Obesity in Children: Factors, Impact, and Prevention Strategies

This dissertation explores the issue of childhood obesity, covering factors that lead to obesity, its impact on children's lives, and prevention strategies. The literature review discusses different authors' views on the topic, including the role of genetics, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits. The study recommends prevention policies to fight obesity among children. Subject: Obesity, Course Code: N/A, Course Name: N/A, College/University: N/A

DISSERTATION & PHD
THESIS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................3
TITLE: OBESITY IN CHILDREN OVER ALL WALKS OF LIFE.............................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
Background of research...............................................................................................................4
Aim:.............................................................................................................................................4
Objectives:...................................................................................................................................4
Research questions:......................................................................................................................5
Rationale......................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................7
Theme 1: Understanding the Obesity issue.................................................................................7
Theme 2: factors that leads to obesity among children...............................................................8
Theme 3: Analysing the impact of obesity in children in all walks of life..................................9
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................10
Research type:............................................................................................................................10
Research approach:....................................................................................................................10
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................11
Research design.........................................................................................................................12
Data collection:..........................................................................................................................12
Data analysis:.............................................................................................................................13
Reliability and validity:.............................................................................................................13
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.................................................................................................14
Databases...................................................................................................................................14
Search strategy...........................................................................................................................15
Ethical consideration:................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS...........................................................................16
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATION............................21

CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................21
RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................22
RESEARCH LIMITATION......................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24
ABSTRACT
Following dissertation has explored the issue which is obesity in children over all walks of
life. It has discussed the information chapter wise where initial chapter covered the aim,
objective, rationale information. Further it discussed the literature reviews where it shows the
arguments of different authors about the key issue, further it covered the research methodologies
that plays a significant role in completing the study. It has also discussed the results and findings
followed by recommendations and research limitations.
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TITLE: OBESITY IN CHILDREN OVER ALL WALKS OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of research
Obesity is the complex disease where patient seem as overweight and not able to
efficiently carry bodily function. It is the result of consuming more calories than burning it by
physical movement, exercise, it affects the day to day activity of person when they suffer from
obesity, obesity generally occurs when the body mass index of the person is greater than normal
level as person with 25 index or more than it considers as obese person (Fryar, Carroll and
Ogden, 2018). Now a day’s people are more rely on consuming sugars and other junk products
which is causing obesity problem in them, it is found that obesity among children is increasing
day by day and it is becoming worldwide now. Due to absence of physical activity in children
they are developing obesity in them where they look overweight and their weight is
uncontrollable which is causing development of serious health problems for them.
Childhood obesity leads to diabetes and other serious health problems like high blood
pressure and high cholesterol. There are some main causes for the obesity which are lack of
exercise, genetics and other environmental factors. Due to emergence of technologies, now a
day’s children always seem as spending their maximum time on mobile phones and on other
games, they do not play activity games where physical movement is found, along with this their
unhealthy eating habit is also major issue which is causing obesity in them. Thus following
research project is based on the issue which it discussed the throughout the project where it
highlights the information chapter wise. Following study is based on secondary data analysis
which discussed the information that are taken from relevant articles.
Aim
To investigate the factors leading to obesity among children and its impact on their lives.
Objectives
 To understand the issue of obesity
 To analyse the factors that leads to obesity in children
 To assess the impact of obesity in children over all walks of life

