The Assignment on Climatic Change And Impacts

Running head: CLIMATIC CHANGE AND IMPACTS
CLIMATIC CHANGE AND IMPACTS
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Evidence towards Climatic Change...........................................................................................2
Impacts.......................................................................................................................................4
Solutions.....................................................................................................................................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
Global warming along with that of climate change particularly refers to the increase in
the average temperature of the planet. Naturally occurring events as well as the activities
carried out by the human beings have been considerably believed to be contributing towards
the increase in the global temperature (Boko et al., 2018). This has been considered to be
caused by the increase in the greenhouse gases such as the likes of CO2 as well as CFC. The
change that has been visibly identified in almost all the regions belonging to the entire world.
It has been visible that the polar icebergs have been melting as a primary cause of this
climatic change. On other regions of the world, events related to weather as well as occurring
rainfall have become a natural event while in the other existing regions, residents have been
experiencing extreme conditions of temperature (Crate and Nuttall, 2016). Changes that have
been identified in the climate of the world has projected a number of effects upon the largely
existing water bodies as well. Most common effects of this happening refers to the fact of
visible rise in the level of oceans due to the thermal expansion as well as melting of all the
glaciers.
Evidence towards Climatic Change
Temperature of the planet earth entirely is dependent upon the balance that is
maintained between the energy that enters the earth and the one that escapes from the same.
Situations when the energy enter the climate of the earth from the sun is directly absorbed by
the planet and makes itself warm (Edenhofer, 2015). However, reflection of the same energy
back into the space saves the earth from getting warmed up. This results in a huge change
within the climate that can be for a number of reasons that have been mentioned below.
 Variations that occur due to the energy that is given out from the sun, which reaches
the planet Earth.

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 Changes that may occur within the process of reflectivity from the atmosphere that
belongs to the planet.
 Changes that can occur within the greenhouse effect that can efficiently have an effect
upon the amount of heat that is specifically retained by the atmosphere belonging to
the earth.
These potential factors have led to the changes that have been visibly identified within
the climate belonging to the planet Earth (Urry, 2015). Researchers all around the globe have
collectively recorded the climate of the planet travelling back to millions or hundreds of years
before with the help of data that is present at their disposal. They have carried out analysis of
multiple indirect measures related to the existing climate such as the likes of ice cores, glacier
lengths, tree rings as well as sediments found within the ocean. They have carried out specific
studies regarding the changes that have occurred within the orbit of the sun around the planet
Earth.
All of these records have placed forward data that typically show a variable change in
the climate belonging to the earth that had been occurring for a long time (Huang et al., 2016)
Generally, the changes occurred within the climate way before the industrial revolution took
place in 1700s can be typically explained by the naturally occurring causes such as the
changes in energy from the sun, volcanoes as well as naturally occurring changes within the
greenhouse gases and the related concentrations.
Climactic changes that recently occurred cannot be potentially explained by the
naturally existing causes only. Researches carried out have placed forward indications that
the natural causes do not give explanation regarding the warming that is particularly observed
since the period of 20th century (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016). On the contrary, it has been
explained that the activities carried out by the humans have been considered to be dominantly

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acting as the potential causes that might cause the changes observed within the climate along
with that of the global warming.
In addition to this, the increasing content of all the greenhouse gases within the
atmosphere has been observed to be increasingly potential in causing a serious harm to the
existing atmosphere of the earth. The presence of all such gases having acted dominantly is
disallowing the escape of the heat that enters the earth’s atmosphere but escapes after the
work has been done (Parry, 2019). However, these gases have been acting particularly
towards preventing such gases to leave, hence compelling them to stay back and heat up the
existing heated temperature of the planet and leading to a serious change in the normalised
climate that belongs to Earth.
Impacts
Changes that have been visibly observed within the climate belonging to the earth
have potential impacts upon the economy of the entire planet. Highlighted inherent nature
related to the economic forecasting that has the primary involvement of significant degrees
belonging to uncertainty estimates that the results extracted out from global warming over the
entire 21st century has showed typical variations out of expectations.
Changes down the climate of the planet can be measured with the help of an
economic cost. This has been particularly well-suited to that of the market and the related
impacts (Bulkeley and Newell, 2015). Changes in the climate have potential directed impacts
upon the transactions that are carried out within the market as well as affects the GDP of the
same. Measures in monetary form related to the non-market impacts such as the likes of
impacts caused upon the human health along with the ecosystem have been difficult to
potentially calculate.

5CLIMATIC CHANGE AND IMPACTS
Globalized increase within the temperatures can have a potential influence upon the
physical, human as well as the biological systems of the world. Firstly, variations within the
physically existing systems belonging to the planet can be potentially observed with the help
of the melting caused at the poles (Schuur et al., 2015). This also highlights the causes of
glacial regression along with that of snow melting, thawing of permafrost as well as warming.
All of these melting can typically lead to overflowing of rivers as well as lakes, coastal
erosion, rise in mean sea level along with extremes of naturally existing phenomena.
Within the biological systems, there exists the death of flora along with fauna
specifically in the terrestrial and the marine ecosystems, wildfires of fauna and flora
displacement that results in searching for better conditions of living. In addition to this,
within the human systems the changes in climate specifically affects as well as destroys the
production of crops and food, resulting in the destruction as well as loss in the economic
livelihoods (Seidl et al., 2017). This also can result in migration for the refugees suffering due
to extensive changes occurring in the climate.
Changes caused to the water bodies in relation to the climatic changes can have a
huge impact upon the normal living of people. In some of the regions, such as in western
United States, drought in considered to be an important factor that has been affecting a lot of
communities in the recent times. Less accumulation of snow on the mountain leads to
problems faced by the snowpack for a reason that they store water in the form of snow for
future use throughout the year.

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Figure-1: Impacts of Climate Change
(Source- Urban, 2015)
Supply of food completely depends upon the climate as well as the weather
conditions. However, agricultural practices might be considered adaptable (Urban, 2015).
While, changes such as increase in temperatures, diseases, water stress as well as weather
extreme can potentially give rise to the creation of challenges particularly for the farmers
along with the ranchers who are the primary reason humans get food for consumption.
Climate change also poses an impact upon the health of human. Changes in the environment
has been considerably expected to cause more of heat stress, along with an increase in the
waterborne diseases, degradation of air quality as well as transmission of diseases that are
transmitted by the insects or the rodents.
Africa has been impacted upon by the change in climate. The impacts upon the
regions of Africa has been explained below,

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 Existing stresses in relation to the visible change in climate have the direct impact
leading to conditions of poverty, ecosystem degradation as well as political conflicts.
 By the year of 2050, selective regions within Africa along with the residents of the
same are approximated to have a shortage of water if the current conditions persist.
In addition to this, visible changes and impacts have been identified in the
surrounding regions of Australia along with that of New Zealand. These are,
 Security of water and the related problems refer to the direct impacts which climate
change has upon these areas in particular.
 By the year of 2030, it has been expected that there shall be a significant increase of
drought along with that of fire that shall lead to declines within the field of agriculture
as well as production in the forest regions for the betterment of the population.
Figure-2: Agricultural yields in climate change
(Source- Zehr, 2016)

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Solutions
Analysis and researches that have been carried out with the help of data that had been
feasible to the scientists have placed forward identifications regarding the impacts that it
might cause to the potential future of the environment (Zehr, 2016). However, multiple
solutions have been identified by the same set of researchers regarding the improvements that
might be made to make the future prospect of the environment secure for a better place of
living.
The primary step that must be taken is to specifically eliminate the burning of fossil
fuels such as the likes of coal, as well as oil along with that of natural gas. This has been
perhaps considered to be a challenge for the citizens of the world. This is because of the
reason that every individual human being eats, works, plays as well as sleeps upon the
products that are made by the fossil fuels or has a single touch from such fuels (Pecl et al.,
2017). As a citizen of the developing world, it should be the responsibility of every individual
person to always look for the alternatives in situations where there is an existence of fossil
fuels. To contribute singularly towards the improvement of the increasing effect and the
related damage that might be potentially caused if not taken a step against.

9CLIMATIC CHANGE AND IMPACTS
Figure-3: Solutions of climate change
(Source- Watts et al., 2015)
Buildings all around the world belonging to the field of infrastructure contribute
around one third of the entire emission of greenhouse gases in spite of making investments
into thick insulation along with other cost-effective steps towards the regulation of the
potential damage that is caused to the environment unknowingly (Watts et al., 2015). Hence,
as a step towards this cause energy-efficient buildings as well as improvement within the
process of cement making can potentially reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere and reduce the damage that is caused upon the same.
Figure-4: Ranked solutions for climate change
(Source- Urban et al., 2016)
In addition to this, transportation is the second most primary source for the purpose of
emitting greenhouse gases. One of the suggested ways to bring down these emissions is to
move closer to the workplace for the individuals belonging to the planet (Urban et al., 2016).
Along with this, usage of cycle or walking to the place of work can bring down the emissions
in a smoother way to be exact. In addition to this, working from home or using methods of
telecommunication can potentially reduce the emissions of these gases. Second recommended

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method is bringing down or reducing travels to long distances commonly flights that have
been an emerging source of releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Figure-5: Direct impacts
(Source- Pacifici et al., 2015)
A simple but impactful method to cut down the supply of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere is to buy less stuff that might potentially release greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere (Pacifici et al., 2015). This can be done with the help of methods such as the likes
of forgoing a particular automobile or employment of a reusable sack of grocery can
potentially cut down the results of consumption for fewer fossil fuels. Individual citizens of
the world should always think of the greenery or the future of the environment while making

11CLIMATIC CHANGE AND IMPACTS
purchases in reference to any electronic gadgets. Typically, when making purchases of
essential items such as grocery buying in bulk can reduce the amount of packaging material
such as plastic wrapping, cardboard box as well as other unnecessary materials.
Conclusion
Climatic changes have been visibly identified in a lot of instances when various
researchers all around the world had been gathering related data in order to carry out studies
regarding the potential cause of such changes. A number of data have been identified that
place forward the potential causes of the climatic change that have occurring around the
world keeping in mind the future conditions of the environment regarding the same. It has
been seen that a number of causes are usually ignored by the citizens of the world that should
exist as the primary responsibility of the individuals. In addition to this, this report identifies
the solutions that can be implemented and incorporated by the individual citizens of the world
on their part that can reduce the future condition of the environment in reference to the
current situation that is identified to be potentially harmful for the upcoming generations.

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References
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Tabo, R. and Yanda, P.Z., 2018. Africa Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Bulkeley, H. and Newell, P., 2015. Governing climate change. Routledge.
Crate, S.A. and Nuttall, M. eds., 2016. Anthropology and climate change: from encounters to
actions. Routledge.
Edenhofer, O. ed., 2015. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change (Vol. 3).
Cambridge University Press.
Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G. and Guo, R., 2016. Accelerated dryland expansion
under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), p.166.
Pacifici, M., Foden, W.B., Visconti, P., Watson, J.E., Butchart, S.H., Kovacs, K.M.,
Scheffers, B.R., Hole, D.G., Martin, T.G., Akcakaya, H.R. and Corlett, R.T., 2015. Assessing
species vulnerability to climate change. Nature climate change, 5(3), pp.215-224.
Parry, M.L., 2019. Climate change and world agriculture. Routledge.
Pecl, G.T., Araújo, M.B., Bell, J.D., Blanchard, J., Bonebrake, T.C., Chen, I.C., Clark, T.D.,
Colwell, R.K., Danielsen, F., Evengård, B. and Falconi, L., 2017. Biodiversity redistribution
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Schuur, E.A., McGuire, A.D., Schädel, C., Grosse, G., Harden, J.W., Hayes, D.J., Hugelius,
G., Koven, C.D., Kuhry, P., Lawrence, D.M. and Natali, S.M., 2015. Climate change and the
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