Civil Engineering Technology

This report discusses the construction of an industrial complex consisting of buildings and factories near the highways connecting the city to the international airport. The report highlights the various earthworks, foundations, and construction methods used in the project. It also discusses the hazards and environmental issues associated with the construction work and the measures taken to mitigate them.

Civil engineering technology

Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
LO1..............................................................................................................................................................4
P1.............................................................................................................................................................4
P2.............................................................................................................................................................5
P3.............................................................................................................................................................6
LO2..............................................................................................................................................................7
P4.............................................................................................................................................................7
P5.............................................................................................................................................................9
LO3............................................................................................................................................................11
P6...........................................................................................................................................................11
P7...........................................................................................................................................................12
LO4............................................................................................................................................................13
P8...........................................................................................................................................................13
P9...........................................................................................................................................................14
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................16
References.................................................................................................................................................17
2

Introduction
The construction of an industrial complex consisting of buildings and factories has to be made
to enable the industrial complex to connect directly with the international airport of London.
This complex has to be made near the highways which connect the city to the airport.
This civil engineering works requires a lots of earthworks such as excavation, landfilling,
levelling and excavation etc. the excavation may lead to various problems such as toxin gases
removal, flood, water contamination and other pollutant escape into the environment.
To support the structure there are several foundations such as shallow and deep foundations.
Culvert construction methods have also been identified and examined.
Construction work involves a lots of health hazards and environmental issues which has to be
solved properly with the help of risk assessment plan and defining safety measures. There are
still a lots of problems regarding the construction site work which has to be assessed properly
during the designing phase.
3

LO1
P1
Earthwork can be defined as the work in civil engineering which involves the processing the
earth surfaces including soil and rocks. Excavation involves various types such as
1. Top soil excavation
2. Rock excavation
3. Earth excavation
According to the needs of industrial complex, a road connecting the highway and a bridge
across the stream is needed, which includes bridge excavation and road excavation.
Bridge excavation- This is used to construct a bridge by drilling the soil, it also depends upon the
type of bridge under construction such as when groundwater excavation is needed or
suspension bridge is needed to be constructed. Hence bridge excavation includes removing of
materials present in the soil or underwater in order to build the beams for bridge support. This
includes various types such as either dry rock excavation or wet rock excavation
(Designingbuildings, 2019).
Road excavation- This includes primarily drilling the topsoil in order to remove the obstacles
while constructing the roads. It is the most important step in road construction. The top soil is
removed to create an equal level of earth. This is done with the help of either a bulldozer or
grader. The soil containing obstacles is removed and filled with leveling materials
(Designingbuildings, 2019).
Equipment needed for excavation of soil fir different purposes such as levelling of soil for road
construction or for bridge construction are:
1. Hand tools such as spade, hoe, pick axe, trowel, shovel rake, mattock etc. are used for
excavating smaller areas and when the depth of excavation needed is small. These tools
can be used in digging soft soil.
2. Machinery tools such as tracked excavator, back hoe excavator, trenchers, wheeled
excavator, bulldozer, dragline excavators etc. are used when the depth of excavation
needed is large and the mechanical force is needed. These tools are used to ease the
construction work (Theconstructor, 2019).
Earthwork activities include excavation, levelling of soil, refilling the land etc.
4

