Assignment On Civil Engineering Report

Running head: CIVIL ENGINEERING 1
Effect of Replacing Aggregate with Waste Material on The Compressive Strength of
Concrete.
Student Name
Institution Affiliation

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Keywords used in Literature Review
 Concrete
 Compressive strength
 Waste material
 Aggregate
 Partial replacement
 Water
 Cement
 Plastics
 Steel
 Asbestos cement
Research Gaps
So far, there are limited research gaps within the research.
 The number of journal articles used have not been extensively investigated in terms of
the experimental data
 The methodology applied is qualitative analysis, implying that we have to rely on the
data which had been generated by other researchers.
 We are not in a position to validate some of these values and this present a significant
research gap. The recommendation is that the next stage will see the validation of
these values via an empirical methodology, so as to be sure of the effect caused by
some of the waste materials when used as partial replacement of the concrete material.
Research question(s)
The principal research question is: What is the Effect of replacing aggregate with waste
material on the compressive strength of concrete?
In determining the answer to the reserch question, various questions will be investigated,
including:
I. What is the importance of the compressive strength of concrete in construction
works?
II. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when construction waste
material and mixture is used as partial replacement of the concrete?

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III. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when soda lime glass and rice
husks is used as partial replacement of the concrete?
IV. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when steel slag powder and
steel slag aggregate is used as partial replacement of the concrete?
V. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when granulated plastic waste
material is used as partial replacement of the concrete?
VI. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when recycled concrete
aggregate material is used as partial replacement of the concrete?
VII. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when cuddaph stone is used
as partial replacement of the concrete?
VIII. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when waste rubber is used as
partial replacement of the concrete?
IX. What is the effect on the concrete compressive strength when oil palm shell material
is used as partial replacement of the concrete?
Describe what you intend to achieve at the end of this project
Concrete is a significant subtsnace in the construction sector as a result of its strength
and longevity. As a result of the wide application of concrete material, the ingredients of
concrete seem to be getting depleted, what is termed as being in the depletion stage. On the
other hand, there have been an increasing interest being mounted by various interested groups
on the manner in which waste materials can be managed. This comes after increased
industrial and economic activities which results into a number of wastes that ends up
polluting the environment and escalating the levels of ozone layer depletion. As a result of
these two factors, a collection of waste materials can be integral in the construction sector,
when partially used as concrete replacement. Nonetheless, we need to have knowledge on the
effect of these waste materials in term of the concrete compressive strength, else we might be

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plunging into another problem of having unstable structures. Hence, the ultimate goal of this
research will be to have a vast research information on the implicatipon of these waste
materials on the compressive strength of concrete when they are utilised as partial
replacement during construction. By extension, the project intends to offer various ways in
which sustainability can be incorporated into the construction industry by converting most of
the waste material into useful means.
Research Methodology
Generally, to attin the aims of the research, the project is going to be grounded on the basis
of secondary data and qualitative method of obtaining research information. By this, it
implies that most of the information which will be entailed will rely on the information which
is already available in books, journals, libraries, magazines, as well as other internet sources
(Abutaha, Razak, & Kanadasan, 2016). All the empirical data which will be used shall be
referenced according to the specific authors of such information, and the next phase of the
project will see some of these data be validated in order to satisfy the objectives of the
research.
In addition, the main topic which will be searched shall be the Effect of replacing aggregate
with waste material on the compressive strength of concrete so as to determine how
replacement by various waste materials can impact the material. Various waste materials
which shall be considered while collecting information on the effect on concrete compressive
strength includes glass, plastic, rubber, casphalt stones and crumbed rubber. Various
properties of these materials shall also be considered, as they have the overall influence in the
compressive strength of concrete.
Further; various materials that were utilised in the experimental designs to achieve the
outcome include:

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Cement- the whole of the investigations utilised cement which was gotten from single
batches. This type of cement exhibits two different types of properties, namely; calcarus and
argillaceous. The similar materials as well as the cement are generating by way of heating
limestone which acts a source of calcium, using clay or shale (Akinyele & Ajede, 2018). The
product is then grinded using gypsum. For complete combustion of the cement, it is exposed
to extremely high temperatures for a long period of time. A fly-based ash known as PPC is
used, as it becomes uneconomical to use the fuels. The various properties of the Portland
cement were determined and then tabulated before the begging of the experimental
investigations. This was done so as to ascertain that the IS: 1489 (Pt-1)-:1991 requirements
are certified (Chavan & Kulkarni, 2013).
Fine aggregate: fine aggregate is defined in terms of size 4.75 millimetres and below. This
standard size for the fine aggregates was maintained, with a specific gravity being 2.9; the
aggregate fitness modulus being 2.52 as well as a bulk density of 1.688 kg/L. The ordinarily,
the fine aggregate which is utilised for the purposes of manufacturing the concrete should be
void of debris, chemical attack and any fungi. The fine aggregate used for the investigation is
fine sand from the river.
Coarse aggregate: the coarse aggregates are either uncrushed stones or uncrushed gravels and
are as a result of natural disintegration of stones. When passed on a 4.75 mm sieve, they are
able to be retained (Da Silva Fernandes, et al., 2019). These were obtained locally as they are
readily available. A fraction of the coarse aggregate (60 percent) was passed through a 20
millimetres sieve while the other fraction (40 percent) through a 10 millimetres sieve. The
fractions had a specific gravity of 2.7(El-Sherbini, et al., 2010).
Water- for the purpose of curing and mixing the concrete materials, portable water is used.
The ratio adopted for the water/cement in the concrete mixture is 0.44.

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Waste materials; the various waste materials which are to be investigated include:
construction waste material and mixture, soda lime glass and rice husks, steel slag powder
and steel slag aggregate, granulated plastic waste material, recycled concrete aggregate
material, cuddaph stone, waste rubber and oil palm shell material (Ergün, 2011).
Superplasticizer: the primary duty of the superplasticizer is to enhance the compressive
strength as well as the workability of the cement. The one utilised for the investigations is the
superplasticizer of sica Company, having a dose of weight of cement of 0.4%.
Concrete: the mixing of the concrete materials was done in reference to the IS 10262-2009.
The density of the content of cement applied in the mixture is 300 kg/m3, which is the
minimum requirement and assist in preventing a balling effect (Gencel et al., 2012).
Resources required for the project
Since the project shall rely on the qualitative data, the major resources which shall be utilised
will be:
 Desktop- this will be used for conducting the research, as well as documentation in
various software’s such as Microsoft word.
 Software analysis tools, - these analysis tools help in validating the data which have
been collected during the various investigations.
 A reliable internet connection this helps in facilitating the research process, through
aiding the surfing of various journals and books (Hebhoub et al., 2011).
 A peer-reviewed article- the peer reviewed articles contains information which is
related to the subject under discussion. Further, it implies a collection of research
works done by previous researchers as well as experimental works.
 E-books- the books to be utilised have directly related information to the effects of
various materials on the compressive strength of concrete. By extension, the books
related to construction shall be utilised.