 To recommend the prevention policies that could help in fight with obesity issues among
children.
Research questions
 What is obesity issue?
 What are possible factors that caused obesity in children?
 What are some effects of obesity in children in all walks of life?
 What are some prevention strategies that helps in dealing with obesity issues in children?
Rationale
Childhood obesity is becoming a health hazard worldwide where children are getting
serious disease even in their childhood age, because of this they are not able to perform physical
functions or daily functions efficiently. Thus this study is helpful in understanding the factors
that leads to develop obesity problem in children (Guo and et.al., 2019). It will also help in
increasing awareness regarding healthy lifestyle as why people need to incorporate healthy
values to prevent any illness. This issue is important currently people are taking interest in such
to adapt healthy lifestyle for their children. Because this issue is global issue now, so this study
helps in providing the proper insight in this issue. As well as with the information present in the
study people can easily get the idea to adapt the precautionary to avoid obesity.
Structure of Project:
Chapter 1: Introduction
In this Chapter it highlights the research background, aims, research questions and
objectives that is made on the key issue about obesity in children.
Chapter 2: Literature review
This chapter simply covers the different author’s argument over the key research issue, where
themes that is based on objectives is being discussed.
Chapter 3: Research methodologies
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It involves the research type, approach, design, philosophy, data collection, data analysis
and ethical consideration which is required for the study. It also covers the research reliability
and validity.
Chapter 4: Discussion and findings
In this research it covers the discussions of the findings where different themes is also
discussed, thus it covers the secondary analysis of the findings.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations, limitation
This is the final chapter of research project where it covers the sort of recommendations
and concluding point, it also covers the research limitation factor.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is the important section of dissertation where it tends to discuss the
previous research over the study topic. Following literature review covers the research topic that
is obesity issue among children where it shows the different author' view over the research issue.
Theme 1: Understanding the Obesity issue
According to the de Bont and et.al.,(2020) view of obesity is one of the leading illness that
is growing rapidly where the people from all age are seem as facing vulnerable consequences
because of it. it is the complex disease that involves the excessive body fat which restricts the
person to carry out the day to day activity efficiently. Author further proposed that due to the
inactiveness in people and unhealthy heating habit is the major contributor for developing the
obesity illness. It is the serious illness that is affecting people of all ages where it further
developing the serious health issues like development of diabetes, high blood pressure and other
problem that is being developed because of obesity. One of the main reason for developing this
cause is unhealthy eating habit and lack of physical exercise, because it is the era of technology
where all tasks have been shifted to the technologies which is causing the problem for people to
maintain their lifestyle.
However, author Dhaliwal and et.al., (2019) said that it is not all about the physical
inactiveness there are some people who have some genetic predisposition to the obesity, that
completely depends on their family history and ethnicity. Moving from the genetic
predisposition also needed a some essential and mandatory changes within the diet, lifestyle and
in other aspects. Also it is not only a cosmetic concern it is a completely medical problem which
enhances the other serious complications for the human body where some of the people faces the
serious problems in not losing the weight. Generally, obesity is the outcome from inherited and
other physiological factors that is further associated with the physical activities and exercises.
There are some evidences which also shows that people are having obesity problem are seen as
facing serious illness that is heart diseases and strokes, as person having this problem also faces
the abnormal cholesterol level. Author further proposed that people with obesity are more likely
to develop diabetes 2 illness and overall impacts the body function.
Author Morrissey and et.al., (2020) said that obesity is linked with the social aspect as well
where it involves the discrimination, lower wages and low standards of life. As in poor people it
is seen as growing because of high rate in unemployment, irregular meals as well as lack of
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physical activities whereas among the poor those facilities are linked with money that’s poor
people can’t afford it. it is need to be reversed for the poor youngsters so that it cannot affects
their afterlife. In most of the cases it is found that poor people faces major problems in accessing
the medical services as compared with wealthy people, where service provider’s usually
discriminate with the poor people. So child obesity is also a major concern for the poor people
where lack of availability of resources caused the serious problems for them.
From view point of Kwok and et.al (2020) being obese reduces the life expectancy, It
often relates to social stigma that imposes additional cost over the overstretched health services.
It is found that NHS organisation generally invest around £5 billion in a year for the treatment of
weight related problem, that is around £78 for men, women and child in a country. Data from
world health organisation suggests that around 28.1 percent of adults in UK are obese and around
62 percent people are overweight and experiencing serious health issues. Britain has greater rate
in obesity in Europe. Almost out of five one children is obese when they are in primary school,
by the time they left it has increases to one in three. Obese children often face discrimination and
bullied by others which makes them to face this issue lifetime which results in poor self-esteem
and long term health issues. Author further proposed that increment in childhood obesity also
concerns with the societal changes where children before spent their most of time in outdoor
playing activities but now they spent their most of the time on gadgets, televisions.
Author Alipoor and et.al (2019) said that Some middle and low income countries are
facing double burden related to malnutrition where such countries are continuously facing
challenges to deal with other issues life infectious diseases and undernutrition, they are also
facing challenge as a rapid upsurge in a obesity and overweight condition particularly in urban
settings. It is not an unusual to identify lack of nutrition and obesity co existing in a same
community, country and in a same household. Children of middle income and low income
country are more prone to inappropriate pre-natal and child nutrition. At same time children are
also expected to be overweight as high sugar, energy dense and micronutrient poor portion that
tends to be lower in cost but as well as lower in nutrition’s. Such dietary things along with lower
physical movement and activity is increasing chances of childhood obesity while undernutrition
matter remain unsettled.

