Networking: Classless vs Classful Addressing, IPV4 Masking, Subnetting, NAT, ICMP, OSPF, BGP

NETWORKING

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1. Difference between classless and classful addressing
Classful addressing
 Whole network utilises same subnet mask.
 Classful addressing is bifurcated into two i.e. host ID and network ID
Classless addressing
 Variable length subnet mask is utilised in classless addressing.
 Same network uses different subnet mask.
 Host and network id has no limitations.
 Classless routing lacks subnet mask.
2. Reason why class A’s address are wasted
For any firm 24 bit addressing is too huge for 17 million consumers hence most of the
addresses are wasted. On the other side Class C is too small for any firm to provide addresses
to each consumer (Jara, Zamora & Skarmeta, 2012).
3. Mask in IPV4 addressing
In case when additional subnetwork are needed masking can easily bifurcate host addresses
with network addresses. Subnet mask is a 32 bit number that does masking of IP address.
Setting all host bits to ‘0’ and all network bits to ‘1’ is masking. “0” address is assigned to a
network address and “255” is allocated to broadcast address which cannot be assigned to
hosts (Ding & Du, 2011).
4. Network address in address block
First address in a block of address is a network address. For finding the network address,
mask can be ANDed with any address among the block so as to find the network address.
5. Subnetting
Subnetting is a technique used by the firms for separation of single network into larger
numbers of smaller logical subnets. Network and host are the two segments present in IP
address. Subnets are made from taking bits from the host part of IP addressing and using
these bits for assigning a number of smaller sub-networks within the main network

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(Rodrigues & Neves, 2010). Subnetting permits a company to add sub-networks without the
need of acquiring a new network number through ISP.
Default mask has smaller numbers of consecutive ‘1’ as compared subnet mask.
6. NAT
Network address translation is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by
doing improvements in network address information in the IP header of packets while they
are in transit throughout a traffic routing device (Ford, Boucadair, Durand, Levis & Roberts,
2011). Edge routers are tuned through NAT.
NAT helps in IPV4 depletion as it permits users to build static routes to static addresses that
permit DHCP pool to be updated freely with a smaller exclusion for smaller IP range.
7. Difference between connectionless and connection oriented services
Network layer utilises these two different service types to its predecessor layer for data
transfer. Connection-oriented services comprise the establishments and termination of
connection while connection-less services do not require any creation of connection and
process of termination for data transfer (Bao, Huitema, Bagnulo, Boucadair & Li, 2010).
8. Fragmentation requirement
Fragmentation is a technique that bifurcate the file into pieces so that it can be easily stored
over the disk. Fragmentation permits file storage in a non-contiguous manner. It is important
as it allows file storage in an efficient manner by utilising memory slots so that there is
improvement in the performance (Carpenter, Chown, Gont, Jiang, Petrescu & Yourtchenko,
2015). It utilises wasted space.
9. IPV4 to IPV6 transition
Complete transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is not possible but some techniques can be merged
with new technology. At tie of transaction dual stack router is utilised for having
communication between both networks. It acts as a medium for host so that they can access
the server without actually changing IP address (Vasseur & Dunkels, 2010). On the contrary
Tunnelling offers path over the network by using anon supported IP version.
10. Address mapping protocols