P2
Foundations provide the support to the building or a structure, it is the lowest part of a
structure. Foundations can be classified as of two types:
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation
Shallow foundation- these are constructed directly above the ground and are the lowest part.
These are classified into:
1. Grillage foundations- these foundation contains two steel tiers or two wooden tiers
having the between space filled with concrete. This decrease the pressure intensity and
prevents deep excavations.
2. Spread footing foundations- these foundations increase the base area of the structure
by creating offsets such as wall footings or pillar footing.
3. Raft foundations- in this type of foundation method the whole ground is dug wide and
up to specified depth and water is sprinkled over it. After it a layer of concrete is added.
Then closed space bars ae provided at right angles.
4. Inverted foundations- in these types of foundations load is shifted from piers to the soil
by means of forming arches at the base in inverted position.
5. Stepped foundation- these foundations are created by excavating the soil into short
depths and uniform thickness. After it a bed of concrete is made on the top of it
(Community, 2019).
Deep foundation- the foundations which are created below the ground level with the help of
walls or pillars are called deep foundations (Aboutcivil.org, 2019).
1. Piling works- there are various piling methods such as:
 Impact driving- this is used to install dynamically, with the help of hydraulic
hammer which is mounted on the top of piling rig.
 Vibrating- this method brings the piling element into the ground with the help of
a vibrator.
 Pressing- it also installs the piles by static force application. For installing sheet
cables mostly this method is used.
Drainage methods-
1. Shallow drains- to reduce the surface water, shallow trenches are made.
2. Deep drains- these make the shape of flow of the slope material.
5

P3
Methods of culvert construction
First of all, the construction of half culvert starts with controlling the road traffic. An engineer
will inspect the soil and will approve the excavation. All the important ground treatments will
be carried out.
The surface will be leveled accordingly as mentioned by the engineer and a site check-up will be
done to ensure the proper levelling before culvert constructions.
After it, a concrete bed will be placed and all the finishing work will be completed.
Methods of underpass construction
There are mainly three methods of underpass construction.
1. In situ concrete
2. Precast concrete
3. Thrust bored method
Precast concrete unit is either a box-like structure which have sections open at the end, port
segment or saturated walls and usually manufactured as a standard unit. A Box unit is joined
with the help of a sealant strip which is pre-formed. To bolt the units together connection
plates are used. A portal frame unit is already stressed and it also requires a waterproof
membrane that has to be kept on a slab made up of concrete, and some with
concrete supporting pads are placed above it. Now lubrication is provided to reduce the friction
introduced by the stress. The wall and roof units are having precast units and these are placed
in situ loading slab poured, where requirements such as loading determines the thickness.
Thrust-bored units use bentonite suspension as a lubricant. For the transmission of thrust
loading, the units which are required to have an edge to edge contact directly rather than
having a strip for sealing. The jointing method used must be capable of providing contacts to
the edge for jacking and also should be able to receive a sealing product for the inner part. It is
only possible when a reformed joint is filled with the help of mortar before a sealant can be
applied (Designingbuildings, 2019).
6

LO2
P4
Hazards related to excavation-
1. The sides of excavation can collapse.
2. During excavation, material can fall onto workers.
3. Not paying attention at Excavation work may lead to falling of vehicles and people into
it.
4. Undermining can lead to collapse of structures.
5. Gas escape during excavation.
6. Flood can also take place by excavation (Aisolutions, 2019).
Safety measures-
1. Workers should be experienced to work. Plants and materials should be away from
construction site.
2. Barriers should be kept near the excavation site.
3. Diesel and petrol should not be allowed near the excavation site.
4. Excavation should be away from the cables present underground and shovel should be
used instead of fork to prevent damaging the cables.
5. Sufficient measures to be applied to prevent flooding due to excavation.
Hazards related to working on highway construction-
1. Collision and accidents
2. Bad weather
3. Vehicle exhaust inhaling
4. Difficulty in Equipment and machinery moving
Safety measures to be taken-
1. Planning the traffic control by imposing traffic diversion to prevent workers on site.
2. Limiting the vehicle speed.
3. Roles and responsibilities of workers should be defined.
4. Creating alternating routes for passengers.
5. Use barricades to guide the traffic.
6. Barriers and work zone should be visible in the dark and in any such weather condition.
7. Work should be done facing the traffic side (Ccohs.ca, 2019).
8. Personal protection helmets should be available to every worker.
9. After completion of work, the working materials and equipment should be removed
from the site carefully
7