Theme 2: factors that leads to obesity among children
As per the view of Okada, Tabuchi and Iso, (2018) there are different causes which leads
obesity problem in children, major factor is lack of physical activities among children due to
technological enhancement, other cause is unhealthy eating habit that is contributing in
developing serious health problem in children. As childhood obesity is the sever medical
condition which affects children and adolescent, it is generally troubling and barrier as extra
pounds often initiate children on path to serious health problems which were once considered as
adult problems like diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Author also said that
children are usually unaware of the patterns that cause obesity illness. Food quality and quantity
is one of the factor that cause obesity, as consumption of excessive amount of candies, junk
foods plays a role for excessive weight gain in children. Processed food are dense in sugar, fat
which usually of low nutritional values, thus over consumption of this lead obesity patterns in
children. Genetics also plays a role in developing obesity in children. On contrary with above
statement author Wolfenden and et.al., (2019) said that genetics are not completely responsible
for obesity as study shows that genetics accounts less than 5 percent obesity cases. It also
reaffirms that genetics can promote the weight gain but are not responsible for dramatically
increment in childhood obesity.
Author Natale and et.al (2020) stated that lack of physical activity is one of the reason for
developing not only obesity but also other serious problems, for the healthy life it is must to
balance the calories that is consumed and the calories that are expensed. Lack of physical
exercise promotes the childhood obesity as body started to keep the unused calories in form of
fat. For children physical activity comes in form of outdoor games and other curricular activities,
but due to digital age children are now becoming more dependent on technologies, they don’t
play outdoor games, they always used to play video games and other on devices. Thus it is one of
the reason for their physical inactivity which later turns into serious health issues like obesity.
However, author Zylke and Bauchner, (2018) said that study in journal for adolescence claimed
the strong connectivity between video games and weight gaining problem among children. There
is no such correlation between watching television and weight gaining, but still both things are
prevalent in children’s lives and it is encouraging sedentary lifestyles.
It is found that due to some of the psychological factor it also leads to develop obesity in
children, because of family environment, parental and family tension can develop chances for
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child to gain weight. Some of them also suffers because of their parents, as in some cases when
parents are not concern with their weight and eating habit then this habit also develops in their
child where they do not seem concern about their health and eats in large portion without
knowing the fact that it will affects their health and can impose lifetime health challenges.
Author Deng and et.al (2020) argued that not only psychological factors are responsible but
socioeconomic factors also leads to cause this serious issue in child, where people within the
same community have limited resources and also they are restricted to access the supermarkets.
As result they purchase the convenience food which do not spoil rapidly like frozen meals,
cookies and other things that ultimately promotes weight gain in them, also some of the people
who live in low income neighbourhood couldn’t found any place for physical activities.
Theme 3: Analysing the impact of obesity in children in all walks of life
From the view point of Brown and et.al (2022) childhood obesity is becoming a major
epidemic that is imposing several societal and health obstacles worldwide. It is found that in year
2015 almost 4 million deaths and around 120 million disabilities were marked because of
excessive amount of body mass index globally. Obesity illness in childhood is major concern
which is also causing development of various chronic conditions, generally children who are
overweight more likely to develop obesity problem at later age, which affects their daily
functions and completely deteriorate the quality of life. Furthermore, author also said that
children who have this problem are seen as facing serious mental health problem which results is
low esteem, depression. However, author Kahathuduwa and et.al (2019) said that not only in
childhood, person can get this serious health issue at any age due to physical inactivity and
unhealthy eating habits can also lead the generation of this condition in person. As obese child
shows the intense cardiovascular risk and obesity persistence in their adulthood duration, that is
also linked with the greater probability of premature mortality and also associated with imperfect
cognition or altered brain plasticity.
Author Ogden and et.al (2022) said that obese children are tends to obese in their adulthood
period where risk for diabetes and other cardiac disease is very high at a younger age, it also
leads to morbidity and premature deaths. Body mass index of child is higher than it affects the
body function, children who are overweight are tends to have lower metabolism where it only
burns few calories and mostly it stores in body as a fat. Author Reilly and et.al (2019) argues that

indeed metabolism is linked with the weight but it completely contradicts with the common
belief that is steady metabolism hardly cause of major weight gain.
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology chapter where it discusses the type of methodology that is used by
researcher in order to present study appropriately. It is the way of explaining as how researcher
intends to complete their study. Methodology enables the researcher to proceed with approaches
to make sure valid and reliable results which accounts their study aims and objectives.
Research type:
Research is the systematic approach in study of sources to develop the facts to draw new
conclusion. This method is broadly classified in qualitative and quantitative both have
importance in research study and have distinctive properties (Moore and et.al 2022). Qualitative
research study that involves collection of non-numerical data to develop understanding in
experiences and other concepts. This method is usually used to collect the in depth insight into
study problem and to determine new ideas for study. Where data is generally gathered through
surveys, open ended communication. On the other hand, quantitative study concerns with
process of gathering and analysing the data which consist of numeric, figures, most probably it is
used for identifying the patterns and averages and to test the casual relationship, its work also
involve to generalise the outcomes to wider population (Gregory, 2019). There is other research
type as well which is mixed method it usually uses the combination of both qualitative and
quantitative, where researcher have devoted the better deal of attention to differentiate the
various types of mixed methods. But the things is it is more complex to carry out as well as it
needed an expertise to gather and analysing the data for interpreting the result, additionally it
requires extra time and other resources. In this data is gathered through close ended questions
and further analysed by using mathematical and other computerised tools. But there is a
drawback in quantitative which is false focus on numbers can mislead the whole study, therefore
to keep this in mind qualitative study is efficient for this study. Another reason for selecting the
qualitative is that it provided the maximum flexibility to researcher, as well as for this research
about obesity among children this method helps in generating factual, reliable and latest data.
Research approach:
It is the appropriate plan and procedure which encompasses the broad assumption for
detailed aspects for data collection, interpretation. It is usually based on the research problem’s
nature that is being addressed. Research approach generally gives the research legitimacy and

