Circulation Immunity and Homeostasis

This report discusses the functions of circulation, immunity, and homeostasis in the body. It covers the functions of epithelial and nervous tissues, blood structure, immune response components, and haemostasis mechanisms. The report also explores the risk factors of coronary heart disease and the differences between active, passive, and acquired immunity.

Circulation, immunity, and homeostasis

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
A: Function of epithelial issue and nervous tissue with their functions.................................1
B: Structure of the blood, heart, and major blood vessel related to role of transport and
metabolic exchange in the body.............................................................................................3
C: Risk of coronary heart disease...........................................................................................4
D: Function of component to immune response.....................................................................4
E: Difference between passive, active and acquired immunity..............................................5
F: Haemostasis and their mechanism in body........................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
In the report, the discussion is based on the circulation, immunity and homeostasis which is
essential element that show the function of working within the body. In addition, circulatory
system usually maintains the homeostasis by the controlled and continuous flow of blood which
is generally reached to the cell of body. It helps to allow the mechanism which is well perform
within the circulatory system. In addition, they usually ensure every cell which help to maintain
the constant and balanced internal environment. Report usually focus on the various function
which may contributed to the function and information of homeostasis which is played under the
body (Alves de Lima, Rustenhoven, and Kipnis, 2020).
MAIN BODY
A: Function of epithelial issue and nervous tissue with their functions
Epithelial tissue: The epithelium is defined as the type of body tissue which may show the form
which cover the internal and external surface of the body, lines and the body cavities and the
hollow organ and the major tissue in the gland. The epithelial tissue shows the variety of function
which is depend on the location of body that include protection, secretion and absorption. The
organ of the body is usually comprised of the basic type of tissue which mainly include
epithelial, connective and muscular and nervous. There are some of the example which is well
related with the context of epithelial tissue include:
 Outer layer which is present on the skin which is known as the epidermis.
 Intestine lining.
 The lining of the respiratory tract.
 The lining of abdominal cavity and sweat gland is also comprising with the epithelial
tissue (Besedovsky, Lange, and Haack, 2019).
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Figure 1 Epithelial tissue
Source: https://byjus.com/neet/epithelial-tissue/
Nervous tissue: The nervous tissue is usually found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves. It is usually
show the aspect which is well coordinated and controlling the activities which is related with the
body. It helps to stimulate the muscle contraction and create the awareness of the environment
and play that is major role in the term of emotion, memory and reasoning. In order to perform
such activities, the communication is used to taken place which is well related with the way or
electrical nerve impulses. These cell have the three principal part that is well related with the
dendrite, the cell body and one axon. Therefore, the main part of the cell which is showing the
context which is well related with the general function which is well related with the cell body.
Dendrite are also show the term of extension or procedure which is well related with the
cytoplasm that usually carry the impulses within the body (Das, and Nair, 2019).
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Figure 2 Nervous tissue
Sources: https://byjus.com/biology/nervous-tissue/
B: Structure of the blood, heart, and major blood vessel related to role of transport and metabolic
exchange in the body
The connective tissue which is most abundant and widely show the distribution of the
primary tissue. Therefore, the connective tissue which has main component cell, fibre and
ground substance. Together which is just ground substance and the fibre which make up the
extracellular matrix. Moreover, the connective tissue is usually show the aspect which is well
related with the bind structure together form the framework and support the organ and the body
as the whole which is also show the aspect which collect facts and transport substance (Godinho-
Silva, Cardoso, and Veiga-Fernandes, 2019).
The cardiac muscle is defined as the striated muscle that show their presence in the heart.
The cardiac muscle fibre usually shows the aspect which is well related with the branched and
joined with the one another which is intercalated disc that usually contain some of the gap
junction for the depolarisation between the cell and desmosome are usually hold the fibre
together when the heart is usually contracted.
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In addition, the capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessel from the
depth of connection which is well related with the vessel that they carry blood away from the
heart and arteries and the vessel that return the blood to the heart with the help of vein.
Moreover, the function which is well related with the capillaries are exchange of material which
is associated between the blood and tissue cell (Jenne, Liao, and Singh, 2018).
C: Risk of coronary heart disease
There are various of risk which may associated with the coronary heart disease. In this,
Smoking: The smoking usually enhances the formation of plaque within the blood vessel which
may contributed to the risk of coronary heart disease. The coronary Heart disease is well related
with the arteries which may carry the blood to the heart muscle which is narrowed by the plaque
or the blocked by the terminal of clot.
Diet: Diet is also considering as the aspect which may contributed with the risk factor of
coronary heart disease. In this, food related risk factor which majorly include obesity, high blood
pressure, uncontrolled diabetes and diet which contain the fat which is stable and saturated are
