Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in South Australia

This report discusses an action plan for climate change adaptation in South Australia to keep temperature well below 20C. It includes engaging aboriginals, developing climate resilient spaces, assets, and buildings, integrated water cycle management, urban greening, embedding climate risks, and energy and water security. The report also covers the impact of climate change on South Australia and risk and vulnerability analysis.

Running head: CLIMATE CHANGE
Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in South Australia to keep temperature well below
20C.
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Abstract
Australia being a lower latitudinal country has the more chances of getting significantly affected
by the changes in climate. The reason being that the country has reached the limits if moisture
levels and heat tolerance. It is important to note that mitigation cannot be the sole solution. It is
important to highlight that Australia is highly to get affected by climate change and it has been
predicted that the agricultural sector will be highly affected. The following have been predicted.
Rainfall- the greenhouse gas emission will rise by the year 2030 and altered physical
precipitation process. The winter storm will experience a shift towards the southern direction.
Winter rainfall will decrease by 30 percent; Temperature- Average temperatures are projected to
rise in all the seasons. By the year 2030, the temperature is expected to rise from 0.5-1.2 oC. By
the year 2090, the temperature is expected to rise from 1.2 to 2.1oC; Marine and coastal areas-
the sea level is predicted to rise by 0.07 to 0.19m along the South Australian coastline and the
increase will be noticed by 2030.

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Background......................................................................................................................................5
Rationale..........................................................................................................................................5
Aims and objectives.........................................................................................................................6
Action plan for adaptation...............................................................................................................7
South Australia’s energy sector: industry review with respect to climate change........................11
Wind energy...............................................................................................................................11
WIND ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA..........................................................................................12
WIND ENERGY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA............................................................................13
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS..............................................................................................14
COST AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS.......................................................................................15
SOCIAL IMPACTS...................................................................................................................15
LIMITATIONS..........................................................................................................................15
Solar and thermal energy...........................................................................................................16
Action plan for Renovating Energy industry.............................................................................18
Climate data analysis.....................................................................................................................21
Impact of climate change on South Australia................................................................................24
Risk and vulnerability analysis......................................................................................................25
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................26

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Reference.......................................................................................................................................27

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Introduction
Climate can be described as warming of the earth’s climate at a rapid rate due to the
activity of the human, and if it is left unchecked then there is a big probability of it acting as a
threat to both the ecosystem and the human civilisation on the planet. The global temperature has
increased due to the increase in the concentration of certain gases in the atmosphere that are
termed as the greenhouse gases. Some of the potent greenhouse gases are the methane, carbon
dioxide, water vapour and others. These gases allow the sunlight to pass through them, however
these gases act as a barrier and traps the heat when it escapes back to the space (Diffenbaugh and
Giorgi 2012). The most significant amount of carbon dioxide has increased after the industrial
revolution and in comparison to the pre-industrial times the concentration of carbon dioxide has
increased by three times. It is important to mention that the methane is a potent greenhouse gas
and it remains in the atmosphere for about 10 years, and the residing time of carbon dioxide is
100 years. Figure 1 depicts the change in temperature from 1890 to 2010. Thus, even if the
anthropogenic activities are stopped then also the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere
will warm up the atmosphere (Christopher 2016). The one of the major cause of temperature rise
is the burning of the fossil fuels, changes in the pattern of land use and deforestation which
releases carbon dioxide and methane. The global temperature has increased to an extent where
impact is noticed in several spheres and it has been noticed through the changes in the
availability of water, along with the altered patterns of precipitation and shrinking glaciers.
Climate changes will impact the precipitation and water cycle. According to Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) there are increased chances of intense precipitation events and
intense droughts (Levin et al. 2012).

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Background
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and
Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology has stated in the State Climate Report 2016 that the mean
temperature of Australia has increased by 1oC since the year 1910. As per the report of Bureau of
Meteorology, 2015 has been one of the warmest year and since the year 1880 the global surface
temperature has been taken into records. The last 15 years present the warmest years on record.
While in the South Australia, climate has always seen to be variable and a warm trend has been
noticed since the year 1970. The latest data suggest that the in South Australia, the temperature
has increased by 1 degree since the past 100 years. Rainfall has declined since the year 1970 and
precipitation has reduced in the autumn and the spring season over the agricultural regions. The
year 2014 has been the second hottest year on record (csiro.au/en 2018).
Figure 1: change in temperature from 1890 to 2010 [source: Earthobservatory.nasa.gov 2018]
Rationale
The different types of the agricultural sectors have a varied type of the capacity of taking
into account of the fluctuations with respect to availability of water. Dairy farmers and the
horticulturists have access to water although it is associated with drought and debt service, and it

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requires a constant service. Rising costs of water with reduced returns will have negative
outcomes both on the viticulture and the horticulture. Productivity will suffer for the agricultures
that have a lower per unit return. It is important to note that the productions will impact due to
the increased intrusion towards the grapes from the stone fruits. By the year 2030, a significant
reduction in the production will be noticed in the production of stone fruits. Later on a transition
will be noticed from the grapes to the citrus fruits when the salinity will rise by the year 2050
(Silberstein et al. 2012). As a result, the area devoted towards the cultivation of grapes will
reduce by about 7 percent and the area devoted towards the cultivation of the citrus will
eventually increase by about 30 percent. It has been found that the climate change will eventually
impact the Darling river system and it will lead to a disconnection system. The Darling river
system will finally stop its contribution to the Murray river. This means that the irrigated
agriculture cannot be practiced sustainably. It has also been estimated that the costs of securing
the water supplies for the horticultural crops will rise; in the future the agricultural patterns will
be devoid of the irrigational provisions; in the critical areas, the agricultural practices are most
likely to be affected due to the lack of irrigational facilities; changes in the crop will be a
common phenomenon; additionally a shift will be noticed in the agricultural that require more
irrigation like citrus and grapes to vegetables that require less water like rock melons and
tomatoes (Wheeler, Zuo and Bjornlund 2013).
Aims and objectives
The aims and objectives of this report is to design an action plan for the climate change
adaptation in the Southern Australia. The action plan will be designed so that the ca be in
accordance of the Paris Agreement on Climate change so that the temperature can be kept below
2oC by the year 2100. The focus of the action plan will exclusively take into account of all the

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regions in Southern Australia and will be based on the water resources. The action plan will
provide a holistic approach to mitigate the issues of water scarcity due to the climate change on
the industries like the Energy sector (Rogelj et al., 2016).
Action plan for adaptation
The action plan will include a holistic approach so that it can include the Energy sector.
The action plan will engage the aboriginals; develop climate resilient spaces, assets and
buildings; include an integrated water cycle management; urban planning; water and energy
security; primary industries and the coastal areas. The action plan will provide a proper guideline
in reducing the emissions within the year 2100 (figure 2).
Engaging the aboriginals into the adaptation plan: this action plan will require the and
recognise the traditional owners as the traditional owners of the plan and will include their
experience and knowledge that will relate to adaptation. The knowledge and the expertise of the
aboriginals will enhance the adaptation plan so that they can have an economic participation and
at the same time it will also respect the interests of the aboriginals during the transition of the
communities and economies (Ford 2012).
Development of the climate resilient spaces, assets, and buildings: assets and buildings
and the public spaces will be designed in a way so that they are climate resilient and climate
smart and the benefits of the climate resilient spaces, buildings and spaces will help in increasing
the wellbeing and health of the residents; reduced frequency of replacement of assets; urban
environments that will remain cool. This can be achieved through
 the integration of the urban design performances into the planning instruments,
and the integration of the buildings that are climate smart into the planning

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instrument. The design standards, deign codes, planning and policies needs to
have the concept of betterment with respect to the replacing or retrofitting the
built infrastructure (Jha, Miner and Stanton-Geddes 2013).
 Implementation and development of the guidelines that have the climate resilient
spaces, assets and buildings. This can be achieved by working with the different
stakeholder in order to develop the guidelines.
 Investigation of the potential materials that can be used in the construction. The
plan will also include the integrated water cycle management for proper
utilization of the water resources (Wamsler, Brink and Rivera 2013).
Integrated water cycle management: it is an ambitious plan for South Australia which is
considered to be a water sensitive state and it will be taken with respect to the national water
initiatives. This can be achieved by:
 Update and review of the existing water for good plan and it will be treated as
water security plan for the state. It will help in the transition towards water
security state from a water sensitive state.
 Development of an integrated urban water development plan so it includes the
management of the recycled water, storm water to improve the ecosystem
resilience and community development (Lenton and Muller 2012).
 Support for the management of the storm water at the catchment level with the
utilization of the. This strategy will also include the management of the
raingardens, wetlands and that will act as passive rainwater management
techniques.

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 Implementation of the water sensitive design of the urban places so that the water
sensitive cities can be developed in the South Australia.
 The recycled water and storm water from the local sources can be used to promote
the proper and managed usage of the water sources (aquifers) (Ferguson et al.
2013).
Urban Greening: urban greening is an effective strategy to cool the heat generated over
the urban areas. This will help in creating an environment which will be comfortable for the
residents with an improved outcome of wellbeing and human health. This can be achieved by the
following strategies:
 Development of a methodology that will enable a proper heat mapping which can
augment and aid the process of planting in the urban areas. The heat mapping will
help in creating a planting sequence of the vegetation in order to avert the extreme
heating effects and heat events (Churkina et al. 2015).
 Promotion of an integrated planning for the effective delivery of the design
aspects of the green infrastructure. This will be achieved by the infusion of design
standards, design code, planning codes, regional plans, state planning policies
(Jim 2013).
Embedding of the climate risks: climate risk is a major cause of concern across South
Australia and thus there is a need to integrate the same within the main policies of climate
change mitigation. In order to achieve a proper integration of the climate change plan, the
following is required:

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 Assessment plans can be undertaken to tackle the climate change impact on the
business services of the state and at the same time implement, identify the various
adaptation actions. Identification of the vulnerabilities that exist within the
organization will create opportunities of climate change mitigation
(Environment.sa.gov.au 2018).
 South Australia can implement a zero emission policy from the vehicles. This will
act to reduce the carbon emission from the vehicles and pose a benefit for the
residents of the Australia with benefits aligned towards the health, society and
environment. Zero emission of the toxic air from the urban centres will lead
increased alignment towards the reducing the global rise in temperature.
 Mainstreaming of all the climate change adaptation over all the government
businesses. Incorporation of the climate change adaptation provision like the
procurement procedures, budget, development, and agency planning
(Environment.sa.gov.au 2018).
Energy and water security: South Australia is one of the driest states in Australia and it
is well aware of the need for the efficient use as well as the conservation of water. Thus the
effective usage of the energy and water resources will require the following considerations:
 Implantation of plan relating to Murray-Darling Basin Plan because this basin is
the vital resource of water for the South Australians. Thus, it is the sole
responsibility of the government to implement the plan.
 Implementation of considerations of climate change into the water allocation. the
data gathered from the climate change can be effectively implemented in to the
state wide water allocation plans (van Dijk et al. 2013).

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 Water market can be transformed into a mature place so that the water trading can
be implemented into a flexible way. Information regarding the volume and price
of water allocation can be effectively used to implement to predict the long term
availability of water which will impact the agribusiness and will also assist in
designing the adaptation plan.
 Implementation of the South Australia’s energy plan which will help it to become
self-reliant in terms of power usage. Options like the renewable energies and the
initiatives like the batter storage can effectively transform the energy network in
Australia (Hussey and Pittock 2012.).
South Australia’s energy sector: industry review with respect to climate change
Wind energy
Wind power has been used for more than 3000 years. In the early twentieth century wind energy
was being utilized for mechanical power for pumping water and grinding grain. During the
industrial development, the use of wind for energy transmission declined and fossil fuel was used
due to its high-power production. The use of wind energy re-emerged in the early 1970s when oil
prices rose and at this time it was used mainly for electrical energy production rather than
mechanical power. Wind power has come out has the most sustainable energy source since the
end of the 1990s when technology was improved (Ackermann 2005) such as advanced grid
management, wind hybrids and inexpensive storage which has also made worldwide increase in
the use of wind power with increasing markets in Brazil, Turkey and Australia.

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Figure 1.1. wind power capacity and additions, top 10 countries, 2013 (Renewables Global
Status Report 2014)
WIND ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA
Australia possesses a greater potential for high power generation from wind with The
State of South Australia contributing up to 60% of the national total production and due to its
deep coastal waters for modern wind turbine technology, all wind farms are on-shore. Wind
energy generates about 33.8% of the total clean energy in Australia (Clean Energy Australia
2018). According to Clean Energy Australia report of 2018, at the end of 2017, 15 new wind
farms were under installation and around 4816 megawatts of energy was connected across the
country.

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Figure 1.2 below shows the total wind generation per each state in Australia (Clean Energy
Australia 2018)
The state of South Australia already at 57% and with completion of the 212MW Lincoln
Gap wind farm it’s expected to take the state to around 65% renewables.
Australia research initiated during the time of regulatory change seeks to investigate the
social gap between the government and individual local approval (Hall et al 2013). Educating the
public about the importance of reducing the use of fossil fuel to regulate the rate of global
climate change is essential to improve the acceptance of developments of windfarms although
there will be change of landscapes and lifestyle.
WIND ENERGY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Wind power is the main source of energy in South Australia with wind farms generating
about 1697MW as by 2018 which is about 37.6% of the total Australia’s wind farm capacity.
The state government has developed mandatory regulations to boost the use of renewable energy
rather than relying on fossil fuels. Incentives have been given to large scale renewable energy

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developments to support these projects to increase the percentage of generation (Clean Energy
Report 2018).
Wind farms installed in South Australia as by July 2017
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Wind power is environmentally friendly but not emission free. There is consumption of
energy in the production of the nacelle, the tower and the blades. This therefore indicates that
emissions are released if fossil fuel is used as the energy resource and it is normally referred to as
indirect emissions. The noise production and visual impacts of wind turbines are also considered
especially when they are located near populated residential areas (Lothian 2008): the noise
impact can be minimized by reducing rotational speed, and through appropriate site selection. It
does not emit airborne pollutants therefore reduces the incidences of asthma and lung cancer.
They can also limit the transmission of signals of radio, television and radar when large
windmills are used.

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COST AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Turbines occupy small area of land covered by a wind farm and therefore ranchers and
farmers can graze their cattle and grow crops as well. Apart from being land efficient it is also an
abundant resource. Nuclear and fossil fuel plants require water for cooling unlike wind farms and
therefore frees up more water to be used for irrigation, environmental uses and residential needs.
There are no fuel bills since once a wind farm is completed, the only expenses are for operation
and maintenance (Clean Energy Report 2018). This therefore has boosted the local tax and
economy of local communities and created employment in various stages such maintenance,
manufacturing, transportation and installation.
SOCIAL IMPACTS
Wind mills boosts aesthetics of an area that may would have been bare place with no
vegetation and therefore would facilitate growth of tourism where they can be flown above the
windfarms to have an aerial view of the farms although landscapes with cultural and scenic value
can create conflicts with the establishment of wind farms (Lothian 2008). Sound and vibrations
generated by windmills can be disturbing although modern technology has developed more
developed windmills will low noise production.
The health standards of the employees and the local communities is not affected since
there is no emissions released and generally they are not exposed to any kind of hazardous
emissions.
LIMITATIONS
Wind varies by time of the year, geographic location and time of the day and since wind
turbines can only produce electricity when there is wind, they are not efficient in calm days

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therefore making wind energy unreliable source of energy. Power production increases with
increase in velocity and turbines become unsafe when these velocities increase, and they cease to
produce power leading to mechanical faults and increase the cost of maintenance.
High quality wind farm resources are in remote areas far from industrial or human
settlement thus requiring the generated electricity to be transmitted over long distance leading to
the increase in cost of operation and usage cost will increase making it expensive.
THE FUTURE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA’S WIND ENERGY
There are global effects of climate change and every nation should work effectively
towards reducing its occurrence and minimize effects associated with. The use of wind energy as
clean energy is among the best means of evading the costs and effects that will be incurred to
regulate climate change in the future. Unfortunately, Australian governments are not giving
climate change the required high attention and priority.
The state is leading in wind power generation and more wind farms should be installed in
the west-facing coasts that is from Ceduna, West coast of Yorke Peninsula, Port Macdonald and
even in the Mount Lofty and Southern Flinders Ranges (Clean Energy Report 2018) to boost
wind energy production and make the state a fossil fuel free state.
One of the major problems for future development in wind power industry in South
Australia is the lack of transmission lines in many of the geographic locations with good wind
resources.
Solar and thermal energy
Solar and thermal energy are the two most promising renewable energy sources that have
the potential to provide a secure future in terms of energy security. It is important to note that the