also enables the detailed plan so that study is keep on track. It can be done in two ways which are
inductive and deductive approach. Inductive reasoning generally concerns with the qualitative
study; it usually initiates with collecting the relevant data that circulates around the topic of
interest. This approach usually initiates from certain observation and then it moves towards the
broad generalisation, analyst looks for the patterns in a data and proceed to develop new theory
which assists in understanding the patterns (Andrade, Correia and Coimbra, 2019). Whereas
deductive reasoning which begins with the social theory which identifies the compelling and
then its tests the implication with the data. It usually moves from general to specific, where it is
associate with scientific investigation, particularly in this researcher studies what others have
said about it, refers the existing theory about any phenomenon and then tests for the hypothesis
which are obtained from those particular theories. But this approach generally limits the
creativity scope which can be disadvantageous for study. Other research approach is also there
which is abductive approach that initially begins with the surprising facts where the process for
research also devoted its explanation. In this surprising facts usually occurs when analyst deals
with the empirical phenomena which is complex to be explained with the use of existing or
present theories. Hence for this study inductive reasoning is efficient, reason for selecting this
approach as it enables the analyst for developing the different solutions for one issues and also
helps in leveraging knowledge which is collected from past experiences to make decision for
new situations.
Research philosophy
The research philosophy is a belief about different way under which data about
phenomenon must be collected, analysed as well as used. In simple words, research philosophy
covers nature, source as well as development of knowledge (Hürlimann, 2019). The study of
these helps to increase ability to solve issue or problem related to the study as well as written
skills which generally makes dissertation more meaningful and purposeful as well. Research
philosophies is divided into two types such as positivism and Interpretivism. Positivism believes
that experience which is stable as well as can be described and observed from objective
viewpoint. Its purpose is to make abstract as well as universal laws on effective dynamics of
social universe. Interpretivism research philosophy is generally based on principle which is states
that researchers execute particular role in observing social world. Interpretivists contend that
particularly through subjective interpretation or intervention in reality that reality be fully
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understood. Interpretivism research generally focus on meaning and methods in order to reflect
different aspects of the problem (National Library of Medicine, 2022). Interpretivism is
depended on interest of scholar whereas positivism demand that world can be understood with
help of different as well as comfortable ways. For this report, researcher use Interpretivism
because the responses are closed and valid to the truth. It is more rapport with the participant.
Interpretivism is validity is honest and trustworthy. One of the another reasons is this method
focus on individual instead of responses collectively which permits respondent to offer answers
with meaning as well as detail responses.
Research design
The research design is structure research methods as well as techniques selected by
researcher to doings a study. Design permit researchers to sharpen research methods which is
suitable for subject matter as well as helps in setting up their studies for the success (Dannels,
2018). The first part of study be well-structured questionnaire as well as semi structured
consultation with stakeholders to accomplish the study in proper and effective manner. Research
design is generally classified into two types such as descriptive and exploratory. Descriptive
research design purpose is to describe research topic, so such research is very useful when we
need more information about specific topic. It is very detailed version of report so that whys it
preferred by most researchers and also effective to analyse issues and topics. Exploratory
research design is a research design which is conducted for the research issue or problem when
researchers have no data or have only few studies for the reference. The primary purpose of this
research design is that of determining problem for precise investigation. In this design there is
not structured studies (National Library of Medicine, 2017). Throughout study, exploratory
research design is more effective because it is generally low cost. Here the researches has lots of
flexibility as well as adopt change as per the research progresses. This research design allow
researcher to understand at early stage, only if topic is worth investing resources as well as time.
However, descriptive research is not helpful in determining causes behind the described
phenomenon.
Data collection:
Data collection is the essential process in research study where it concerns with collecting
the reliable and up to date data so that better conclusion of the study can draw. It is the collection