threatening for the body (Kumar, Bhattacharya, and Prabhakar, 2018).
D: Function of component to immune response
Lymphatic system: The function of the lymphatic system is that they can protect the body against
the foreign invader. The lymphatic system is usually the part of immune system. It generally
shows the production and release lymphocyte white blood cell and other immune cell which help
to monitor and then destroy the foreign invader. It majorly includes bacteria, viruses and so on.
Lymphocytes: It is defined as the type of blood cell which show the importance to immune
system because the lymphocytes are the cell which help to identify the specificity of the immune
response to infectious microorganism and other foreign substance.
Lymph Nodes: The lymph node usually plays vital role in the immune system by supporting the
immune that show trapping foreign agents and killing them.
Thymus: The thymus is an organ that is critically which is essential to the immune system which
is used to serve the as the body defence mechanism providing surveillance and protection against
the diverse pathogen and damage with the tissue (McGonagle, De Marco, and Bridgewood,
2021).
Spleen: The spleen usually shows the most important function with the reference to immune
system which show the fight which is related with the invading germ in the blood.
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E: Difference between passive, active and acquired immunity
Active immunity and passive immunity which is defined as the two adaptive immunity.
The prominent difference between the active and passive immunity which is based on the active
immunity which is developed due to the production of the antibody which may show their
relevance in the body. While passive immunity is developed by the antibodies which is produced
outside and then introduced into the body. The type of immunity that develop when the person
immune system responds to foreign substance or the microorganism or that occur after the
person received antibodies from the another source (Moutsopoulos, and Konkel, 2018).
Active immunity Passive immunity Acquired immunity
 It is generally
produced by the
antibody through the
body itself.
 It produces which is
based on
immunological
memory.
 There is no any proper
side effect.
 It is produced by the
term of introduction of
the antibodies from the
outside to the host.
 It does not produce
immunological
memory.
 It may cause of the
reaction.
 Known as the adaptive
immunity.
 They usually kill the
pathogen and provide
the proper safety
towards the
microorganism.
F: Haemostasis and their mechanism in body
Haemostasis is defined as the mechanism that lead to show the cessation of bleeding from
the blood vessel. It is well defined as the process that is well related with the involve multiple
interlinked step and process. The cascade which usually culminate into the formation which is
best available with the plug that closes the damaged site of the blood vessel which generally
control bleeding. It is usually beginning with the concept of trauma which is based on the lining
of the blood vessels (Müller and et. al., 2019).
Extrinsic pathways: The tissue factor are usually show the bind with the factor VII and show the
activation. In addition, they also activate the factor X and factor IX with the help of proteolysis.
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The activated factor IX bind with the co factor activated VIII that may lead to show the
activation factor X. Factor Xa bind to the proper activation which is well related with the factor
V and the calcium and generate the prothrombin’s complex (Yvan-Charvet and et. al., 2019).
Intrinsic pathways: In the context with thrombin production, there are some of the conversion of
the factor XI which activated factor XI. Factor Xia with the activated factor VII turn to activated
factor IX. At last the thrombin act as the co factor and increase the bioactivity proteolytic
pathways (Steffens, Nahrendorf, and Madonna, 2022).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is defined as the context which is well related with the core
context of circulation and immune system. The discussion is above made up of homeostasis and
so on which may show the aspect which is well related with the active, passive and acquired
immunity factor that contributed the knowledge for the body functions.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alves de Lima, K., Rustenhoven, J. and Kipnis, J., 2020. Meningeal immunity and its function in
maintenance of the central nervous system in health and disease. Annual review of
immunology, 38, pp.597-620.
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T. and Haack, M., 2019. The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and
disease. Physiological reviews.
Das, B. and Nair, G.B., 2019. Homeostasis and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in health and
disease. Journal of Biosciences, 44(5), pp.1-8.
Godinho-Silva, C., Cardoso, F. and Veiga-Fernandes, H., 2019. Neuro–immune cell units: a new
paradigm in physiology. Annual review of immunology, 37, pp.19-46.
Jenne, C.N., Liao, S. and Singh, B., 2018. Neutrophils: multitasking first responders of immunity
and tissue homeostasis. Cell and tissue research, 371(3), pp.395-397.
Kumar, P., Bhattacharya, P. and Prabhakar, B.S., 2018. A comprehensive review on the role of
co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor
immunity. Journal of autoimmunity, 95, pp.77-99.
McGonagle, D., De Marco, G. and Bridgewood, C., 2021. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in
vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) compared to natural SARS-CoV-2
infection. Journal of autoimmunity, 121, p.102662.
Moutsopoulos, N.M. and Konkel, J.E., 2018. Tissue-specific immunity at the oral mucosal
barrier. Trends in immunology, 39(4), pp.276-287.
Müller, D.N., Wilck, N., Haase, S., Kleinewietfeld, M. and Linker, R.A., 2019. Sodium in the
microenvironment regulates immune responses and tissue homeostasis. Nature reviews
immunology, 19(4), pp.243-254.
Steffens, S., Nahrendorf, M. and Madonna, R., 2022. Immune cells in cardiac homeostasis and
disease: emerging insights from novel technologies. European heart journal, 43(16),
pp.1533-1541.
Yvan-Charvet, L., Bonacina, F., Guinamard, R.R. and Norata, G.D., 2019. Immunometabolic
function of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease and beyond. Cardiovascular
research, 115(9), pp.1393-1407.
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