Climate Change Effecting Tourism Assignment

CLIMATIC CHANGE
EFFECTING TOURISM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The intention of this report is to provide a detailed information about the comprehensive
policies for mitigating the effect of climatic change on tourism and how they are being
effectively used by Australian government in order to reduce the level of global warming and
green house gases. Emission trading scheme(ETS), Carbon taxes and specific measures are the
three major policies adopted by the Australia to study and reduce the effect of climate change on
Domestic, Inbound and Outbound tourism. The main aim of these specific measures addresses
the requirements to mitigate GGEs and other carbon emissions which are harmful for
environment by encouraging firms and consumers to modify their behavior. This will helps in
sustaining a cleaner ecology due to which tourism sector will became more prosperous and high
revenues will be earned by business firms.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
POSITION STATEMENT .............................................................................................................4
BACKGROUND CONTEXT .........................................................................................................4
Issues that results in emergence of specific issue and perform basic research to assure the
elimination of issue.................................................................................................................4
NEED OF TOURISM PLAN .........................................................................................................7
Background statement on why the tourism plan is needed by the business organisations.....7
SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PLAN.............................................................................................9
Identification of possible policy approaches and instruments that the plan or policy will
consider ..................................................................................................................................9
Tourism planning process..............................................................................................................10
Outline of proposed planning procedures involving details of consultation, implementation
and review............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

POSITION STATEMENT
Climate change mainly occurs when the variations in the Earth's climate leads to new and
different weather patterns which remains operable for extended time period. This report will
address the impact of climatic changes on the tourism industry in Australia. The main objective
of this report encompass the key relation between tourism and climatic changes and the impact
of these changes on tourism industry. Emission trading scheme(ETS), Carbon taxes and specific
measures are the three major policies adopted by the Australia to study and reduce the effect of
climate change on Domestic, Inbound and Outbound tourism (Kaján, Tervo-Kankare and
Saarinen, 2015). Carbon taxes, on the other hand, levies some taxes on the utilization of fuel
generating GGEs which eventually raises the cost of tourism industry. ETS projects the similar
effect on tourism prices as the carbon taxes in which the Australian government fixes a price
upon the emission of greenhouse gases. The major impact of the formulation of this scheme on
tourism industry is that the cost of latter will increase. Besides this, cost base of industries which
are the substitutes of tourism will also rise. In the wide context, the major rationale behind
launching the various policies is to ultimately reduce the effect of climatic changes on tourism
industry as well as its related industries. Moreover, an effective tourism plan enables the
government to override these policies and examine their impact on the industry.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT
Issues that results in emergence of specific issue and perform basic research to assure the
elimination of issue
Climatic changes is basically the alteration or variation in temperature as well as in the
normal pattern of weather which affects the environment in long term. This particular issue has
dominated the entire world from few decades and will continue to affect with its never ending
transformation. The major cause which is evident for the occurrence of climatic change is global
warming. Global warming is generally an enhancement in the overall temperature of planet
because of rise in level of pollutants like carbon oxide, CFCs etc. Burning of fuels and coal emits
certain gases which directly modulates the earth's atmosphere. These gases captures the warmth
from sunlight within atmosphere which eventually results in earth's overall temperature to
increase thus global warming is one of the most influential factor which disturbs the balance
between earth and its environment. Another crucial factor which brings large amount of variation
in environment and climate is greenhouse gases. Among all the greenhouse gases, CO2

constitute the most important ones which intervenes in climate activities. The CO2 concentration
in surrounding atmosphere hinders the biosphere in a great way. Besides CO2, a great quantity of
many other gases like methane captures solar radiations inside the atmosphere which eventually
rises the temperature and make the climate much warmer. A large fluctuation in the climate rises
the overall temperature and make weather pattern unpredictable. Heating up of planet not only
impacts the regional but also local climates.
Apart from the natural occurrence, Humans also plays a major role in in influencing
climate(Michailidou, Vlachokostas and Moussiopoulos, 2016). Different activities of humans
like pollution, discharge of poisonous materials in to sea causes the temperature to increase to
0.8 degree Celsius. Combustion of various fossil fuels by the humans alters the overall change in
climate. Moreover, land activities such as deforestation, shift within vegetation patter,
urbanization etc results in adjustments in the reflectivity of surface of earth which ultimately
alters the climate and its effect on surrounding atmosphere(Fang, Yin and Wu, 2018).
The tourism sector is extremely vulnerable to changes in climate as well as besides this,
also plays a vital role in contributing to these changes. Threats for industry are multiple
encompassing direct along with indirect impact like extreme weather activities, water scarcity,
rising insurance costs, biodiversity loss including assets damage. In this sense, Australian
tourism sector is under emerging threat due to climate change and is likely exposed to climate
crisis. According to a recent survey, Australia would be expected to remain under the harmful
effect of climate and environment changes for next 100 years due to its semi arid places, warm
climate and high rainfall variability which has projected a a negative impact on all the industries
including tourism. Since Australia is a hot as well as dry country , its climate has heated up to 2
degree Celsius as reported in 2018 which has ultimately reduced the number of visitors to
popular tourists spots.
From past few years, some tourist attractions have been destroyed which has also
diminished the experience quality. Natural attractions like the Great Barrier Reef, have been the
major predator of climatic changes and besides this, some created attractions like beach resorts
along with main coastal icons like Sydney Opera house have also been reported to degrade due
to the effect of storms and flooding. As a result of this, The intensity of tourism has decreased
from 47% in 2017 to 40% in 2018. Thus in a wider context, the impact of change in climate on
tourism industry of Australia have been negative and is expected to rise in future. The major