Hazards related to working on construction site-
1. Working height may lead to accidents.
2. Building may collapse.
3. Electrical hazards such as shock or sparking (Hsimagazine.com, 2019).
Safety measures-
1. Full assessment of working sites.
2. Experienced workers.
3. Safety tools and equipment present nearby.
8

P5
Site safety plan
Hazards Safety measures
Electric shock  The site should be assessed properly
 Workers should wear insulated gloves
 Tools should be unplugged after use
Fall and physical injury  Use proper ladders for work.
 Inspect the equipment before work.
 Wear safety helmets and safety eye glasses.
 Before working on height, the hands and ladder
should not be lubricated.
Equipment failure  Pre inspections should be done to make sure proper
working of equipment.
 Equipment should be designed by a qualified
manufacturer.
Excavation equipment
incident
 Workers should be working attentively near the
excavation site.
 Protective system should be present near the
excavation site if the depth is too long.
Materials dropping into
trench
 Materials should be kept away from trenches and
travel path.
Drilling Noise  Ear plugs should be used while drilling.
Fire  Do not keep combustible material near the
construction site.
 Smoking should not be allowed near working area.
 Fire extinguishers should be maintained and checked
properly.
Risk assessment plan
Risk name Risk description Management plan
9

Power supplies Not enough connections of
power supply can hinder the
construction work.
Develop a strategy to
ensure power supply all the
time, all the offsite routes
should be planned.
Permit of land and
highway connecting
road
There might be delay in permit
application approval.
With the help of local
consultants, exact time and
scope of each stage should
be defined beforehand.
Thames river water
solution
The construction material should
not pollute the river flowing
nearby.
Waste disposal should be
done carefully and
construction materials
should be kept at a place
away from river banks.
Waste water from soap
factories
River pollution The site should be
connected to a nearby
sewers, the waste discharge
should be collected in the
sewerage only.
10

LO3
P6
There are several problems that a construction work faces. This civil engineering work involves
making of roads connecting the industrial complex to the nearby highway, buildings and
factories. This construction work may face problems such as:
 Unskilled labors
 Unreliability of contractors
 Lack of proper scheduling
 Availability of cash
 Lack of management work
 Waste disposal
 Project delay
The major problem that construction of this project will create can be improper waste disposal.
As the construction industry is one of the most waste generating industries and produces
materials which are of no other use and can be discarded. The contractors generally throw
away the waste away from the site after completion of work. Although there are several other
ways to use the waste properly or disposing it in a safe way, like recycling of waste materials
and reusing the waste. The toxic material present can be dangerous if get into the river flowing
nearby. The environment pollution caused by the sand articles and the construction materials
like cement etc. is quite dangerous too. Contamination of land with chemicals, migration of
harmful gases during excavation, leachate formation are the environmental problems that an
improper waste disposal generates. The construction work also suffers with socio-economic
issues regarding cost and benefits also, hence the waste disposal is neglected by the
contractors.
However, there are certain ways using which waste management system can be improved. The
best time to properly initiate the waste management plan is at the beginning of the design
phase. It should be dependent on geotechnical approach to manage the waste materials. Risk
assessment is the best way to determine any of the risks that this can cause in future
(Newcivilengineer, 2019).
11

P7
The waste control management system and the safe waste disposal is current need of the
construction industry now-a-days. To implement these systems, design phase is responsible.
The building plan should consist of materials that will be used and materials which follows the
material size needed. Contacting the sub-contractor and informing about the waste
management plan should take place in the beginning only. The construction site where the
waste will be generated should be examined carefully. The other step can be producing less
waste which can be done by reselling the materials which are of no use, to the suppliers. All the
damaged materials should also be returned to the suppliers as they will only be generating
more wastes. The materials should be kept inside some containers to reduce the storage size
and to minimize the transport time also. Floors and walls can be created to limit the waste
spread and water contamination to a greater extent. The gases which are harmful should be
carefully disposed. Landfills should be maintained. Different types of bottom liners should be
used at sites. These bottom line consists of barriers which are made with collection layers which
removes the leachate generated and reduces the water head. Vertical cut off barriers can also
be used for landfill surroundings.
For cleaning up the contamination caused, a migration pathway should be made. Physical
treatment and chemical treatment of waste and soil washing does help in contamination
removal from the site. Special attention should be paid to minimize the toxic gases generation
from the construction site during excavation.
New geotechnical techniques have emerged which focus more on waste management and
removing soil and water contamination (Newcivilengineer, 2019)
.
12

LO4
P8
Techniques and Methods used for Highway designing are:
1) Pultrusion – It is a word which is a combination of two words, where first is pull and the
another is word is ‘extrusion’ that means the continuously pulling of the impregnated
fiber from the resin of polymeric to change it into the shape of composite. As it is
manufactured automatically, hence it produce the mass which is used for the cross
sectional constant dimension in low cost. Pre heated pultrusion is used for determining
the configuration. There are many sections that will be produced after the shape is
adjusted by the die. It is done without the length restrictions.
2) Wet layup- Laminated composite is form by the matrix of resins and fabrics of dry fiber
this is known as method of wet layup. Many times they go for unidirectional fibers but it
also employed as the multidirectional, used for giving the strength for the structural
existing members. Quality is the very vital factor for performance influence of the
member strength.
3) Filaments winding- This technique used for the producing the structural application like
the tubes. Fiber pulled continuously by the rotating the mandrel that is traversed, from
the spool. When completing the filament winding process that is automated, it gives the
curves and the remove all the mandrel. It conveniently gives the thickness and the angle
to the fiber to fulfil the requirements of customers.
4) Other technique- These above three methods are used predominately for the
manufacturing the applications like for structural work, casting for centrifugal and
molding the compression. There is another technique named as VARTM, it needs the
molds open & closed with bag of vacuum to put the dry fiber and infused of liquid resin
in vacuum. The pressure of vacuum detects the bubbles and the leakages. After
Squeezing the residuals resins, structural composites by the cured fibers is produced.
13

P9
Industrial complex construction plan
An industrial complex has to be constructed near highways which will link the London city to
the international highway. A bridge has to be constructed over the river passing by the
industrial complex. Roads connecting the highways needs to be constructed.
Summary of work required
Industrial complex consisting of 10 buildings and factories for soap, perfumes etc. are needed.
Roads connecting to highways and a bridge over the river has to be build.
Milestones
 Examining the site of construction.
 Planning the construction work
 Contacting the contractors
 Risk assessment
 Waste management plan
 Safety control measures planning
 Actual work on site
 Regular work checkups
 Waste disposal
 Closing the project
Expected results
The industrial complex will be connected to the international airport by the highways nearby
and a direct road will be available to connect the complex with the highways (Lauder and
Proposal Kit, 2019).
14

Conclusion
The construction work involves a lot of hazards and issues related to environment which has to
be tackled properly. This civil engineering works requires a lots of earthworks such as
excavation, landfilling, levelling and etc. during the excavation of land it may lead to various
problems such as toxin gases removal, flood, water contamination and other pollutant escape
into the environment. Construction work also involves a lots of health hazards and
environmental issues which has to be solved properly with the help of risk assessment plan and
defining safety measures. There are still a lots of problems regarding the construction site work
which has to be assessed properly during the designing phase.
15

References
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Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Road_construction [Accessed 7
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7 Mar. 2019].
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2019].
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[Accessed 7 Mar. 2019].
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[Accessed 7 Mar. 2019].
 Newcivilengineer. (2019). Environmental issues of geotechnical engineering. [online]
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issues-of-geotechnical-engineering/707027.article [Accessed 7 Mar. 2019].
 Lauder, I. and Proposal Kit, I. (2019). Civil Engineering Construction Sample Proposal.
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proposal-example/sample-project-proposal/civil-engineering-construction-project-
sample-proposal.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2019].
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