Chronic Illness Management in Primary Care

RUNNING HEAD: Chronic illness management in primary care
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Chronic illness management in primary care

Chronic illness management in primary care 1
Chronic diseases are the foremost causes of illness, disability and deadly burden in Australia.
The chronic ailments accounted for 90% of the deaths in 2011. The chronic diseases have
become common along with the changing lifestyles and aging population. The chronic
diseases comprise different illness and health conditions. These conditions often coexist and
share common risk factors. The chronic ailment can be classified into 4 main diseases such as
cardiac diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancers and diabetes. It
comprises 4 communal behavioral risk issues such as smoking, carnal dormancy, poor
nourishment and damaging use of liquor. These four sickness clutches are responsible for 3
quarters of all long-lasting ailment deaths. Although, the deaths are not only the cause of
long-lasting disease. It causes significantly ill health and infirmity in the population of
Australia. The illness and death due to chronic diseases are becoming extensive in Australia
as increasing income, dropping nutrition prices and growing urbanization cause to inclusive
changes in diet, cumbersome and physical indolence (Checton, Magsamen-Conrad, Venetis
& Greene, 2015). ‘Pandemic’ which is a widespread chronic disease was a subject of UN
meeting of 2011. It called 25% reduction in mortality by 2025 from the chronic diseases. It
aimed at the age group of 30-70 by adopting slogan ‘25 by 25’. The chronic diseases cause
the biggest health challenge as it has a personal, social and economic impact. Australia faces
the challenges to understand diseases arising from underlying causes and a number of
preventions to react to enduring disease.
Usually, the enduring diseases are long-lasting and have obstinate effects. It is the
consequence of multifaceted causes which comprises various health risk factors. It is seen
that various people have more than one enduring disease at the same time. It ranges from
mild conditions like dental decay, petite or long sightedness, minor hearing loss, low back
pain, arthritis, heart disease, and cancers. There is a requirement for durable management as
these conditions are not treated completely. The chronic diseases continue throughout life but
are not always the reason of death. The chronic disease comprises:
 Cardiac illnesses such as coronary heart illness and blow
 Cancers like lung and colorectal cancer
 Diabetes
 Psychological sicknesses like depression
 Respiratory ailments comprising asthma and COPD.
 Chronic kidney disease
 Musculoskeletal illnesses like stiffness and osteoporosis

Chronic illness management in primary care 2
 Oral diseases
The enduring diseases are the leading cause of disability. It has a major impact on health
as well as welfare services. The extent of the chronic disease is large in Australia. As per
the survey of National Health Survey, one-third of the population stated having at least
one of the long-lasting diseases like asthma, coronary heart disease, diabetes,
cerebrovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, depression, COPD and high blood
pressure (Dwarswaard, Bakker, van Staa & Boeije, 2016). The proportion has increased
with age. Leaving aside some common chronic diseases like hearing problems, short or
long sightedness nearly 15% of the populations had arthritis, 13% had backbone
problems, 10% depression and 10% asthma. It is also revealed that 1.6% of the
population were surviving with cancer, 4.6% enduring with diabetes and over 5% had
heart or vascular disease or agonized from a stroke. The most common chronic diseases
came a crossed are hypertension, depression, and diabetes monitored by arthritis and lipid
illnesses comprising high blood cholesterol (Escobar, Bilbao, Perez-Ruiz, Rueda &
Trujillo-Martin, 2017).
Although the death rates for specific of the chronic diseases seem to have sickly in
Australia, specifically for cardiovascular disease and cancers like lung cancer. It has been
observed that since 1980, the coronary heart disease (CHD) impermanence has
deteriorated by 73%, cerebrovascular disease by 69% and all the cancers by 17%. The
influence to the origins of these deaths has also been rehabilitated. The comparative
influence for CHD demolish from 33% in 1980 to 15% in 2011 whereas for
cerebrovascular ailment from 15% to 8%. Though, the comparative influence rose for
cancers from 23% to 33%. Regardless of reducing the number of deaths and comparative
assistances to total deaths, the number of people vanishing from the chronic disease is
still great. It is because of the rising and aging population of Australia (Emerson, Morrell,
Mahtani, Sanderson, Neece, Boyd & Distelberg, 2018).
At present, 9 out of 10 deaths have chronic diseases as a main cause. The cardiac
diseases, dementia, Alzheimer disease, lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory illness
comprising COPD are the most common fundamental causes, collected are accountable
for 40% of all deaths. More than 1 disease is linked with a death and 3 diseases are
ordinary. Around 20% of the deaths have five or more related illnesses. A chronic ailment
is the original reason of death and other long-lasting illnesses such as hypertensive

Chronic illness management in primary care 3
diseases, cancers, and coronary heart disease are communal related reasons of death. The
chronic diseases are accountable for the extreme volume of illness and death (Grady &
Gough, 2014). They also origin the utmost liability of disease. The whole burden can be
dignified by the disability-adjusted life year (DALY). It is articulated as the number of
years absent due to ill health, debility or premature death. A latest study represented that
Australia and New Zealand caused 85% of chronic disease out of the burden of disease. It
accounts for 90% of the burden due to deaths alone. The diseases which contributed
largely to the Australians in 2010 were cancer, musculoskeletal syndromes, cardiac
diseases, mental and behavioral maladies. The important causes of disease burden heart
attack, COPD, depression, lower back pain, and cerebrovascular disease held accountable
for one-quarter of the disease liability.
It has been observed that the existence of chronic disease upsurges along with the age.
The ailments like asthma and diabetes instigate in childhood or youth. Other diseases
such as coronary heart diseases or cerebrovascular disease are common after maturity.
Although the process leads to their occurrence earlier in life. Some other ailments such as
arthritis and dementia arise mostly late in life. It is worthwhile to scrutinize how chronic
diseases arise across the diverse phases of life. It has robust associations between earlier
experiences and advanced health outcomes. The grown chronic diseases imitate the
increasing effect of previous corporal growth, contagion, imitation, social mobility and
changes in the behavior. Some of these effects can also begin afore the birth. The children
nowadays are exposed to augmented behavioral risks at a former age because of the
intake of energy-dense foods and poor regime, reduced physical activity and increased
screen time (Heijmans, Waverijn, Rademakers, van der Vaart & Rijken, 2015). The
children are predictable to survive with the risk factors like obesity. Based on such
knowledge, it can be evaluated that the upcoming influence of these behavioral risks on
the persons and their health system is going to be substantial. The social causes of the
health can be practiced at diverse stages of life and can impact the expansion of chronic
diseases through its effect on the organic processes. For instance, the low weight babies
are more probable to come from less prosperous circumstances and are linked with
cardiac diseases and diabetes late in life. The adult risks factors have their own reasons,
what people do or do not consume in maturity are often recognized earlier in life. The
perceiving risk factors and the long-lasting disease development in populations from the