of facts, objects, events which are obtained from different sources, this data facilitate in making
better and meaningful decisions (Schroeder and et.al 2021). This method is broadly classified in
primary and secondary data collection method. In primary approach data is being collected from
open commination, interviews, surveys sources, these are directly gathered from first hand
sources from experiments and observations. Mostly this data is relevant and its generally selected
and tailored to fulfil the requirements of research study. While on the other hand secondary data
method which analyses the data that is primarily collected from existing sources like books and
journals. This data is once collected from the primary sources and later it is available for
everyone to refer, one of the common source for collecting this data is from internet where data
is published on sites, it generally of free of cost and non-time consuming (National Library of
Medicine, 2020). Where researcher is also allowed to access the public libraries to find the
relevant data that belongs to study topic. Following study is aiming to refer secondary data
because of several advantages over primary data, reason behind selecting this data is that it is
cost efficient and time efficient which is missing in primary data. Therefore, based on this study
regarding obesity among children several articles have been selected to refer for completing the
study in efficient manner.
Data analysis:
It is the process of inspecting and modelling the data with the specific aim for determining
the useful data to draw informing conclusion. In this systematic implementation of logics and
other techniques has been applied for defining and illustrating the data. Where data is analysed
so that it assists in making informed decisions. It is further divided in two parts that are thematic
and statistical analysis (Mears and et.al 2020). Where thematic analysis generally processed the
qualitative data, it concerns with reading the data set, it analyses and interpret the patterns within
qualitative data. Thematic can often understood as the technique in contrasting other qualitative
approach like grounded theory, interpretive phenomenological analysis, it explores the explicit
and implicit concept in data. This approach also processes both small and huge data sets which
can be often utilised in mixed method design. Other approach statistical analysis which
quantifies the quantitative data, it is a scientific technique which is used for gathering and
processing the massive amount of data for determining the common patterns and trends for
transforming it in a useful information (National library of medicine, 2017). In this statistical
operation is being performed on quantitative data for obtaining the useful patterns. Hence for this
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study thematic analysis is appropriate as following study is based on qualitative data so that this
method can be beneficial. Reason for not selecting statistical is that if the data is faulty then
statistical analysis can be misleading and gives the error in study.
Reliability and validity:
Reliability and validity are most important factors in research study, they are used for
evaluating the quality of research. This specifies that how well the study is designed in context
for looking forwards for better result (MAYO CLINIC, 2022). Reliability is all about to measure
the consistency in study while validity is to measure the accuracy in information. If study lacks
these factors, then it is not able to draw better conclusion as well as study is not readable. In this
study which is based on secondary data where researcher has selected the latest articles, where
information is well organised and consists of latest information so that it helps in achieving the
goals of study. As for improvising the credibility of research articles are selected from relevant
sources, where articles are published and consists of verified and accurate information (Vazquez
and Cubbin, 2020). In addition to this data is been collected from copyright and protected
content sites which defines the reliable concept about research topic.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria defines the attribute that prospective subject has if they are part of the
study. Exclusion criteria which are the characteristics that makes the study ineligible so that
some characteristics are being excluded so that it does not affects the study outcome. In this
research study eight articles have been included that is based on childhood obesity where it
discussed the research issue. Following articles have been selected by keeping their relevancy
and validity in mind. In this research study those articles are exclude who are not published and
peer reviewed where some of the articles are also avoided which do not contain the relevant
information (Reinehr, 2018). Therefore, in this researcher have performed the analysis for the
selection of articles hence study is aiming to explore selected eight articles that are succeed in
analyst’s set parameters of inclusion.
Databases
Research databases are arranged collection of the computerised data which is periodical
articles, multimedia which can be simply searched for retrieving useful information. These are
basically used for accessing the scholarly research that involves the journal articles. Therefore,

this study is based on clinical issue that is obesity among children so suitable databases has been
referred by analyst which are PubMed, ClinicalKey, Cinahl plus etc databases. Those are helpful
in obtaining the information regarding research issue where it also helps in giving the
information like cause and factors that leads obesity in children and their all walks of life.
Search strategy
Search strategy is the arranged key terms that are utilised for searching the database, where
it associates with the key concepts about the research questions for retrieving the accurate
results. In this research analysts have used the key terms for selecting the articles for the study
where Boolean functions are also being performed. Some of the key terms are obesity +children,
factors that cause obesity, childhood obesity, impacts +childhood obesity in all walks of life.
Ethical consideration:
A set of guidelines and principles that helps the researcher in conducting the study by
keeping in mind the ethical aspects associated with the study. The ethical considerations help a
researcher in formulating and planning the research design which can help the researcher in
carrying out the study effectively (Leifheit and et.al 2020). For this research analyst have
followed all ethical consideration as there is no alternation in data is made plus data is collected
from reliable sources, where articles from last five years has been referred. A list of references is
also being provided in the end of the project that shows project is self-done by analyst.
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CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
In this chapter analysis for the data is been done to obtain the specific outcome. Following
chapter covers the results and discussion of data which is been evaluated throughout the research
study. This chapter will entail all the findings which has been analysed and described within this
research study. This basically discusses the topic of the research which represents the underlying
findings of this research study. This chapter will include the discussion on the research topic that
is the obesity as issue among the children.
Obesity can be explained as the complex diseases which involves excessive amount of the
body fat within the human beings. This disease is not just only the cosmetic concern or the
normal diseases, this basically the medical problem which increases the risk in the human body
for the other diseases as well as the other health problems like heart diseases, diabetes, high level
of the blood pressure and many more (Kracht, Joseph and Staiano, 2020). This disease sis
generally caused by eating much as well as moving too little that is very little body movement
leads to the obesity. Obesity is also known as the corpulence or the fatness. When the human
body is getting the high amount of the energy specifically the fat and the sugars and after
consuming huge amounts of the sugar they does not give any movements to the body which
helps in burning the calories.
It has been identified that childhood obesity is very serious medical issue which highly
affects the children as well as the adolescents. This diseases has very large number of the
negative impacts on the mental health of the children as due to this ideas, the children self esteem
and the depression are caused. It is very necessary for the children to taker the proper treatment
from the doctors so that this diseases can be cured. The main cause of the childhood obesity is
due to the large amount of eating sugary eatables as well as giving very less movements to the
body. The body mass index is index which is used for the classification of the obesity within the
children and the adults. The WHO has defined obesity for the children who are under the age of
the 5 years is that obesity is weight for height greater than the 3 standard deviations which is
above the WHO child growth standards median (Morrissey and et.al., 2020).
In this research it was found that obesity among the children is increasing at very fast
pace. The problems which are involved in the obesity is such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, pulmonary disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea as well as the
depression. Obesity has become one of the biggest medical issues among the children because

this disease is having very large number of the negative effects which is highly affecting the
overall health of the children in the small age itself. The excessive weight is causing vitamin
deficiencies, hormonal balances as well as the increases the stress level which directly affects the
bone growth of the children. And at very small age if the growth of the bones and muscle will be
affected then it will be very difficult for the children's to grow and develop. The children's must
take the proper and the healthy diet which will help them in keeping the healthy weight as well
as bones strong. The body must be engaged in doing some physical activities which will provide
the movements to the body.
The obesity diseases is having very harmful effects on the body of the children's in
various ways. According to the CDC, the children's are diagnosed as the obese then they may
suffer from high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol, increasing the risk of the impaired
glucose tolerance, insulin resistance as well as the 2 type diabetes. Having too much weight can
seriously effect the growth and the health of the bones. Muscles as well as the joints of the
human body. It is true to the fact that the bones and the muscles grows and develops during the
childhood and of during this tile only the growth will be affected this means that the bones may
not develop this much in the further age (Aggarwal and Jain, 2018). There are very much
complications within the obesity diseases as this has the long term health impacts on the body
and due to this reason there are many of the children who are not able to grow and develop as
they continue to gain the weight simultaneously with increasing the age.
According to the data which has been collected within this research study, it was found
that obesity among the childhood is considered as the one of the challenging public health issue
within this 21st century. As this diseases is increasing the morbidity as well as the premature
death among the children. It was seen that environmental factors plays the vital role in the
development of the obesity. The childhood obesity is highly affecting both physical as well as
the psychological health of the children's. There are many of the risk factors which are causing
the obesity risks among the children's as the physiological factors, socio-economic factors,
certain medications.
The psychological factors involves personal, parental as well as the family as this
increases risk of the obesity among the children's. As some of the children's overeats to cope
with the problems or for dealing with the emotions like stress, or fighting with the boredom.
These causes due to the reason when the parents has the similar tendencies of it. There are
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various areas or the communities which are having the limited resources as well as the limited
access to the supermarkets. This leads to buying the convenience foods which will spoil quickly
the frozen meals, cookies as well as the crackers. The children's who are living in the lower level
of the income may not have the access for keeping the places safe (Sagar and Gupta, 2018).
There are certain number of the prescribed drugs which will increase the risk of the developing
obesity as this involves prednisone, lithium, amitriptyline, paroxetine and many more. These
factors are highly causing the risks of the obesity among the children which is impacting the
child's physical, social as well as the emotional health.
It has been found from the above evaluation that obesity has major impact over child’s
health, it is responsible for their poor mental health, low esteem which affects their life in every
phase (Srivastava and et.al 2019). Somehow in most of the cases it is found that children who are
overweight faces discrimination in their educational and other settings where other child makes
fun of them so they avoid to go institute because of their low self-confidence later this cause
affects their afterlife. The things are to know what are the major causes that generates obesity in
children its non-only because of their unhealthy lifestyle but other aspects are also which needed
to be consider when to analyse its causing factors. Diet is one of the major contributor in
developing obesity, where regularly eating of high calories food, processed junk foods makes the
person to develop excessive fat in them. Children’s are now a days very smart they used to know
how to deal with the technology and other equipment where they can easily use vending
machines for snacks and for other candies, beverages that is increasing their body mass that later
convert into obesity. Candies, sugar processed foods, shows the more evidences for weight gain,
other fruit juices and sport drinks makes the one obese (Patton and et.al 2018). And eating such
candies and other desserts are common in children which lead them to develop more fat in them,
that started affecting their life in every manner as they are not able to perform any other activities
and often crave for eating more junk food. But somehow this factor is not complementary in case
of poor child where they are only serve with the limited foods and due to unavailability of
resources they are not able to buy candies and other stuffs for them. But as compared with rich
children they have more freedom in terms of buying sugary and other stuffs that is leading cause
for them to develop obesity symptoms. Most of the cases it is clearly seen that poor child is more
lean due to unavailability of resources while rich children looks healthy and some are overweight
due to their improper diet.

From the overall thesis it is also found that other factor that lead to develop this problem is
lack of exercise, children who are not tends to do exercise more often they develop excessive fat
in them, they eat lots of junk food and other unhealthy stuff in response to this they do not show
concern for burning those calories which results in overweight problem (Viner and et.al 2021). It
is healthy body cycle to burn the calories against what have eaten, to remain fit and healthy
people tends to do exercise and other physical activities so that they will not develop fat in them.
Today’s child is seen as spending their lots of time in sedentary activities like watching
televisions, playing video games and dealing with mobile and other technological gadgets. More
often they eat unhealthy while watching TV and playing games, because of this their calories
convert into fat and creates more chances for them to develop serious illness (BMC, 2022). TV
also shows the unhealthy food ads which attracts the kids towards it to buy and consume that
food but they are unaware of the fact that this food will make them unhealthy and will affects
their whole life. Thus there are some other factors as well which affects the healthy life style as
other family factors are also major contributor in developing the obesity symptoms, as if the
child came from the family where all other members are also overweight then they also like to
gain weight just because of their family’s less encouragement towards physical activities and
unhealthy eating habits. Thus overall it has been discussed that Obesity has severe impact over
the health of person where children obesity is now becoming a global concern where 1 in a 5
child is overweight and at verge of developing obesity in them (HEALTHCARE, 2022).
Above has also illustrated the impacts of obesity in children in all walks of life where it
discussed that having obesity makes the person to suffer from mental illness as well, as they
think of their friends, colleagues will make fun of them because of their overweight, they started
losing opportunity just to not being appear in front of others (Zhu and et.al 2019). Thus
childhood obesity is major concern for child’s parents as to make their child physical active so
that its risk can be overcome. It is often found that because of this it develops the chances for
other severe illness as well where child in their young age can easily develop cardiac and other
serious illness in them. In most of the cases it is found that child who are obese later develops
cardiovascular, diabetes and other high blood pressure disease in them. Childhood obesity lead to
sleeping disorder, depression, anxiety and other problem, it makes harder for the kids to actively
participate in curricular activities, because of low esteem they do not come forwards to avail the
chances and to enhance their knowledge. Thus it affects their whole life by losing opportunity,
21

due to this they face depression, anxieties which later turns into other serious diseases. Obesity is
more often associated with the high risk of poor mental health among adolescents and children,
where it is analysed that youngster who are obese faces problem in sleeping, they also have bad
sedentary habits and dysregulated consumption of food, where these symptoms are common
among youths who faces depression. It is also found that in most of the cases obese or
overweight child faces bully in their educational and other settings. Children and adolescents
who are obese are generally targeted for bullying by their peers, there are some life threatening
events are also recorded where bullying pressurises the child to attempt suicide (Narciso and et.al
2019). Therefore, weight based bullying is also one of the reason for poor mental health of child,
where they avoid socialisation and stay away from others which later turns into serious problem
for them. Evidences also shows that bullying factors also contributed in increment of
vulnerabilities to substance abuse, anxiety, depression and poor body image.
Childhood obesity may profoundly impact child’s emotional well-being and other social,
physical aspects, it is also linked with their poor academic performance and quality of life.
Childhood obesity concerns with the different medical conditions where it not only limited to the
fatty lever illness but sleep apnea, type2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis, heart disease is other
major illness that comes with obesity (Stasinaki and et.al 2021). Most of physical health
conditions can be cure when child and adolescent reaches to the healthy weight, in worst cases of
health condition can result in death. Other socio and economic consequences also affects child’s
health, several medical conditions lead to create challenges for socio and emotional health of
child and adolescent. It is also linked with the socio factor where child is poor and obese then
they are not acceptable to be part of group project and they often face bullying by their peers, but
in case of rich obese child they are acceptable and can allow to play with their friends, but all
these things are found in some of the cases only (Karger, 2022). Where rich child also faces
discrimination by their peers and others.
It is being found that obesity cause the physical complication where type 2 diabetes is
common where obese children tends to develop this in their early age. Thus chronic disease
affects the way where child’s body intakes or utilise the glucose, hence obesity and sedentary
lifestyle increases the risk of diabetes which later leads to develop other serious health issues.
Poor diet is also a triggered for developing high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Various
factors contribute to develop of plaques in an artery, that leads arteries to become narrow and

stiff which leads to cardiac arrest or stroke later in life. Asthma physical condition is also normal
where children who are overweight suffers from breathing problem, they generally seem to
develop obstructive sleep a serious disorder in which breathing of child stops and starts
repeatedly during sleep (Perry, Guillor and Dilks, 2021). Continuously increment in childhood
obesity is now creating an essential concern where parents need to consider their child’s health,
they need to check why their child is gaining weight. Thus knowing the fact will help in
implementing the preventive measure so that it will restricts the development of serious health
issues. By increasing physical activity is one of the reason that helps in preventing from any
other illness, for that parents need to make proper schedule for their child where physical outdoor
activities are also involves, as educating them about the health importance will make a greater
difference.
From the above evaluation it is been also evaluated that cut down the screen time of child
will also make difference where they should be allowing for using gadgets for little time only
and to encourage them to eat properly and healthy for better lifestyle (Tulp and Einstein, 2022).
Therefore, obesity has greater impact over the health of child where it gives the long term impact
of their health that leads them to develop other severe health issues. Causing factors associated
with this illness need to be improved as there should be proper dietary and physical activity in
order to avoid its chances.
23

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATION
CONCLUSION
From the overall thesis it has been concluded that childhood obesity becoming a leading
concern worldwide. Above research thesis has discussed the factors that are associated with the
obesity. Following has covered the information chapter wise where chapter one is about
introduction to the topic, where suitable aim, objectives and research questions has been
discussed. It also highlighted the research rationale for conducting research on this obesity topic,
further it discussed the literature review chapter where it highlighted the different arguments of
the author about the research topic, where eight articles about obesity and their impact over child
is been referred for this study. For every research it is important to proceed with proper
methodologies and approaches in order to draw better conclusion of the study. In research
methodologies chapter it discussed the different methods that has been utilised by the researcher
in order to complete the study, following study focused on secondary data analysis, where
qualitative, inductive and other interpretivism, exploratory approaches have been selected by the
researcher.
Above report has also illustrated about the discussion and finding chapter where it
highlighted the points that has been obtain from research report. Where it discussed the causing
factors in details for the generation of obesity in children. Study has also covered the search
strategy, databases and inclusion, exclusion criteria for the research, in this study suitable
recommendations is also being discussed along with research limitation factors.
RECOMMENDATION
 To overcome the obesity challenges it is important to adopt the healthy lifestyle as to quit
junk food, it is the initial step to overcome the effects of obesity. It is recommended to
offer appropriate portion size to kid so that they avoid over eating and to make sure that
they are eating healthy.
 Obesity always comes up with other severe illness as well thus to reverse its symptoms it
is necessary to develop the healthy eating habit and to do lots of physical activities.
Parents need to set schedule for their child as to make them to play outdoor games rather
than playing sedentary activities only, to encourage child for playing games where

physical movement is found instead of playing video games and watching TV (Hayes and
et.al 2018).
 Developing early relationship with healthy food is also one of the aspects that helps in
controlling obesity symptoms. Encourage child to try different fruits and vegetables, so
that they will not develop unhealthy eating habit, as they grow older and most probably
incorporate these healthy foods in their diet to avoid risk of any illness.
 Due to digitalisation most of children rely on technologies this should be avoided so that
they also invest their time in physical activities, it is up to the parents as if they are health
conscious then their child also follows their schedule in future. Thus educating children
about healthy food and about physical exercises than they will be able to avoid the risk of
obesity.
RESEARCH LIMITATION
Research limitations caused barrier in drawing conclusion of study, these are shortcomings
which results in scarcity of resources, flawed methodology (Bray and et.al 2018). Particularly for
this research study limitation that occurred in resource unavailability form where several sites
were fall under the category of paid, but researcher have referred the articles which are searched
by key terms that helps in overcoming this limitation. Other limitation was in form of time as to
complete the study in a given time period but due to lack of resources it caused barrier, but in
this secondary research is main focused so it helped the researcher to complete the study in quick
manner.
25

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