Chronic Illness Question 2022

Running Head: CHRONIC ILLNESS
CHRONIC ILLNESS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Question 1
Chronic illness in people has a significant impact on their health in every aspect such as
physical, mental, social and psychological. Chronic diseases include cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, respiratory distress and HIV. Most of them have a psychosocial impact on the
individual due to society and the behaviour of other individuals that affect their wellbeing. The
psychosocial implications linked to HIV is stigma and discrimination. The most negative impact
in HIV patients is due to the stigma attached to the disease. Shame is the act of labelling,
identifying, or making judgments towards people by implying that they are different from the
social standards set for the community. They are shamed for their attributes and the situation
they are going in terms of their disease. This attitude by the people around these patients can
affect their psychological wellbeing and negatively influence their social activities (Baugher et
al., 2017). Discrimination is another issue that is faced by these people as it is the treatment or
action based on the stigma set regarding a particular subject, which happens to the people who
are stigmatized. HIV patients go through some issues such as scapegoating, violence, harassment
based on the infection and their association with the disease. This changes their mental stability
and daily actions, including the treatment of this disease. They feel neglected and refrain from
going for the diagnosis of these diseases due to the stigma and repercussions attached to HIV.
The power and domination in the aspect of stigma frame their life regarding the outcome of this
disease. The denial and shame attached to this health complication is traumatizing and
tormenting for an individual. The issue with stigma is that it prevents people from talking about
the disease and acknowledging it for the betterment of the individual (Earnshaw et al., 2015).
The HIV infected people do not feel comfortable in treating this disease and refrain from seeking
counselling, taking preventive measures to avoid infecting others and obtaining psychosocial

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care. This has a negative impact on the well-wishers of HIV affected people, which is not
positive for the growth of society. The prevention measures of this disease are also stigmatized,
which increases the rate of this disease. People are hesitant to use condoms, appropriate
medications and infant formula because it associates them to this disease, and that is not
favourable. The psychosocial aspect gets affected severely due to stigma and discrimination
(Silva et al., 2016).
Question 2
Nurses have to plan supportive nursing care strategies, which is evidence based on the
management of chronic disease in people. People living with chronic illness have mental stress
for several reasons because the outcome of chronic disease could be detrimental for their
wellbeing. They keep thinking about the treatment and how they will recover from this disease.
Nurses need to care for these people with the help of evidence based practice so that they can
avoid the stigma and discrimination associated with their condition (Santana & Feeny, 2014).
The 2 strategies should be encouraging self-management in patients and providing psychosocial
care. Patients suffering from chronic illness should be trained for situations that can land them in
emergencies. The risk factors of the disease should be explained to them with the necessary
protocols to handle them, and the prescribed medications should be given after giving the full
guidance of its intervals. Educating the patient is an essential intervention to care for the chronic
illness disease as it is the first step towards treatment and cure (Grady & Gough, 2014). Nurses
should also visit the home after they are discharged so that they can check the post-discharge
condition. The second intervention would be to give them mental help as they are affected by the
treatment and severity of their disease, which makes them think about their death. This could be
a devastating experience for them so they should be given the appropriate help such as

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counselling and therapy sessions (Davis Boykins, 2014). They can also get enrolled into support
groups with people who have similar issues, and this can help them to feel for others and not feel
left out as others will also explain what they go through due to some reasons. Optimum care is
needed for people who have a chronic illness as they are in a sensitive situation regards to their
survival.
Question 3
The importance of care partnerships in promoting positive health outcomes for people
living with chronic illness is evident as helps in enhancing the care and hospitality of these
people. They need efficient treatment and care plan from people who are experts and can take
responsibility for their wellbeing. Various healthcare systems can collaborate and showcase their
best quality treatment for chronic illness management. It can promote the welfare of people in
the initial stages as well, which can prevent the causes of chronic illness. Partners should be
promoting health equity in communities so that public can suffer less due to the health disparities
(Constand et al., 2014). People with chronic illnesses need to be treated with evidence based
practice and that is only possible with the help of care partnerships. The relation between nurses
and patients should be prioritized because nurses are the first hand of care and interaction. The
partnership between these two people should be strong so that the people with HIV can come out
of their social trauma (Tambuyzer, Pieters & Van Audenhove, 2014). The organizations for care
partnership should have a health mission, public-private sector partners, faith-based
organizations, community-based organizations, public health agencies, federally qualified health
centres and hospitals for the patients as well as nurses. To come with a positive outcome for the
patients, the nurses can come up with unique skills and intervention with access to resources so
that they can help these patients (Pomey et al., 2015). This could be a community-based

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intervention so that it can benefit many people in a short period. Public health agencies could
also serve as a convener of coalitions, which could be a source of data and analysis such as
schools, universities and local hospitals. The outcome of this intervention is beneficial for the
patient as well as the care partners as it allows the growth of healthcare systems (Joyce &
O’Tuathaigh, 2014).

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References
Baugher, A. R., Beer, L., Fagan, J. L., Mattson, C. L., Freedman, M., Skarbinski, J., & Shouse,
R. L. (2017). Prevalence of internalized HIV-related stigma among HIV-infected adults
in care, United States, 2011–2013. AIDS and Behavior, 21(9), 2600-2608.
Constand, M. K., MacDermid, J. C., Dal Bello-Haas, V., & Law, M. (2014). Scoping review of
patient-centered care approaches in healthcare. BMC health services research, 14(1), 271.
Davis Boykins, A. (2014). Core communication competencies in patient-centered care. ABNF
Journal, 25(2).
Earnshaw, V. A., Lang, S. M., Lippitt, M., Jin, H., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2015). HIV stigma and
physical health symptoms: Do social support, adaptive coping, and/or identity centrality
act as resilience resources?. AIDS and Behavior, 19(1), 41-49.
Grady, P. A., & Gough, L. L. (2014). Self-management: a comprehensive approach to
management of chronic conditions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(8), e25-e31.
Joyce, C. L., & O’Tuathaigh, C. M. (2014). Increased training of general practitioners in Ireland
may increase the frequency of exercise counselling in patients with chronic illness: a
cross-sectional study. The European journal of general practice, 20(4), 314-319.
Pomey, M. P., Ghadiri, D. P., Karazivan, P., Fernandez, N., & Clavel, N. (2015). Patients as
partners: a qualitative study of patients’ engagement in their health care. PloS one, 10(4).
Santana, M. J., & Feeny, D. (2014). Framework to assess the effects of using patient-reported
outcome measures in chronic care management. Quality of Life Research, 23(5), 1505-
1513.

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Silva, L. C. D., Felício, E. E. A. A., Cassétte, J. B., Soares, L. A., Morais, R. A. D., Prado, T. S.,
& Guimarães, D. A. (2015). Psychosocial impact of HIV/aids diagnosis on elderly
persons receiving care from a public healthcare service. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e
Gerontologia, 18(4), 821-833.
Tambuyzer, E., Pieters, G., & Van Audenhove, C. (2014). Patient involvement in mental health
care: one size does not fit all. Health Expectations, 17(1), 138-150.