and analyze it from
the perspective of the actual problems faced by the asylum seekers in the nation of Australia
regarding the childcare eligibility problem. The researcher thus initially briefed the
participants regarding the nature of the study, the issue which was being analyzed, the
questions which would be asked from them and other aspects of the research. As already
mentioned, the researcher selected 30 asylum seekers for the collection of the feedback that
was necessary for the completion of the concerned paper. Furthermore, out of the 30

14CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
respondents, 25 are asylum seekers under the age of 30 years of age and have children below
the age of 10 years. The remaining five respondents were over the age of 30 years and had
children below the age of 12 years. Moreover, the researcher ensured that the participants
who were selected for answering the questionnaire all belonged to the working class with
lower income so as to understand in an effective manner the challenges that these individuals
faced because of the childcare subsidies which were not offered to them. The net result of this
was the responses given by the participants shed insightful information on the issue which is
being analyzed and also the adverse effects of the same.
An analysis of the responses give by the different participants in the questionnaire
would reveal insightful information. For example, “Participant A” revealed the fact that
because of the failure of the Australian government to pay adequate amount of childcare
subsidy to her, she had to personally take care of her child, cater to the educational needs of
the child and other aspects. More importantly, she revealed the fact that this was taking a toll
on her work and she was having difficulty in maintaining the balance between her work-life
and family-life. Furthermore, she in a succinct manner revealed the fact that had the national
government offered her subsidy for childcare then she would not have faced these issues by
taking the help of the different childcare service providers in the nation of Australia. On the
other hand, “Participant B” revealed the fact that she was very concerned about the education
of her child because of the fact that with the little amount of money that she and her husband
were making it was not sufficient to support the educational needs of her child. More
importantly, she was unfamiliar with the English language which was the mode of
communication in the nation of Australia she was hoping to learn the concerned language
from her child. However, her inability to send her child to school because of her
impoverished economic means not only affected the adequate growth as well as development
of her children but also her on a personal level as well.

15CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
These two participants, along with the remaining 28 others, all reverberated the same
idea that the national government of Australia by not paying them adequate amount of
childcare subsidy significantly hampered the quality of lives that they led. For example, the
feedbacks given by the different participants clearly revealed the fact that the issue under
discussion here adversely affected the fulfillment of their basic psychosocial needs and also
that of their children. In this regard, it is needs to be said that Doherty and Hekmat (2019)
have argued that education is one of the most basic rights of the children regardless of their
nationality which is likely to help them for the attainment of their life goals in the later part of
their lives. However, the issue under discussion here hinders the effective fulfillment of this
basic need of the children because of the fact that asylum seekers have inadequate income
and thus they are not always able to afford the expensive education offered by the different
private educational institutions of the concerned nation. More importantly, in the absence of
adequate subsidy from the national government for childcare, the asylum seekers themselves
have to look after the needs of their children and also their basic needs which not only takes a
valuable amount of their resources but also their time as well that could have been used in an
effective manner for other activities like work and others (Aph.gov.au, 2019). This in turn
hinders the attainment of the perfect balance between work-life and family-life in context of
the asylum seekers. Moreover, since the asylum seekers are not acquainted with the native
language of Australia thus they hope that they would be able to acquire the same from their
children who would be offered education by the national government of Australia. However,
the failure of the national government to offer these basic childcare eligibility rights to the
asylum seekers adversely affects the asylum seekers and also their children as well.

16CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Think Otherwise
One of the most important which was articulated in the conceptual framework or Part
1 of this paper was the fact that there is a need for advocacy for the effective resolution of
this issue which is significantly affecting the quality of life lead by the asylum seekers and
their children in the nation of Australia. This fact articulated in the Part 1 of the paper also
finds support from the feedback or the responses given by the participants for the
questionnaire as well. For example, some of the respondents of the questionnaire were not
even aware that such kinds of services were offered by the national government of Australia
to its native citizens for the support of their children and also the fact that there are some non-
profit organizations which are advocating for the same in the particular context of the asylum
seekers as well. Another set of participants said that they really appreciated the gesture of the
Australian government to offer asylum to them however they do not support accept the
decision of the national government to deny them the childcare subsidy which was commonly
available to the native citizens of Australia. The net result of this is that many of these
individuals felt that the national government of Australia is discriminating them and also
completely disregarded the affairs as well as the development of these individuals.
Some of the participants were optimistic that if effective advocacy was done by the
national government and also the different non-profit organizations then it is likely that the
situation would change in a significant manner. For example, the conceptual framework and
also the participants have articulated the viewpoint that if effective advocacy was done and
also adequate leadership was taken by the national government as well as the non-profit
organizations then it is likely that in the future childcare subsidies would be offered by the
national government. More importantly, these individuals clearly acknowledged the initiative
shown by the above mentioned non-profit organizations for supporting the childcare needs of
theirs which in a succinct manner had helped them. However, the majority of these stated that

17CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
a lot still needs to be done for the effective resolution of this issue and also for offering the
asylum seekers the kind of benefits or services which will help them in the adequate
fulfillment of their basic psychosocial needs and also that of their children as well.
Summary
To sum up, childcare subsidy is one of the most important basic rights of the
individuals and this is perhaps one of the most important reasons why the national
governments of the different nations are offering it to the people. However, when the present
condition of the nation of Australia is analyzed it is seen that the asylum seekers are being
deprived of this basic rights of theirs which in turn is causing various problems for them. In
this regard, one of the most important problems that these individuals face is the fact that
failure of the national government to offer them childcare subsidy not only leads to the
ineffective fulfillment of their basic psychosocial needs but also that of their children as well.
More importantly, in the recent times it is seen that advocacy is being done and also the
national government as well as the different non-profit organizations are coming forward
with different kinds of measures or initiatives for the effective resolution of this issue yet at
the same time it is seen that the situation is far from ideal.

18CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
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20CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
Fleay, C., & Hartley, L. (2016). ‘I feel like a beggar’: Asylum seekers living in the Australian
community without the right to work. Journal of International Migration and
Integration, 17(4), 1031-1048. Retrieved from
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subsidy/who-can-get-it

21CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
McGregor, C., Dalikeni, C., Devaney, C., Moran, L., & Garrity, S. (2018). Practice guidance
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asylum-seekers

22CHILDCARE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS