Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change in the Construction Industry

This dissertation examines the critical view on how the construction industry can mitigate the effects of climate change. It explores the impact of climate change on buildings and constructions, ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the construction industry, strategies to make the industry more sustainable, and the use of renewable materials in construction. The study aims to provide insights and knowledge on this topic and contribute to future research in the field.

Climate emergency: A critical view on how the construction industry
can mitigate the effects of climate change.

ABSTRACT
Climate change defines as a long term change within the condition of weather that
represents Earth global, regional and local climates. These changes are broad in nature that
impact mainly construction of a project. Changes in climate virtually impact overall economic
and natural system. It represent the interaction between land degradation, forests, chemicals,
water points which directly or indirectly affects construction project organisations. In this
construction project refers to a process of renovating, constructing, refurbishing and many more
are included that are useful to structure or infrastructure a building. This project dissertations is
based on specific topic which is related to how construction project mitigate the affect of climate
change and for completing this dissertations investigator use the various resources such as
human resources, financial resources, books, journals etc. so that it would present a successfully
results and helps in gaining knowledge of an investigator. Involving in this study reflects
detailed knowledge and information about specific topic. It also helps scholars to conduct same
research on particular topic in future perspective.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................2
Research Topic: “Climate emergency: A critical view on how the construction industry can
mitigate the effects of climate change”............................................................................................5
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................5
1.1. Background to the study.......................................................................................................5
1.2. Rationale for selection of topic............................................................................................6
1.3. Research aim and objectives................................................................................................6
1.4. Research questions..............................................................................................................7
1.5. Scope and limitation.............................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Literature Review ..........................................................................................................8
Impact of climate change on buildings and constructions..........................................................8
Ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the Construction industry....................11
Strategies that the industry can adopt to reduce the costs of going green – make it more
attractive to go green.................................................................................................................13
Analysis of the way renewable materials used in construction can help in reducing the
environmental impact of construction.......................................................................................17
Chapter 3: Research Methodology ................................................................................................18
Chapter 4: Data analysis and interpretation...................................................................................23
Data analysis ............................................................................................................................23
Interpretation of collected data .................................................................................................26
Chapter 5: Communication and discussion of research findings ..................................................34
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation ...............................................................................39
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................39
Recommendation ......................................................................................................................40
Chapter 7: Reflection ....................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................44
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................47

Research Topic: “Climate emergency: A critical view on how the construction
industry can mitigate the effects of climate change”
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background to the study
Climate change is referred as long-term change in an average pattern of weather that have
come to define global, regional and local climate of Earth(Ghosh, 2018).These alterations in
climate have a wide range of observed effects which are synonymous with term. The change in
climate maximizes the risk related to initiation of construction project cycle and can affect the
construction sector directly by climate and weather, but can also impact indirectly like side
programming, extra expense, material cost, delivery, labourers’ safety, delay etc. In this human
are the major part that will influence climate and overall earth temperature by cutting down the
farming livestock, rainforests and burning fossil fuels. In this climate emergency is referred to
that situation when frequent action is needed to reduce the damage that impact environment.
Climate emergency occur due to human activities such as high usage of fossil fuel, coal, gas etc.
that resultant major causes in climate. These causes may cause pollution in air and seas and for
this rapid changes are needed. Due to the changes occur in the climate several types of risk are
associated with operation a construction project cycle. Changes in climate such as earthquake,
weather changes and many more directly impact construction project. A construction project has
significant influence on the environment all over the world. Every aspect of the sector has some
measurable influence - from mining processes utilised for materials to the waste developed
through the project and the way it is disposed of. There is sufficient evidence showing that there
are significant changes in weather patterns and temperatures around the world that is posing
serious threats to the built environment and other aspects of our planet. This report is based on a
specific topic i.e. how construction industry can mitigate the effect of climate change. This helps
in understanding the topic successfully so that conclusion and analysis is to be drawn properly at
the end of the research (Gunningham, 2019). To conduct this research, researcher focused on
several aspects like literature review, research methodology, findings by using questionnaires
etc. These entire frameworks are very effective to conduct a research perfectly. Due to this
conclusion are drawn successfully at the end of dissertation. Conducting this research is highly
prominent for enhancing a knowledge and skills related to climate change and their effect on
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construction project along with in what manner construction project mitigate the affect of climate
change. This helps in conduction future research successfully and prominently.
1.2. Rationale for selection of topic
Rationale of research refers to reflecting a reason to conduct a particular research. By
conduct this research investigator gains the knowledge regarding particular topic so that justified
answer is to be presented in a significant manner. This study will critically investigate and
analyse how the construction industry can mitigate the effects of climate change. This study
proves to be significant as it assists in providing deep insights and knowledge on the topic. This
make the researcher able to study the overview of construction of buildings and infrastructure as
well as enable investigator to analyse various ways to reduce the contribution to change in
climate in the Construction industry (Tong and Ebi, 2019). Apart from this, it helps in assessing
the strategies that the construction sector can adopt to decrease the costs of going green.
Moreover, this project also determines different construction methods, services and materials
which will reduce the impact of buildings on the environment. Through this investigation, it will
be possible to perform further studies on the topic effectively and systematically. This study is
highly effective in assessing the way in which renewable materials are utilized in construction
and how these can assist in reducing the negative impact of construction onto the environment.
In addition, this study will provide a deeper understanding of the links between climate change
and the construction industry.
1.3. Research aim and objectives
Research aim
Research aim refers to intention of conducting a particular research by summarising in a
sentence. It helps researcher to conduct a research effectively and on time. The research aim is to
be written in a wide terms that and shows what was achieve in the end of the dissertations. The
main aim of current investigation is “To critically investigate and analyse how the
construction industry can mitigate the effects of climate change”.
Research objectives
Objectives of research is defines as a purpose of conducting a particular research. It helps
researcher to attain their targets effectively and efficiently. These objectives are the essential part
of conducting a research and attaining aim of the study that offers a pathway to investigator
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related to perform a task in a systematic manner (Salimi and Al-Ghamdi, 2020). The main
objectives which are reviewed and analysed through current investigation are listed below:
 To study the impact of climate change on buildings and constructions.
 To assess the ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the Construction
industry.
 To identify the strategies that the industry can adopt to reduce the costs of going green –
making this optionmore attractive.
 To assess the way renewable materials used in construction can help in reducing the
environmental impact of construction.
1.4. Research questions
Research question defines those questions that are set by an investigator on specific project to
present an answer. It is very crucial element for conducting a whole research perfectly and
proficiently. For conducting this particular research several questions are to be reflected below as
per the aim of the project.
 How climate change influence on buildings and constructions?
 How can we reduce the contribution to climate change in the Construction industry?
 What can the industry do to reduce the costs of going green – making this option more
attractive?
 How the environmental impact of construction can be reducing by using renewable
materials?
1.5. Scope and limitation
The scope of the project is wider as it provides various advantages to the organisations
operating in construction sector. It also helps in gaining the knowledge about climate change that
affects the construction project. It is highly useful in future professional career. The findings
from this work will be able to be used in the future by construction professionals to minimise the
effect of the construction industry on climate change. At the time of conducting this research
several activities are to be included in which investigator faces several issues and limitations.
These limitations may impact negatively on the end results of the whole dissertation. In this
investigator adopts the use of questionnaire in which they face the limitation that questions are
not being effectively analysed due to lack of time and respondents hidden information, unethical
behaviour of chosen respondent etc. All these issues impact negatively on research activities
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(Yigitcanlar and et. al., 2019). At this time researcher play a important role to manage all these
limitations by using ethical practices and preparing Gantt chart, work break down structure etc.
so that time would be managed to do several activities in entire research. In this investigator also
support and listen respondent views related to particular topic so that reliable and viable
outcomes are presented at the end of the research.
Significance of research- It refers to a written statement that is useful to present benefits
of conducting a particular study. It elaborates the justification of implementing this study and
their impact of research field. It also reflects a contribution to new knowledge and in what
manner it is beneficial for other. To conduct this particular research on specific topic that is ‘how
construction industry can mitigate the effect of climate change’ helps in gaining the knowledge
related to climate and weather change and how it impact on construction industry. This also
helps in presenting the strategies related to mitigate the risk of climate change that is beneficial
for all construction companies. This research is useful in that and helps in enhancing the healthy
atmosphere.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Impact of climate change on buildings and constructions
As per the opinion presented by Ahmed, (2020), Climate is a complex phenomenon which
is continuously affected through the amount of radiation emitted by sun reflected back to space,
the amount reaches to ground, and the amount stays in atmosphere. A prominent role is played
by these climatic agents in the deterioration of the building fabric. Any change in climatic
conditions is expected to have critical effect on deterioration rate. When the greenhouse gases
increase the temperature on our planet, this causes ice and snow to melt. This leads to less
sunlight that is being reflected back to space, thus warming up the atmosphere (Crate and
Nuttall, 2016). Fossil fuels like natural gas, petroleum and coal originate from dead vegetation,
which over millions of years, become fossilised containing high percentage of carbon. In order to
warm houses, power factories and move the vehicles, fossil fuels are burnt. By doing so carbon
dioxide as well as other gases, which have been known to have an influence on global warming,
are released in the atmosphere (Tol, 2018)
As per the view point of Skullestad, Bohne, and Lohne, (2016), Construction and buildings
are responsible for around 39 % of carbon emissions all over the world, out of this 11 percent
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from manufacturing construction materials and 28% from energy consumption, also called
embodied carbon. The energy consumption of buildings comes from its requirement to warm up
as well as cool down the structure, when a building has not been developed to be efficient in
terms of ventilation and insulation. The embodied carbon of building comes from manufacturing
as well as supplying of construction materials and products along with the construction process
itself. The choice of water usage, construction materials and transportation are some of the
elements which must be taken into consideration when aiming for sustainable building practices.
Buildings can become more vulnerable as the effects of climate change worsen. In future, there
might be more buildings collapsing, significant loss of value as an outcome of more snow or
subsidence damage, storms, deteriorating indoor climate, water encroachment, reduced building
lifetime and even aggravating health problems. One of the greatest challenges in short term are
stronger storms and rising sea levels (How Changing Climate is Changing the Construction
Industry, 2019)
According to Harrison, Gallantree & Smith (2019), extreme weather conditions, Global
temperature and increase in greenhouse gases have had a huge impact on the construction sector
at two levels. Firstly, there is an increasing pressure from environmental agencies for the
construction sector to design greener technologies, aiming to reduce CO2 footprint. One of the
greener technologies include geopolymer concrete which is made by using construction waste
materials such as blast furnace slag and fly ash. This reduces Portland cement demand; whose
manufacture has high carbon dioxide release. Using fly ash and blast furnace slag concrete has
advantages like chemical resistance, temperature durability and high strength. However, there are
also some disadvantages to producing this concrete such as the utilisation of sodium hydroxide
that is harmful to humans. The process of geopolymerization to produce concrete is very
inconsistent and volatile (Grönman and et. al., 2019). Secondly, buildings are required to
withstand extreme weather conditions maximizing the requirements of durability for construction
materials used. For instance: the rise of temperatures at global level and the extreme weather
situations lead to problems with existing buildings, externally and internally. The buildings have
to be adapted to be more resilient to prolonged and hotter weather conditions that can have an
effect on the integrity and concrete setting strength.
As presented by Pravin, Murali and Shanmugapriyan (2017), climate change is having a
large impact on the construction sector. Change in climate is on the leading edge of construction
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sector due to consequences which affect project life cycle. It maximizes the risks related to the
start of a construction project’s life cycle and can affect construction industry directly through
changes in climate and weather. For example, it may lead to delay in completion of project, may
rise the material cost which ultimately impacts on the cost of overall project etc. Climate change
also makes indirect influences like extra expense, material cost, site programming, labourers’
safety, delay and delivery. A devastating evidence is there that climate change has developed
threats. While performing civil activities, building construction and building designs, different
climatic factors are required to be studied. It is required by the project management practitioners
to suit their experience as well as expertise in order to understand the impact that change in
climate could have on the manner they secure the projects in future in a better way. They must
know about the way they lessen the influence of climate variation on their profession and endure
to grow as well as develop as successful businesses and thus far constantly mitigate the needs
and requirements of their clients (REVIEW ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, 2017).
Buildings are vulnerable to progressive alterations in climate as well as extreme events.
The impacts of climate change include thawing permafrost (any ground which remains fully
frozen — 0°C (32°F) or colder — for at least 2 years straight), severe storms and floods,
increased precipitation and more frequent wildfires. Without investment in enhanced resilience,
these vulnerabilities are destined to rise. The construction industry faces direct influences.
Precipitation extremes could maximize construction delays and therefore costs. Change in
climate also risks transforming the length of the building season (Skullestad, Bohne, and Lohne,
2016). The increased severity and incidence of heat waves has implications in the designs of
buildings, potentially implying the requirement to move away from current building designs of
architecture towards distinct approaches for new builds. High temperatures also demand
alterations in the use and demand for energy. In countries with warmer climates wealth is
directly linked with the increased demand of energy, principally used for transport and air
conditioning. The hazards related to climate affect poor individuals more directly by often
resulting in the destruction of homes, that tend to be relatively vulnerable (Shen, and Lior, 2016).
As per the opinion of Augiseau, and Barles, (2017), Change in climate is driving
significant alteration in composition of construction material and manufacturing. Increasingly
lighter, stronger and durable materials are needed that may drive the material costs up. Those
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costs eventually required to be borne through construction organisations. Specific change in
climatic conditions that have impact on construction industry have to do with climate amplitude
as well as duration. The extreme cold or hot conditions may need additional specialised
equipment that are resistant to such conditions. However, these normally increase the cost of
construction. In addition to this, the impacts of climate change may be felt in reducing the
number of days when construction is feasible altogether. It is usually the case when the
construction projects are conducted in difficult to reach areas like often the cases during pipeline
construction and oil and gas exploration. These construction projects are relying on construction
materials and equipment to be delivered over unpaved or permafrost road. An unseasonably
warm situation can make the roads built over permafrost or the unpaved roads impassable
(Climate Change: Implications for Buildings, 2014).
Ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the Construction industry
As per the view point of Diana Budds, 2019, global warming is caused due to fossil fuels
combustion that leads to high carbon dioxide levels - a greenhouse gas - collecting in
atmosphere. The carbon dioxide emission is more complex than sector by sector breakdown. As
per the United Nation Environment Programme, buildings as well as a construction collectively
account for around 36% of global energy utilisation and around 39% of energy related CO2
emissions yearly. The commercial and residential buildings account for around 40% of energy
consumption (How do buildings contribute to climate change? 2019). Incremental approaches to
decarbonisation would not be enough. As per the opinions presented by Brent Trenga, 2018, the
building and construction industry can continue to be a part of issue and do its part to assist in
mitigating the effects of global warming. In order to reduce the contribution of climate change in
construction industry, there are some changes to adopt including-
1. Selecting materials with low embodied carbon as well as sourcing materials from the
suppliers which are transparent in regards to makeup of goods.
2. Utilising the waste and recycled materials.
3. Maximise use of prefabricated components as well as off site manufacturing.
4. Better design. The 2030 challenge of architecture 2030 urges Global architecture as well
as building communities to mitigate several targets environment fossil fuel, energy
consumption performance standard which is 70% below the local average of that building
type and GHG emitting. That 70 % rises to 80% by 2020, 90% by year 2025 as well as
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become carbon neutral year 2030 (How to Mitigate the Construction Industry’s Effects
on Climate Change, 2018).
5. Extending the life of building; a long span of life delays and declines the embodied
carbon related to deconstruction, waste processing, demolition and rebuilding.
As per the view point of Kristin Musulin, 2019, in order to accomplish the climate friendly
future, practical steps required to be taken in development as well as construction. Implementing
efficiency in the material design help in reducing the emissions by 18% by year 2050. Material
efficiency is seen as one of the effective means to decline the emission. It has been noted that
eliminating the waste of material at design stage can lead to around 18% of reduction in emission
of greenhouse gas between year 2017 and year 2050. The targets of reducing cement and steel
use in construction, noting that minerals in cement account for around 32% of emissions from
consumption of materials, whereas steel accounts for approx. 15%. In order to elevate the
influence, numerous eco-friendly building materials have emerged in the sector. Apart from this,
reusing the components and materials of building reduce the potential emissions by year 2050 by
3%. The long term climate benefits of reducing and recycling the building elements like virgin
steel, can lead to around 3% of reduction in greenhouse gas emission between year 2017 and
year 2050 (5 key ways to reduce GHG emissions in building construction, 2019). Progressive
target of around 11 % decline of virgin metal as well as petrochemical based materials is
suggested in order to reach such an emission decline, although it has been noted that reusable
materials of building are unlikely to mitigate the demand of new construction in short tenure.
However, reusing a fraction of structural steel in the phases of construction can advance this
goal.
In addition to this, improve existing building utilisation can help in reducing the emission by
11%. The building is often discarded and underutilized prior to that they have reached at end of
their useful life. This can outcomes in an avoidable level of greenhouse gas emission. Executing
the strategic utilisation of existing space as well as infrastructure can lead to around 11 % of
greenhouse gas emission decline by year 2050 and 10% to 20% decline in new buildings
demand. As brick and mortar concept, retail sector face a demise and the vacancies of building
rise. Some of the areas or cities are becoming much aware of the way to reuse the buildings. The
benefits of using existing infrastructure can be mirrored in utilisation of lots for construction in
development, as opposite to tearing down existing or forestry buildings for such development.
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As per the view point of Eliot Jones, (2020), climate change is an issue currently in the
construction industry play pivotal role in leading community all over the world towards
reduction in carbon emission. It is very necessary to comprehensively recognise that influence
that humans have on change in climate. A completely decarbonised sector could decline almost
half of carbon emission in atmosphere. there are 2 carbon emission categories including
operational carbon and embodied carbon. The operational carbon is the emission which
outcomes from keeping a building operational and it account for around 28 % of emission (5
Ways to Reduce Embodied Carbon, 2020). On the other side, 11 percent of emissions account
for the construction life cycle. The embodied carbon is sum total of all the greenhouse emissions
outcomes from construction life cycle of building. It involves emission from transportation and
extraction of materials, construction phase, keeping the operational activities of building and the
end of life stage by material disposal and demolition. Switching to High emission materials to
the sustainable Timber will reduce emissions by 6% by 2050. It has been gaining popularity as
this is the way to decline the material emissions as well as use sustainable and locally managed
forest. it has been suggested that switching to Timber utilisation in construction could reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 6%, urging a progressive target of 50% commercial buildings and
75% residential buildings being constructed with the sustainable Timber. In addition to this, use
of low carbon cement in the construction also help in reducing the carbon emissions, and thus,
decline the environmental impact. Concrete is the carbon intensive construction material as its
cement component production needs extreme heat as well as release great deal of carbon dioxide.
It is noted that utilised low carbon alternatives could reduce greenhouse gas emission by 6%
between the year 2017 and 2050.
Strategies that the industry can adopt to reduce the costs of going green – make it more attractive
to go green
According to Barbara Swenson (2020), Going green is considered as pursuing knowledge
as well as practices which may drives towards much environmental friendly and eco- logical
accountable decision as well as lifestyles that may aids to safeguarding the environmental and
sustain their natural resources for present as well as upcoming generations. In addition to this,
the concern about global warning has produced a new green awareness within customers across
the world. Additionally, the green products or services have moved towards forefront of hot
seller lists as individuals become much aware about environmental concern as well as more firms
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seek for riding the trends towards environmentally friendly goods. Along with this, few
construction entities have executed some programmes that devotes towards green products. Also,
the sales of their Ecomagination brand products have developed in around four percentage
quicker than whole of their other goods combine. Moreover, organic as well as naturals has
become buzzwords as much customers be health conscious. Producers may capitalise upon this
trends through executing a supply chain management session which enhances the profitability
through going green.
Some strategies that construction industry may adopt for reducing the cost of going green
are discussed below:
Adopt sustainable business strategy: This strategy is should begin through developing a
green supply chain management which is effective sustainability within construction firm core
business strategy. Moreover, the sustainability is undertaken as development which meets the
requirements of current without compromising the capability of upcoming generations for
accomplishing their desires. Also, this highlights states through which its business may attain
minimised costs as well as enhanced profitability. Along with this, committing for developing
the construction business green from the inside out through re-describing its objectives so that
they includes sustainable thinking within each aspects of firm supply chain from buying to
production.
reduce electricity intake and prices: by way of enforcing an strength-saving program, you
can probably reduce your electric consumption via half. some other technique for lowering
power intake and fees is with the aid of the use of renewable electricity sources. as an example,
carpet manufacturer Tandus makes use of 100 percent biodiesel, a renewable energy source. It
changed diesel gasoline in its industrial boilers and therefore reduced air pollution via 60 percent
to ninety percentage, particulates by 48 percentage and carbon dioxide by 78 percent.
Purchase energy-Saving equipment: facilities and gadget control is an area in which
producers can enhance their sustainability. Latest improvements have increased the performance
of machines whilst decreasing their impact on the environment. New equipment with strength-
saving and eco-friendly capabilities can reduce costs through working greater correctly, using
substances to their fullest, and generating a higher product at a faster fee with little or no
environmental effect.
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Produce products that are Recyclable or Biodegradable: layout and manufacture products
which are natural and fitness-aware as opposed to poisonous in your customers. customers are
beginning to call for that the goods they purchase be both recyclable or biodegradable. Your
organisation should devise a sustainability assurance that guarantees that the waste out of your
merchandise will not land up in landfills or be incinerated into the air. This offers your customers
proof which you do what you are saying.
reduce and Recycle Waste: lessen waste and create a closed-loop application. This
indicates recycling a product again into itself, essentially growing little or no environmental
waste. this is a key element in natural useful resource upkeep and sustainability.
become knowledgeable on inexperienced production Practices: Environmental literacy, research,
and non-stop mastering are important on your system of turning into green and creating a more
secure work surroundings. educate your workforce. Require all of us to participate within the
motion to inexperienced production (10 Steps to Reducing Costs While Saving the Environment,
2021).
As per the David Cartwright, within the world of construction various trends comes and
go. Few fall through the wayside into shorter time duration, but other for growing to become an
integral portion of particular sector as whole. Also, the sustainable construction would definitely
falls within latter. In addition to this, the Green building techniques are reshaping the
construction sector as well as becoming a fundamental part of developing new building designs.
in addition to this, construction professional are utilising several eco-friendly design principles
for constructing new building as well as for renovating the old ones. Some more strategies are:
Use of green building material: As one of the most essential and well known
sustainable construction strategies is utilisation of green building material. Moreover, these are
materials which are sourced from the sources of renewable as well as also recyclable when
buildings have reached their lifespan. Along with this, the green building materials are mainly
sourced from sustainable forests. Additionally, it may also manufacture from innovative
production procedures which minimises harmful emission to surroundings. Also, steel as well as
concrete are two illustration of material which are presently being produce via eco- friendly
procedures of manufacturing. Furthermore, by utilisation of sustainable building material, new
structure would have a lower carbon footprint as well as effective energy effectiveness. Also, the
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amount of waste which ends up into landfills is minimised in case the building required to be
renovated at present and also in future time period.
Zero Energy Construction: Zero energy construction is considered as an emerging
strategy into various building. Moreover, the aim of a zero energy structure is to develop as
much energy as they consumes with having a zero net affect upon environment. In addition to
this, constructors are including zero energy techniques for designing many effective, durable as
well as sustainable structures at competitive cost. Furthermore, the zero energy construction
strategies incorporates a combination of some steps such as utilising sources of renewable energy
to power the building, effective system of air ventilation which obviate pollutant from
atmospheric air, effectual insulation material which reduces noise pollution as well as leaking air
and utilisation of energy efficient inside appliances. Therefore, the zero energy construction also
enables building for putting back as much energy in grid as they utilise during period.
Resilience and durability: Sustainable construction also incorporates developing the
resiliency as well as durability of buildings. Moreover, the climate change have essential
concerns of much inclement events of weather like cyclones, flooding and bushfires with
structures that required to be develops with resiliency at the fore. Also, various constructors are
trending towards incorporating risk mitigation stages like construction technology as well as
renewable building materials. Within this manner, structures may recover in faster after any kind
of disasters strikes. Along with this, the eco-friendly design strategy representing above not only
contributes towards much sustainable structure, it also enables constructors for saving costs,
enhance quality as well as develop effectiveness of eth construction procedures.
Beside this, The embodied carbon strategy which is known is sum total of all the
greenhouse emissions outcomes from construction life cycle of building. It involves emission
from transportation and extraction of materials, construction phase, keeping the operational
activities of building and the end of life stage by material disposal and demolition. Switching to
High emission materials to the sustainable Timber will reduce emissions by 6% by 2050. It has
been gaining popularity as this is the way to decline the material emissions as well as use
sustainable and locally managed forest. it has been suggested that switching to Timber utilisation
in construction could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 6%, urging a progressive target of
50% commercial buildings and 75% residential buildings being constructed with the sustainable
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Timber. In addition to this, use of low carbon cement in the construction also help in reducing
the carbon emissions, and thus, decline the environmental impact.
Analysis of the way renewable materials used in construction can help in reducing the
environmental impact of construction
As per the view point of Shen (2020), There are various renewable material used in
construction and are also gained from finite resources that once exploited as far as economically
feasible and may never be replaced. Moreover, they are not renewable. While firms have great
quantity of such resources at moment, extraction costs are enhancing as well as availability is
minimising. Moreover at least for few commodities into few countries. In addition to this, into
longer period they would be maximising reliant upon closed industrial recycling loop, mainly for
effective sourcing of these non –renewable. Along with this, the demand for construction
material would enhance as world population that explores as well as develop countries for
becoming wealthier with raised anticipations for lifestyle as well as affluences. Also, the
enhancing demand for non renewable resources can be partially offset through much effective
utilisation of those materials through discovering of new sources as well as by development of
much effective extraction procedures. However, this stands to reason that finite non renewable
resources have to be carefully handle so that it harm upcoming generations. It is undertaken to be
the essence of sustainability. Furthermore, one way of considering the pressure off non
renewable is to utilised renewable material for construction as far as possible. Moreover, the
utilisation of renewable material also brings various advantages and disadvantages.
The construction firm tends to thought of timber as renewable building material. But
there are various others. Also, the host of renewable has been as well as still are into common
usages, such as bamboo, straw, sea grass, peanuts hulls, rosin, rubber, Tung oil and many others.
Al these materials are renewable as they are basically sourced from living plants as well as
animals not from mineral or fossil deposits like gas, coal, oil, peat and many more. Such as
production of Brazilian bio fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) have unfavourable impact of social and
environment. Furthermore, the green building material is considered as an ecological recycled or
higher performance material which is able to reduce their affects upon environmental as well as
human health across their life cycle (incorporating utilisation of resources, manufacturing,
disposal and many more). Additionally, this is essentially developed from non toxic, natural as
17

well as organic substance as well as may minimise IAQ contaminants. Along with this, utilising
polymeric products like CBMs derived from non renewable resources is vital reason of VOC
emission indoors. Apart from this, Construction and buildings are responsible for around 39 % of
carbon emissions all over the world, out of this 11 percent from manufacturing construction
materials and 28% from energy consumption, also called embodied carbon. The energy
consumption of buildings comes from its requirement to warm up as well as cool down the
structure, when a building has not been developed to be efficient in terms of ventilation and
insulation. The embodied carbon of building comes from manufacturing as well as supplying of
construction materials and products along with the construction process itself. The choice of
water usage, construction materials and transportation are some of the elements which must be
taken into consideration when aiming for sustainable building practices. Buildings can become
more vulnerable as the effects of climate change worsen. In future, there might be more
buildings collapsing, significant loss of value as an outcome of more snow or subsidence
damage, storms, deteriorating indoor climate, water encroachment, reduced building lifetime and
even aggravating health problems (Reducing the Environmental Impact of Construction by Using
Renewable Materials, 2015).
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
This section forms a vital part of every dissertation and research that facilitates and provides
all required information about the proposed forms and types of research methods and approaches
that are applied by a researcher to conduct an investigation in a more efficient and viable
manner. With respect to this dissertation, implication and use of research methods has been made
to have better and appropriate selection of research methods along with providing proper
justification for their selection. As the research study is based on critically investigate and
analyse how the construction industry can mitigate the effects of climate change, the research
methodology section helps in carry on the study systematically and proper understanding and use
of different research methods make the researcher able to collect data related to the study area
and draw valid and reliable outcomes of research. A description about the various methods is
provided below along with valid justification for selection of suitable research methodology.
Research philosophy - The philosophy of research is a belief how information about a
phenomenon must be collected and used. It deals with nature, source and knowledge
development. Although, the knowledge creation idea may seem to be profound, a researcher is
18

engaged in creation of knowledge as a part of finishing the dissertation. The research philosophy
reflects the significant assumptions of author and these serves as a basis for the strategy of
research. There are four types of research philosophies utilised by the researcher in research
including pragmatism, interpretivism, realism and positivism. The philosophy choice is
influenced through practical implications. The popular data collection method in relation to
pragmatism research philosophy is mixed or multiple and can be used in both qualitative and
quantitative research study. In positivism research philosophy, the data collection method is
highly structured and uses large samples for collecting the data. The data collection method
chosen for realism research philosophy should fit the subject matter and it can be quantitative or
qualitative. In the interpretivism research philosophy, the data is collected by using small sample
sizes and in-depth research is performed and mainly used in qualitative research study.
Justification – For performing study on the way construction industry can mitigate the
effects of climate change, selection of positivism research philosophy is appropriate for this
study as it facilitates a more systematic and practical form of investigation. Apart from this, as
the study is based on critical view on how the construction industry can mitigate the effects of
climate change, positivism philosophy will be used as it adheres to the opinion that only
“factual” knowledge is added through observation. However, some researchers believe that since
positivism philosophy is a belief about everything can be measured as well as calculated, it tends
to be inflexible.
Research approach - This is the plan for research study that span the phases from broad
assumptions to descriptive methods of collecting data and interpreting it. This involves some
decisions and these must be philosophical assumptions the investigator brings to study and
specific methods of analysing and interpreting data. Abduction, deduction and induction are the
three main types of research approaches which can be utilised in study by researcher. The
deductive approach is based on the logic that when premises are right, conclusion should also be
right and the data collection is utilised to evaluate hypothesis or prepositions associated with
existing theory. The logic behind inductive research approach is that known premises are utilised
in the study to develop untested conclusions and the data collection method is utilised to explore
a particular phenomenon, determine themes and develop conceptual framework. On the other
hand, the abductive research approach is based on the logic that known premises are utilised to
develop testable conclusions and the data is used to explore themes and phenomena, locate these
19

in conceptual framework as well as test it by subsequent collection of data or information and so
forth.
Justification - Application of deductive approach is justifiable for current research work as
it is in line with positivist philosophy and ensures better testing and scanning of numeric data.
This helps in analysing the way construction industry mitigate the effects of climate change.
Apart from this, use of deductive research approach makes it possible for the investigator to
describe the casual relationship among variables and concepts and measure them quantitatively.
Moreover, if the original premises of study are true in all the situations as well as the reasoning
of researcher is correct, then the conclusion is also guaranteed to be true. However, use of this
approach may make it difficult for the learner to understand the concepts properly.
Research strategy - The strategy of research study is referred as overall plan of performing
research. It guides investigator in planning, implementing and monitoring study in an effective
way. By the help of research strategy, researcher able to gather information and analyse it.
Different types of research strategy include case study, action research, systematic literature
review, experimental research etc. Among all those strategies, adoption of survey strategy is
made which leads to easy data collection with the help of a questionnaire. By the assistance of
this strategy, researcher enable to gather adequate amount of information which is numerical in
nature and it more appropriate and reliable.
Research method - Qualitative and quantitative are the two main methods which can be
utilised by the researcher in research. In quantitative research, numerical information is gathered
by researcher which is more accurate and reliable in comparison to other methods. This method
enable researcher to test hypothesis through collecting and analysing information and data
systematically. On the other hand, qualitative method of research is based on collection of non-
numerical information which is subjective in nature. This method enables research to explore
experiences and ideas in a much detailed manner. This assists in gaining detailed information of
the study area. Quantitative research methods would be applied for current investigation as these
ensure data collection in numeric forms which ensure more efficient presentation and analysis of
research findings. The quantitative data will be collected by using questionnaire which is a tool
that contains some questions particularly in context of the study area. These questionnaires will
be provided to the respondents to fill them and give their responses on each question included in
questionnaire.
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Data collection - Data collection methods are referred as the way through which researcher
gather data and information related to the title of research. There are two methods or ways by
which data can be gathered including primary method and secondary method. The primary type
of research data is collected from first-hand experience as well as is not utilized in past.
Information gathered from this method is a specific to the motive of research and is highly
accurate. Primary data can be collected by using different methods like qualitative and
quantitative methods. On the other hand, second information can be obtained from the data
which was published earlier and is second hand information. The sources of secondary data
collection involve books and journals, articles, previously published records, newspapers etc.
Justification - Collection of data would be made from both primary and secondary sources
to ensure sufficient and an authentic set of information. The main reason of choosing both the
methods is that these help in gathering ample amount of information so that valid research
outcomes can be drawn. This assist researcher in providing more valid and accurate outcomes of
the study in an effective way.
Sample method - Through making use of random sampling method, a sample size of 40
participants would be selected from construction industry professionals.
Use of following questionnaire is made for collection of primary data from selected
participants:
Questionnaire
Q1) Are you having any understanding about the climate emergency which is related
with long term changes and irreversible environmental damage?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Neutral implication
Q2) Do you agree with the fact that significant impact is lead out by climate change on
the buildings and constructions activities?
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
21

Q3) What are the main changes that are seen in climate and long term weather which are
leading challenges and issues for buildings and construction industry?
a) Increasing temperature of planet
b) Issue of Global warming
c) Ozone layer Depletion
d) Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon
e) Flooding and erosion in coastal areas
Q4) What are the main impact of climate change on the buildings and construction?
a) Deterioration of the building fabric
b) Delay in completion of project
c) Extra expenses for protection
d) Use of Expansive material
e) Depletion of material used
Q5) Are you agreed with the fact that construction industry is also leading negative
consequences on environment which are causing adverse climate change?
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
Q6) Which are the main forms of pollution and environmental degradation that are
caused and lead out by construction industry?
a) Air pollution
b) Climate change through carbon emission
c) Water pollution
d) Landfill waste
e) Noise Pollution
Q7) What are the possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the
Construction industry?
a) Choosing materials with lower embodied carbon
b) Better design of building
22

c) Recycling of waste material
d) Increased use of prefabricated elements
e) All of the above
Q8) How the construction industry can decrease the environmental consequences and
negative impact of building?
a) Limit Fuel Usage
b) Reducing noise of machine
c) Properly disposing of waste
d) Making use of reusable technology
e) Use of carbon intensive construction material
Q9) Are you agreed with the fact that going green provides a most suitable way for
construction industry to mitigate the effects of climate change?
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
Q10) What can the construction industry do to reduce the costs of going green in order to
making this option more attractive?
a) Taking an intelligent approach to energy
b) Minimising waste and maximising reuse
c) Environmentally Preferable Building Materials
d) Design in airtightness
e) Install Water Dispensing Systems.
Q11) What are the possible benefits which are availed by construction industry through
allying and making use of environmental friendly building?
a) Low Maintenance and Operation Cost
b) Energy Efficiency
c) Tax Credits
d) reduction in carbon Emission
23

e) All of the above
Q12) Which is the most preferred renewable materials that can be used in construction
for reducing the environmental impact of construction?
a) Recyclable concrete
b) Lime mortars
c) Natural fibre composites
d) Timber concrete composites
e) Low carbon materials
Q13) What overall impact would be lead out by use of renewable materials and green
resources in mitigate the negative effects of construction on climate change?
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) No impact
14) Any further recommendation for construction industry to effectively overcome the
climate emergency and mitigate the effects of climate change?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chapter 4: Data analysis and interpretation
Data analysis
The raw data collected with the help of questionnaire has been analysed through making use
of following frequency table which provided a clearer and systematic presentation of information
collected from of 40 participants selected from the employees of construction company.
Q1) Are you having any understanding about the climate emergency
which is related with long term changes and irreversible
environmental damage?
Frequency
a) Yes 38
b) No 1
c) Neutral implication 1
Q2) Do you agree with the fact that significant impact is lead out by Frequency
24

climate change on the buildings and constructions activities?
a) Strongly agree 6
b) Agree 22
c) Disagree 4
d) Strongly disagree 3
e) Neither agree nor disagree 5
Q3) What are the main changes that are seen in climate and long
term weather which are leading challenges and issues for buildings
and construction industry?
Frequency
a) Increasing temperature of planet 7
b) Issue of Global warming 10
c) Ozone layer Depletion 13
d) Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon 6
e) Flooding and erosion in coastal areas 4
Q4) What are the main impact of climate change on the buildings and
construction?
Frequency
a) Deterioration of the building fabric 11
b) Delay in completion of project 8
c) Extra expenses for protection 5
d) Use of Expansive material 7
e) Depletion of material used 9
Q5) Are you agreed with the fact that construction industry is also
leading negative consequences on environment which are causing
adverse climate change?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 15
b) Agree 20
c) Disagree 2
d) Strongly disagree 1
e) Neither agree nor disagree 2
25

Q6) Which are the main forms of pollution and environmental
degradation that are caused and lead out by construction industry?
Frequency
a) Air pollution 8
b) Climate change through carbon emission 12
c) Water pollution 7
d) Landfill waste 10
e) Noise Pollution 3
Q7) What are the possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate
change in the Construction industry?
Frequency
a) Choosing materials with lower embodied carbon 8
b) Better design of building 5
c) Recycling of waste material 12
d) Increased use of prefabricated elements 9
e) All of the above 6
Q8) How the construction industry can decrease the environmental
consequences and negative impact of building?
Frequency
a) Limit Fuel Usage 8
b) Reducing noise of machine 4
c) Properly disposing of waste 10
d) Making use of reusable technology 12
e) Use of carbon intensive construction material 6
Q9) Are you agreed with the fact that going green provides a most
suitable way for construction industry to mitigate the effects of
climate change?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 10
b) Agree 21
c) Disagree 2
d) Strongly disagree 1
e) Neither agree nor disagree 6
26

Q10) What can the construction industry do to reduce the costs of
going green in order to making this option more attractive?
Frequency
a) Taking an intelligent approach to energy 6
b) Minimising waste and maximising reuse 7
c) Environmentally Preferable Building Materials 10
d) Design in airtightness 8
e) Install Water Dispensing Systems. 9
Q11) What are the possible benefits which are availed by
construction industry through allying and making use of
environmental friendly building?
Frequency
a) Low Maintenance and Operation Cost 5
b) Energy Efficiency 15
c) Tax Credits 10
d) Reduction in carbon Emission 8
e) All of the above 2
Q12) Which is the most preferred renewable materials that can be
used in construction for reducing the environmental impact of
construction?
Frequency
a) Recyclable concrete 8
b) Lime mortars 6
c) Natural fiber composites 7
d) Timber concrete composites 10
e) Low carbon materials 9
Q13) What overall impact would be lead out by use of renewable
materials and green resources in mitigate the negative effects of
construction on climate change?
Frequency
a) Positive 36
b) Negative 1
c) No impact 3
27

Interpretation of collected data
Theme 1: Climate emergency is related with long term changes and irreversible
environmental damage
Q1) Are you having any understanding about the climate emergency
which is related with long term changes and irreversible
environmental damage?
Frequency
a) Yes 38
b) No 1
c) Neutral implication 1
Interpretation
With respect to above drawn pie chart, an interpretation can be made that from a total of
40 participants, 38 were having understanding about the climate emergency which is related with
long term changes and irreversible environmental damage whereas only 1 respondent was
unaware of this along with 1 other individual who seemed to have neutral implication about the
above stated topic. Thus, on the basis of this finding an analysis can be made that the concept of
climate emergency has become vital and important as maximum number of participants were
seemed to have knowledge about this.
Theme 2: Significant impact is lead out by climate change on the buildings and
constructions activities
Q2) Do you agree with the fact that significant impact is lead out by
climate change on the buildings and constructions activities?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 6
b) Agree 22
c) Disagree 4
d) Strongly disagree 3
e) Neither agree nor disagree 5
Interpretation
28

The above stated diagram is reflecting about that 6 participants were strongly agreed with
the fact that significant impact is lead out by climate change on the buildings and constructions
activities whereas 22 respondents seemed to be agreed. Further, 4 participants tend to seem
disagree on the fact that significant impact is lead out by climate change on the buildings and
constructions activities whereas 3 were strongly agreed along with other 5 participants who were
opted for fact that significant impact is lead out by climate change on the buildings and
constructions activities. Thus, an implication can be made out on the basis of current findings
that a considerable impact and change is lead out by climate emergency and change on the
construction industry.
Theme 3: Main changes that are seen in climate and long term weather which are leading
challenges and issues for buildings and construction industry
Q3) What are the main changes that are seen in climate and long
term weather which are leading challenges and issues for buildings
and construction industry?
Frequency
a) Increasing temperature of planet 7
b) Issue of Global warming 10
c) Ozone layer Depletion 13
d) Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon 6
e) Flooding and erosion in coastal areas 4
Interpretation
A finding about the main changes that are seen in climate and long term weather which
are leading challenges and issues for buildings and construction industry is provided by above
drawn pie chart that is reflecting that 7 participants favoured Increasing temperature of planet
whereas 10 respondents were seemed in support of Issue of Global warming along with 13 other
individuals who were opted for Ozone Layer Depletion. Apart from this, 6 other respondents
were also there who were having a thinking that Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon is a
main change that is seen in climate and long term weather which are leading challenges and
issues for buildings and construction industry along with 4 other respondents who supported for
Flooding and erosion in coastal areas. Thus, on the basis of above finding an analysis can be
made that the recent changes like global warming and increasing temperature of planet is
29

creating issues and hindrance in construction as they are needed to make use of such deign and
material that bear such high pressure lead out by climate change.
Theme 4: The main impact of climate change on the buildings and construction
Q4) What are the main impact of climate change on the buildings and
construction?
Frequency
a) Deterioration of the building fabric 11
b) Delay in completion of project 8
c) Extra expenses for protection 5
d) Use of Expansive material 7
e) Depletion of material used 9
Interpretation
The above drawn pie chart is reflecting and depicting about main impact of climate
change on the buildings and construction as it has been find out that 11 participants were having
a view point that Deterioration of the building fabric is the main impact of climate change which
reduce the strength of building and also affects its design. Beside this, it has been also observed
that 8 participants also supported for delay in completion of project as climatic changes has
increased the chances of natural calamities which directly impact the speed and efficiency of
project completion. Further, 5 participants were also there who supported for Extra expenses for
protection of building from climatic change whereas 7 were seemed in favour of use of
expensive material along with remaining 9 individuals who tend to be in support of depletion of
material used as the main impact of climate change which is creating issue in construction.
Theme 5: Construction industry is also leading negative consequences on environment
which are causing adverse climate change
Q5) Are you agreed with the fact that construction industry is also
leading negative consequences on environment which are causing
adverse climate change?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 15
b) Agree 20
c) Disagree 2
30

d) Strongly disagree 1
e) Neither agree nor disagree 2
Interpretation
On the basis findings of current investigation, it has been seen that from a total of 40
participants, 15 were strongly agreed with the fact that construction industry is also leading
negative consequences on environment which are causing adverse climate change where as 20
were agreed. Beside this, it has been also interpreted that only 2 participants were disagreeing
whereas only 1 was strongly disagreed with the fact that construction industry is also leading
negative consequences on environment which are causing adverse climate change while 2
remaining respondents had opted for neither agreed nor disagreed.
Theme 6: The main forms of pollution and environmental degradation that are caused and
lead out by construction industry
Q6) Which are the main forms of pollution and environmental
degradation that are caused and lead out by construction industry?
Frequency
a) Air pollution 8
b) Climate change through carbon emission 12
c) Water pollution 7
d) Landfill waste 10
e) Noise Pollution 3
Interpretation
During current research project it has been find out that many forms of pollution and
environmental degradation are lead out by construction industry as it involves use of many
machineries which creates notice as well as pollution. The above pie chart is reflecting that 8
respondents were having a feeling that air pollution is the main form of pollution and
environmental degradation that are caused and lead out by construction industry where as 12
were in support of Climate change through carbon emission along with 7 other who opted for
water pollution. Beside this, 10 participants were having a view point that landfill waste is the
31

main form of pollution and environmental degradation that are caused and lead out by
construction industry while remaining 3 individuals were tend to be in support of noise pollution.
Theme 7: The possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the
Construction industry
Q7) What are the possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate
change in the Construction industry?
Frequency
a) Choosing materials with lower embodied carbon 8
b) Better design of building 5
c) Recycling of waste material 12
d) Increased use of prefabricated elements 9
e) All of the above 6
Interpretation
An interpretation can be made on the basis of above drawn pie chart that Choosing
materials with lower embodied carbon is a best possible way to reduce the contribution to
climate change in the Construction industry as per the opinion of 8 participants whereas 5 other
participants were seemed in favour of Better design of building. Further, it has been also
observed during current investigation that 12 participants were having a view point that recycling
of waste material is also a vital possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the
Construction industry where as 9 were in favour of increased use of prefabricated elements as it
ensures a more renewable and eco-friendly construction of building while the remaining 6
participants were tend to be in support of all of the above written option.
Theme 8: The construction industry can decrease the environmental consequences and
negative impact of building
Q8) How the construction industry can decrease the environmental
consequences and negative impact of building?
Frequency
a) Limit Fuel Usage 8
b) Reducing noise of machine 4
c) Properly disposing of waste 10
32

d) Making use of reusable technology 12
e) Use of carbon intensive construction material 6
Interpretation
The above stated pie chart is reflecting that construction industry can decrease the
environmental consequences and negative impact of building through limiting use of fuel as per
the view point of 8 participants whereas 4 were seemed in favour of reducing noise of machine
used during construction. Beside this, 10 respondents were also there who seemed to have
opinion that properly disposing of waste is also way through which construction industry can
decrease the environmental consequences and negative impact of building while 12 participants
were opted for Making use of reusable technology while other 6 were having a thinking that
Use of carbon intensive construction material is more helpful for construction industry to
decrease the environmental consequences and negative impact of building as it limit the emission
of carbon in atmosphere.
Theme 9: Going green provides a most suitable way for construction industry to mitigate
the effects of climate change
Q9) Are you agreed with the fact that going green provides a most
suitable way for construction industry to mitigate the effects of
climate change?
Frequency
a) Strongly agree 10
b) Agree 21
c) Disagree 2
d) Strongly disagree 1
e) Neither agree nor disagree 6
Interpretation
It is having been analysed through finding of current investigation that going green
provides a most suitable way for construction industry to mitigate the effects of climate change
as 10 participants from a total of 40 seemed strongly agreed with this fact whereas 21 were tend
33

to be agreed. Beside this, 2 respondents were also there who were disagree while the another 1
was strongly disagreed on the fact that going green provides a most suitable way for construction
industry to mitigate the effects of climate change whereas 6 other remaining participants seemed
to opted for neither agreed nor disagreed.
Theme 10: The construction industry can do to reduce the costs of going green in order to
making this option more attractive
Q10) What can the construction industry do to reduce the costs of
going green in order to making this option more attractive?
Frequency
a) Taking an intelligent approach to energy 6
b) Minimising waste and maximising reuse 7
c) Environmentally Preferable Building Materials 10
d) Design in airtightness 8
e) Install Water Dispensing Systems. 9
Interpretation
The above stated pie chart is reflecting about the ways through which going green can be
made more cost effective which consist of Taking an intelligent approach to energy as per the
opinion of 6 participants whereas 7 participants were having a view point that Minimising waste
and maximising reuse can be done by construction industry to reduce the costs of going green in
order to making this option more attractive. Further, it has been also observed that 10
respondents were having view point that Environmentally Preferable Building Materials can also
be used by the construction industry do to reduce the costs of going green in order to making this
option more attractive where as 8 were in favour of Design in airtightness along with 9 other
remaining selected participant who tend to be in support of Install Water Dispensing Systems for
ensuring more cost effective going green of construction industry.
Theme 11: The possible benefits which are availed by construction industry through allying
and making use of environmental friendly building
Q11) What are the possible benefits which are availed by
construction industry through allying and making use of
environmental friendly building?
Frequency
34

a) Low Maintenance and Operation Cost 5
b) Energy Efficiency 15
c) Tax Credits 10
d) Reduction in carbon Emission 8
e) All of the above 2
Interpretation
It has been find out with current investigation that many possible benefits are there which
are availed by construction industry through allying and making use of environmental friendly
building that comprises of Low Maintenance and Operation Cost as per the view point of 5
participants whereas 15 respondents were in support of energy efficiency. Beside this, it has been
also analysed that tax credits are also offered by government for supporting and constructing
environmental friendly building which is also a possible benefits which are availed by
construction industry as per the view point of 10 participants. At last, 8 participants were there
who felt that Reduction in carbon Emission for leading healthy environment is possible benefits
which are availed by construction industry through allying and making use of environmental
friendly building where as 2 other respondents were seemed to be in support of all the above
options.
Theme 12: The most preferred renewable materials that can be used in construction for
reducing the environmental impact of construction
Q12) Which is the most preferred renewable materials that can be
used in construction for reducing the environmental impact of
construction?
Frequency
a) Recyclable concrete 8
b) Lime mortars 6
c) Natural fiber composites 7
d) Timber concrete composites 10
e) Low carbon materials 9
35

Interpretation
An analysis can be made on the basis of above stated diagram that recyclable concrete is
seemed as a most preferred renewable material that can be used in construction for reducing the
environmental impact of construction as per the view point of 8 participants whereas 6
respondents had favoured for the lime mortars. Along with this, 7 participants were having an
opinion that natural fibre composite is also a most preferred renewable materials that can be used
in construction for reducing the environmental impact of construction whereas 10 were in favour
of timber concrete composites along with 9 other remaining respondents who favoured for use of
Low carbon material for reducing the environmental impact of construction.
Theme 13: Overall impact of renewable materials and green resources in mitigate the
negative effects of construction on climate change
Q13) What overall impact would be lead out by use of renewable
materials and green resources in mitigate the negative effects of
construction on climate change?
Frequency
a) Positive 36
b) Negative 1
c) No impact 3
Interpretation
One of the most vital and main finding of current investigation consist of the fact that
from a total of 40 participants, 36 were respondents has favoured that overall positive impact
would be lead out by use of renewable materials and green resources in mitigate the negative
effects of construction on climate change whereas only one supported for negative impact while
remaining 3 participants believed that no impact would be lead out by use of renewable materials
and green resources in mitigate the negative effects of construction on climate change.
Chapter 5: Communication and discussion of research findings
Communication
Research communication refers to a process of informing complex finding of research to
number of people who involved in the whole dissertations. It is mainly essential to fulfil
opportunities related to completing the research by communication it to the several person so that
36

objectives of conducting this research is successfully completed. There are number of people
who are involved in conducting this research such as investigator, shareholders, respondents who
offers primary data (Baer and Singer, 2018). Communication among all the involves parties are
significant because of getting proficient results at the end.
Stakeholders- Once the whole research is completed it is highly essential for investigator
to communicate and discuss all the related outcomes or findings with their stakeholders who are
affected with and hold high interest and power within the affairs of construction business. These
stakeholders are manager, government, customers and employees. Among all these stakeholders’
employees and government are the major stakeholders in conducting a research on climate
change who mainly supports investigator to perform and complete their study prominently by
filling up the questionnaire as per their knowledge and overall experience. It presents the quality
in work that helps researcher to enhance their growth in future perspective while involving in
same topic.
Sources of communicating outcomes- There are several sources which the investigator
adopts to communicate their finding and discussion to stakeholders so that they understand it
appropriately. In this researcher communicate by using online reporting, emails, cell phones,
written presentation etc. that supports investigator in representing their information in an
effective and proficient manner.
Convincing arguments- This whole dissertation is based on the how construction
industry can mitigate the effects of climate change. To conducting this research is highly
prominent for all construction company who are present within construction industry because
this dissertation offers the several mitigations strategies that are useful for construction industry
to overcome the effects of changes occur in the climate (Borras Jr and Franco, 2018). Due to this
their profit earning are also enhanced and also reflects the healthy atmosphere for all the people
who live in the society.
Discussion of primary and secondary research findings
From the above mentioned secondary information that is collected by doing literature
review, several objectives are to discuss that includes impact of climate change on building and
constructions. On this objectives it is discussed that climate is very dynamic in nature that
changes very frequently due to this radiation from sun that reached the ground of earth and also
sustain in atmosphere. If there is any changes occur within climate than it directly impacted the
37

deteriorations rate. Due to moving vehicles, power factories fossil fuel is burns that influence
global warming which impacted atmosphere. In this construction of a building are highly
responsible for creating carbon footprints which impacted the atmosphere. At the time of
construction process several aspects are taken into considerations such as choice of water,
materials, transportation etc. impact in a worse way. Constructing building is vulnerable because
of bad impact of changes occur in climate. In terms of future, due to climate change such as
storms, water encroachment etc. more building are collapsed because of this people faces major
loss of value, perceiving health problems, reducing the life of building and many more effects
are raised. In this construction building are mainly impacted by stronger storms and rising the
level of sea waves. More global temperature, greenhouse effect are highly impact construction
sector in number of manner. In this climate changes aspects enhance pressure for environmental
agencies within construction sector. To overcome these impact industries reduced the usage of
Portland cement that is prepare with the high release of carbon dioxide gas. Another one is that at
the time of constructing a building effective weather condition helps in maximising the durability
of materials that are used on constructing a building. But due to rise in temperature of global
level weather condition is impacted negatively that affect existing buildings in external and
internal manner. Major changes in climate change create negative consequences for construction
sector that also negatively impact project life cycle. Climate change also impact in indirect way
to construction sector by enhancing the operational cost, material cost, delays in completing
assignment, site programming etc. Due to high temperature major alterations are done in use and
demand of energy that impacted delays in construction of building.
Another discussion is based on ways to reduce the contribution to climate change within
construction industry by using the above secondary research through literature review. In this it
is to be discussed that climate change impacts negatively because due to changes in climate
global warming occurs that leads carbon dioxide levels. Construction companies can highly
emphasis on mitigating the effects of global warming and for this several changes are accepted
by them that demonstrate:
Chose the construction material that are low embodied carbon and sourcing material that
are used by suppliers as it is transparent in nature so that make of products are done in effective
manner. It means company adopts the use of innovation so that carbon gases are reduced that
reflects the high sustainability of existing building. To mitigate the risk of climate change
38

construction companies focus on optimally utilising the recycled materials along with enhancing
the usage of prefabricated factors so that best results are presented in construction a building
because it maximise the value of building sustainability. Efficiency in material designing helps in
reducing the impact of climate change by declining the emission. In this industries can focus on
eliminating the wastage at the designing stage so that impact of greenhouse gas also reduced
within the future. Reusing the waste material deduct the harmful affect on building construction
and also project life cycle. In this companies based on construction also focus on using the low
carbon containing cement so that it cannot harm the environment that will create climate change.
Another discussion is based on strategies that are adopted by constriction industries to
reduce the cost of going green and it is discussed with the use of above secondary research using
literature review. As per the above research based on author point of view it is being discussed
that going green term in current scenario is containing high advantage towards the environment
and also making healthy atmosphere that helps in safeguarding the environment and natural
resources which are crucial for living and non living things to survive for a longer period of time.
In current time customers are highly focused on reducing the impact of global emission for this
awareness regarding go green are trending within the globe. To reduce the impact of climate
change construction companies are highly focused on organic and natural resources that does not
harm the health of a person and building. It includes several strategies that are adopted by
construction industry to go green that are presented below:
 Firstly companies will focus on implementing sustainable business strategy so that
climate change cannot affect the building construction.
 By reducing the consumption of energy helps in reducing the cost related to go green so
that companies promote the usage of green environment. It helps in mitigating the risk
related to climate change.
 Create awareness related to green construction activities in front of employees and
workers are the best strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change.
 In this companies are follow the rules and regulations that are imposed by government for
betterment of environment helps in reducing the effect of global emission in constructing
a building.
It is discussed that there are several way of renewable materials that are used by construction
companies to eliminate the impact of environment by using above secondary research. Above
39

secondary research is discussed that several renewable materials are used that provide finite
resources to industry which are also feasible in economic manner. These renewable materials are
includes a peanuts hulls, bamboo straw, tung oil etc. all these are sourced from living planets that
reduce the impact of global warming. This will develop the possibility if sustainability and
reducing the pressure of environmental negative impact.
Further, a discussion about the primary data collected for current investigation with the
help of questionnaire could also be made concept of climate emergency has become vital and
important for construction industry as it lead to significant impact on its practises and efficiency.
A discussion can be made out that significant impact is lead out by climate change on the
buildings and constructions activities which consists of deterioration of the building fabric,
Delay in completion of project, Extra expenses for protection, Use of Expansive material and
Depletion of material used. Further, it has been also find out through current investigation that
many changes are seen in climate and long term weather which are leading challenges and issues
for buildings and construction industry which comprises of Increasing temperature of planet,
Issue of Global warming, Ozone layer Depletion, Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon and
Flooding and erosion in coastal areas. Beside this, on the basis of current study a discussion can
be made out that main forms of pollution and environmental degradation that are caused and lead
out by construction industry includes Air pollution, Climate change through carbon emission,
Water pollution, Landfill waste and Noise Pollution. Apart from this, it has been also observed
during the current investigation that possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate change
in the Construction industry comprises of Choosing materials with lower embodied carbon,
Better design of building, Recycling of waste material and Increased use of prefabricated
elements. Along with this a discussion could also made that construction industry can decrease
the environmental consequences and negative impact of building by the way of Limiting Fuel
Usage, Reducing noise of machine, Properly disposing of waste, Making use of reusable
technology and Use of carbon intensive construction material.
Apart from this, the main findings and discussion based on current investigation consists of
the fact that going green provides a most suitable way for construction industry to mitigate the
effects of climate change along with a discussion about the ways that can be applied to reduce
the cost of going green. It has been find out from analysis of primary data that the ways that
construction industry could apply to reduce the costs of going green consist of Taking an
40

intelligent approach to energy, Minimising waste and maximising reuse, Environmentally
Preferable Building, Design in airtightness and Install Water Dispensing Systems. Further, the
one of the main discussion and finding of current investigation consists of analysis of most
preferred renewable materials that can be used in construction for reducing the environmental
impact of construction which includes use of Recyclable concrete, Lime mortars, Natural fiber
composites, Timber concrete composites and Low carbon materials. At last, the main discussion
of current research project consists of the fact that overall positive impact is lead out by use of
renewable materials and green resources in mitigate the negative effects of construction on
climate change as it leads to Low Maintenance and Operation Cost, Energy Efficiency, tax
Credits and Reduction in carbon Emission which ensures a healthier and positive environment
and also mitigate issue of climate change.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
On the basis of current research project, a conclusion can be made that change in climate
leads a significant impact on construction and building practises along with the fact that
construction industry is also forming a significant part in leading climate emergency. It has been
analysed that the embodied carbon of building comes from manufacturing as well as supplying
of construction materials and products along with the construction process itself are leading and
creating significant impact on climate changing which consists of increasing in temperature of
planet along with global warming and Ozone layer depletion. Further, a summarisation can also
be made that recent climate change and conditions which consists of Increasing temperature of
planet, Issue of Global warming, Ozone layer Depletion, Excessive emission of
Chlorofluorocarbon and Flooding and erosion in coastal areas are leading significant impact on
construction industry in form of Deterioration of the building fabric, Delay in completion of
project, Extra expenses for protection, Use of Expansive material and Depletion of material used.
Thus, a summarisation can be made that vital steps and ways are required by construction
industry to mitigate and overcome the risk of climate change which comprises of choosing
materials with lower embodied carbon, Better design of building, Recycling of waste material
and Increased use of prefabricated elements. Further, it has been also concluded on the basis of
current investigation that many forms of environmental issues and consequence like Air
41

pollution, Climate change through carbon emission, Water pollution, Landfill waste and Noise
Pollution is caused by inefficient construction practises that forms out a major reason for leading
climate emergency and sudden climatic change. Therefore, it can be summarised that adoption of
some more effective ways is become more vital and important within construction industry to
decrease the environmental consequences and negative impact of building which consists of
Limit Fuel Usage, reducing noise of machine, properly disposing of waste, Making use of
reusable technology and Use of carbon intensive construction material. Further, a conclusion can
also be made that going green has become an attractive option to overcome the issue of climate
change as it ensures and leads out too many high advantage for protection of environment. Thus,
a conclusion about the ways that can be adopted to reduce the cost of going green can also be
made which consist of focus on implementing sustainable business strategy, reducing the
consumption of energy helps in reducing the cost related to go green, create awareness related to
green construction activities along with following the rules and regulations that are imposed by
government for betterment of environment which leads to mitigate the risk of climate change. At
last, a summarisation can be made that use of various renewable materials are used within
construction industry that provide finite resources to industry which are also feasible in
economic manner which consists of use of peanuts hulls, bamboo straw, tung oil etc. which
sustainability within construction industry and also reducing the pressure of environmental
consequence.
Recommendation
On the basis of current investigation, it has been seen that the rapid climatic changes have
lead a situation of climate emergency especially in the sector of construction industry there for
some more effective ways and strategies are needed within construction industry in order to
mitigate the effects of climate change. It has been analysed that from current study that there are
many options like going green and making use of renewable materials that can be applied in
construction for reducing the environmental impact of construction. It has been further observed
that many forms of pollution and negative consequences in form of air pollution, noise pollution
together with water pollution and emission of carbon is also lead out by construction industry
there some check and control over the content and material used by construction industry is also
recommended and needed. Therefore, choosing materials with lower embodied carbon and
Better design of building is also recommended for the construction industry to mitigate the
42

effects of climate change. An analysis can be made out that use of materials with the lowest
embodied energy like concrete, bricks and timber, are usually consumed in large quantities and
materials with high energy content such as stainless steel are often used in much smaller amounts
which is recommend in construction industry to control and keep a check on carbon emission to
have more health environment. Further, the embodied form of carbon that include all the
emissions from the construction materials, the building process, all the fixtures and fittings inside
as well as from deconstructing and disposing of it at the end of its lifetime thus, choosing
materials with lower embodied carbon would play a vital role in mitigate the effects of climate
change within construction company.
Further, the main recommendations that can be made for construction industry consists of
making use of Recyclable concrete, Lime mortars, Natural fiber composites, and Timber
concrete composites along with Low carbon materials to mitigate the risk of climate change. Use
of lime mortars which consists of lime putty and aggregate (usually sand) is recommended
within construction industry as it ensure low air content of cement-lime mortar which is helpful
in increasing the bond strength thus ensure improved building to bear and mitigate the negative
impacts of climate change. Beside this, use of Natural fiber composites is also suggest and
recommended within construction industry as it provide a composite of significant materials
consisting of the polymer matrix that is embedded with high-strength natural fibers, like jute, oil
palm, sisal, kenaf, and flax which provide improved strength to building in order to mitigate the
effects of climate change.
Apart from this, making use of prefabricated elements is also highly recommended within
construction industry to mitigate the effects of climate change as prefabrication of modular wall
and use of other prefabricated elements allows building with more complex thermal insulation
along with window frame components and more efficiently in construction based on a significant
assembly line, which tends to improve the quality over on-site construction. Further, wood
construction and going green are also vital recommendation that can be made on the basis of
current investigation that have particular benefits in leading the improved quality and mitigating
the effects of climate change. The main reason behind recommending use of going green within
construction industry is based on the fact that green construction provided a better method of
using resources to create extraordinary, wholesome and energy-efficient buildings. Apart from
this, going green is also recommended as it comprises of many healthy habits such as rainwater
43

harvesting, use of automated sensors help lighting along with the edifices which are more
sustainable and also ensure mitigating of risk of climate change through ensuring a more
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient construction and building.
Chapter 7: Reflection
By performing the research study on the title “Climate emergency: A critical view on how
the construction industry can mitigate the effects of climate change”, I learnt so many things.
This study proves to be significant for me as it assists in providing deep insights and knowledge
on the topic. This make me able to study the overview of construction of buildings and
infrastructure as well as enable investigator to analyse various ways to reduce the contribution to
change in climate in the Construction industry. Apart from this, it also helps me in assessing the
strategies that the construction sector can adopt to decrease the costs of going green. Moreover,
this project also determines different construction methods, services and materials which will
reduce the impact of buildings on the environment. Through this investigation, it will be possible
for me to perform further studies on the topic effectively and systematically. This study is highly
effective in assessing the way in which renewable materials are utilized in construction and how
these can assist in reducing the negative impact of construction onto the environment. In
addition, this study will provide a deeper understanding of the links between climate change and
the construction industry.
By the assistance of this particular research study, I am not only able to gain the knowledge
about the topic but, the knowledge regarding other areas associated with the topic also. This
assist in improving my research skills along with other skills like time management,
communication skills etc. Prior to conducting the study, my research skills were very weak due
to which I faced difficulties in communicating information associated with the research. I was
not able to communicate with others in an effective way due to which misunderstandings takes
place sometimes. But after sometime, I am able to improve my communication skills which not
only helped me in performance this particular project effectively, but also assist in my future
also. Apart from this, I have weak team working skills because of which I was not able to
working effectively in the team. However, with the help and support of my other team members,
I was able to work in coordination and collaboration with other people in an effective way which
help me in performing the study systematically and effectively. On the other hand, by performing
this study, I was able to recognise my strengths and weaknesses. I found that my strengths are
44

my good time management skills along with the research skills. By the help of effective time
management skill, I was able to perform each activity in task on time which in turn results in to
successful completion of the research project within the specified time period. In addition to this,
my good research skills help me in gathering ample amount of information in an effective way.
Collection of adequate amount of information assisted me in drawing valid and reliable
outcomes of study. To sum up, it can be said that my overall experience of performing the study
was good and I learn many things by performing this investigation which will further help me in
my future career growth. Apart from this, this study makes me able to perform the further
research effectively on the similar topic or other topic.
45

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7310546-1.html>
48

APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Q1) Are you having any understanding about the climate emergency which is related
with long term changes and irreversible environmental damage?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Neutral implication
Q2) Do you agree with the fact that significant impact is lead out by climate change on
the buildings and constructions activities?
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
Q3) What are the main changes that are seen in climate and long term weather which are
leading challenges and issues for buildings and construction industry?
a) Increasing temperature of planet
b) Issue of Global warming
c) Ozone layer Depletion
d) Excessive emission of Chlorofluorocarbon
e) Flooding and erosion in coastal areas
Q4) What are the main impact of climate change on the buildings and construction?
a) Deterioration of the building fabric
b) Delay in completion of project
c) Extra expenses for protection
d) Use of Expansive material
e) Depletion of material used
Q5) Are you agreed with the fact that construction industry is also leading negative
consequences on environment which are causing adverse climate change?
a) Strongly agree
49

b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
Q6) Which are the main forms of pollution and environmental degradation that are
caused and lead out by construction industry?
a) Air pollution
b) Climate change through carbon emission
c) Water pollution
d) Landfill waste
e) Noise Pollution
Q7) What are the possible ways to reduce the contribution to climate change in the
Construction industry?
a) Choosing materials with lower embodied carbon
b) Better design of building
c) Recycling of waste material
d) Increased use of prefabricated elements
e) All of the above
Q8) How the construction industry can decrease the environmental consequences and
negative impact of building?
a) Limit Fuel Usage
b) Reducing noise of machine
c) Properly disposing of waste
d) Making use of reusable technology
e) Use of carbon intensive construction material
Q9) Are you agreed with the fact that going green provides a most suitable way for
construction industry to mitigate the effects of climate change?
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
50

e) Neither agree nor disagree
Q10) What can the construction industry do to reduce the costs of going green in order to
making this option more attractive?
a) Taking an intelligent approach to energy
b) Minimising waste and maximising reuse
c) Environmentally Preferable Building Materials
d) Design in airtightness
e) Install Water Dispensing Systems.
Q11) What are the possible benefits which are availed by construction industry through
allying and making use of environmental friendly building?
a) Low Maintenance and Operation Cost
b) Energy Efficiency
c) Tax Credits
d) reduction in carbon Emission
e) All of the above
Q12) Which is the most preferred renewable materials that can be used in construction
for reducing the environmental impact of construction?
a) Recyclable concrete
b) Lime mortars
c) Natural fibre composites
d) Timber concrete composites
e) Low carbon materials
Q13) What overall impact would be lead out by use of renewable materials and green
resources in mitigate the negative effects of construction on climate change?
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) No impact
14) Any further recommendation for construction industry to effectively overcome the
climate emergency and mitigate the effects of climate change?
51

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
52