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majority of energy systems have been developed that can harness the energy from the sun and
thermal energies in the form of heat trapped in the volcanic springs or hot water springs.
Solar energy- solar energy n be defined as the energy which is produced by the sun and is
harnessed by trapping the energy stored in the sun’s rays in the form of heat and light. The solar
energy is used to convert the sun light into electrical energy and it is harnessed by 2 different
ways (Luna-Rubio et al. 2012).
 Solar collector devices- these devices are used to trap the sun rays by absorbing
the same. The techniques are used to trap the heat energy and convert the heat to
heat up water present in the swimming pools, hot tubs and water heaters.
 Production of electricity- Photovoltaic cells are used to trap the energy present in
the sun’s rays and convert the same into the electricity. Through an electronic
process energy is converted into the sunlight and it is done through the usage of
the naturally occurring materials like the semiconductors (Kalogirou 2013).
Geothermal energy- it is one form of heat energy trapped inside the earth and it is
sustainable and it is clean energy source as well. Resources of the geothermal energy ranges
from a rock which is miles underneath the surface of the earth, sources of hot water, and shallow
ground. Cold water is pumped from one part of the pipe and by the second pipe hot water s
drawn out which provides a steady source of energy. There is no present technology that can
help in harnessing the geothermal energy. Even though it is a promising source considering the
clean energy source (Dickson and Fanelli 2013).

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Action plan for Renovating Energy industry
Energy sector mainly depends on two major options to have a secure flow of energy into the
country. The two major sources of energy are the coal and hydroelectric energy. However, it is
important to mention that the both the sources of energy are the potent emitter of the greenhouse
gases and thus South Australia requires a sort of energy alternative that will bring down the
emission and have leading edge in attaining and reducing the rise in temperature by bringing
down the emission. It is important to note that the Paris climate agreement provided an ambitious
target of reducing the global climate by bringing down the temperature below 2o C. The best way
to achieve this target is make the South Australia 100% renewable energy state by the year 2025.
This can be made a practical target by having a policy which will be based on the national
Energy Guarantee. This rhetoric plan will source the renewables by the year 2025 and it will be
achieved only by the sourcing in renewable energy equivalent to an extent of 100 percent
(Mohammadi, Hosseinian and Gharehpetian 2012).
 The first plan will be set up a solar energy depot of 10GW across the South Australia.
The sourcing will include a battery storages and solar panels so that the energy costs can
be brought down. The solar cells can be put over the roof tops of the corporate buildings,
commercial buildings, residential homes and this plan will have a complete output by the
year 2025 to 2033. This will eventually reduce the depended on the diesel, gas and other
fuels sourced from the renewable sources (figure 1.1). The outcome of the inclusion of
the renewable energy into the energy sector will bring the South Australia above all
others states in Australia (figure 1.2) (Mohammadi, Hosseinian and Gharehpetian 2012).
 The second most striking inclusion will be harnessing the wind energy windy regions that
experience highest infusion of wind. I comparison to the solar energy the wind energy

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will remain online for all the time in the South Australia. However, the only requirement
will be a windy condition and the electrical energy will be generated by the wind
generators. Initially the dependence on the non-renewables can be negated by the
intermittent supply of the energy generated by wind power generators. Figure 1.3 shows
the energy sharing between the NSW and the South Australia with the connections made
between the renewable and non-renewable energy sources (Kabalci 2013).
Figure 1.1: The entire contribution of the energy sourced from the renewable sources
[source: Parkinson 2018]

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Figure 1.2: the comparison of between the various states in Australia [source: Parkinson
2018]

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Figure 1.2: The efficiency of the renewable energy in comparison to the other states
[source: Parkinson 2018]
Figure 2: the red lines highlight the usual business while the blue lines depict the positive role
played by the policy in reducing the global rise of temperature. [source: Climatecouncil.org.au,
2018]
Climate data analysis
The climate of South Australia varies from a mild wet climate to hot and dry interior.
One of harsh climate event noticed in South Australia are the droughts along with the violent
storms. During the summer season the most serious threat is from the bushfires. The northern

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desert region especially has the highest incidence of temperature and it rises to 40 degrees. The
climate is Mediterranean with hot summer and wet winter (Bom.gov.au 2018). Both the figure 4
and figure 5 shows the temperature over the last decade and the impact on rise in temperature
over the weather.
Figure 3: denotes the record low temperatures (purple bars) and record high temperatures (red
bars) per year; (a) maximum daily temperature and (b) minimum daily temperature collected
from 1910 to 2011. [source: Climatecouncil.org.au, 2018]

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Figure 4: relationship between the extremes and the average temperature and also shows
connection between the proportion of the extreme events and shifting average temperature.
[source: Climatecouncil.org.au, 2018]
Figure 5: shows the projected temperature till the year 2070 with low emission and high
emission in all the major cities in comparison to Adelaide. [source: Climatecouncil.org.au, 2018]

24CLIMATE CHANGE
Impact of climate change on South Australia
Australia being a lower latitudinal country has the more chances of getting significantly
affected by the changes in climate. The reason being that the country has reached the limits if
moisture levels and heat tolerance. It is important to note that mitigation cannot be the sole
solution. It is important to highlight that Australia is highly to get affected by climate change and
it has been predicted that the agricultural sector will be highly affected. There will be a decline of
17 percent in the productivity by the year 2050. If a comparison is made, then it can be seen that
the agriculture uses most of the water resources. Agricultural production can be differentiated
into mixed farm operation where the both the dry and irrigated productions are combined
together, rice and the annual crops (vegetables, pasture and cereal) and horticulture (wine grapes
and fruit trees). Thus different agricultural activities demand different water schedules
(Nccarf.edu.au 2018). As a result, the horticulture demands an inelastic and short term demand
of water resources which has high risks of investment that results from the death of the crops.
Rice and the other annual crops have a high water demand and it is basically elastic. Dairy
farmers also have a wide range of flexibility and due to this the water demand is of a flexible
nature with the allocations increasing depending on the type of the need. Additionally, the water
demand arising from the dry land farming is also flexible and have less water demand. It is
expected that when water is less, the agricultural production will reduce similarly and at the same
time the prices of the commodity will also rise. While it has been noticed that the water used by
the mining, water and manufacturing industries will be below the levels of the agriculture.
Similarly, the gas supply and electricity, fishing and forestry will be below the water usage of the
manufacturing, mining and water industries (Nccarf.edu.au 2018).

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Risk and vulnerability analysis
Considering change in climate, the climate projections suggest following risks and
vulnerabilties:
 Rainfall- the greenhouse gas emission will rise by the year 2030 and altered
physical precipitation process. The winter storm will experience a shift towards
the southern direction. Winter rainfall will decrease by 30 percent.
 Temperature- Average temperatures are projected to rise in all the seasons. By the
year 2030, the temperature is expected to rise from 0.5-1.2oC. By the year 2090,
the temperature is expected to rise from 1.2 to 2.1oC.
 Marine and coastal areas- the sea level is predicted to rise by 0.07 to 0.19m along
the South Australian coastline and the increase will be noticed by 2030
(Climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au 2018).

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Figure 6: The incidence of flooding events due to the rise of sea-level of 0.5m [source:
Climatecouncil.org.au, 2018]
Conclusion
From the above discussion it can be concluded that, the global temperature has increased
due to the increase in the concentration of certain gases in the atmosphere that are termed as the
greenhouse gases. Some of the potent greenhouse gases are the methane, carbon dioxide, water
vapour and others. These gases allow the sunlight to pass through them, however these gases act
as a barrier and traps the heat when it escapes back to the space. The most significant amount of
carbon dioxide has increased after the industrial revolution and in comparison to the pre-
industrial times the concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by three times. It is important
to highlight that Australia is highly to get affected by climate change and it has been predicted
that the agricultural sector will be highly affected. There will be a decline of 17 percent in the
productivity by the year 2050. If a comparison is made, then it can be seen that the agriculture
uses most of the water resources.

27CLIMATE CHANGE
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