problem which the tourism sector in Australia has encountered is deprivation in attraction like
for example tourists visiting the marine beaches to have a view of nearby reef may perceive the
latter unattractive due to hot climate and will not find it feasible. Moreover, the oceans and sea
are being under threat & are hit hard. They are turning into warmer as well as more acidic due to
emission of greenhouse gases. In 2018, the surface temperature of oceans in Australia heated up
to 1 degree Celsius which has affected major iconic spots like Great Barrier Reef where its water
turned acidic which made it difficult for colorful algae to survive and the coral turned white
which eventually damaged the majestic beauty of Great barrier Reef(Steiger and et.al., 2019).
There has been the loss in quality of these attractions where the visitors experience has declined
to a great rate. The ski fields in Australia are no longer able to entice the visitors due to its
constantly melting snow as a result of global warming which forced the international tourists to
cease their visitation which eventually has led to reduction in tourism expenditure of region and
has hindered the entire economy(Hall and et.al.,2015).
In order to overcome the harmful consequences of climatic changes, It becomes
extremely essential for Australian government to devise some policies and procedures which
would not only minimize the effect of climatic changes on tourism industry but will also boost
their economy. The main rationale behind adopting climate change alleviation policies is to
reduce GGEs. Australian government efforts revolves around three policies namely mandatory
policy, Carbon taxes and Emission trading schemes(ETS). The tourism sector in Australia is
impacted by all these three policies either directly or indirectly. Example the reduced vehicle
discharge standard increases the price of car-build travel and limits the number of total flight
taken within a period. Carbon taxes is the main policy applied by Australian government which
eventually will raise the cost of the tourism industry. Tourism would have to directly pay the
taxes like airlines would be required to pay these carbon taxes relative to fuel use thus this would
reduce tourism consumption as well as would impact Australia's competitiveness in tourism
destination.
ETS is another important mitigation policy in Australia where it aims to reduce GGEs.
Tourism industry is indirect and secondary producer of green house gases where they utilizes
electricity, steel and aluminum in its emission thus the upshot of this whole scenario shows that
the price base in tourism industry will tend to rise due to the formulation of ETS.

NEED OF TOURISM PLAN
Background statement on why the tourism plan is needed by the business organisations
Tourism plan is basically the methodology for maintaining the growth of tourism industry
within the given area or locality. It thus involves designing strategies to increase and encourage
the tourism at a destination. A tourism plan forms an integral part of the development of the
country and is a key factor in managing sustainable tourism. As the climatic conditions have
always dominated the tourism sector, thus it becomes highly essential to design an effective plan
which will alleviate the harmful effects of climatic changes.
A highly effective tourism plan addresses the various policies to reduce the risk of
surrounding environment and thus helps in preserving the natural heritage and places for
tourists(Tourism Planning and Development, 2018). A tourism plan involves the various
strategies in which the approaches to successfully implement the policies are described which
ensures the growth of tourism industry. Besides this, an efficient plan not only prevent the
disruption of local economies but also look after the environment through various processes like
carbon footprinting. The policies within the plan are also directed towards the different forms of
transport which eventually shows the expenditure of tourists on these and thus the plan overrides
the concentration of carbon release from these forms.
Tourism planning is very important in the country, due to increasing tourism activities climate of
the nation is getting changed and this issues is creating trouble for the government of nation
hence it is essential for the local and national government to take care of this element and make
proper policies to resolve such issue of climate change so that tourism activities can be increased
in the country.
There are various stakeholders those who are included in tourism planning of nation.
These are described as below:
Role of government:
National and international government plays significant role in tourism planning.
Government of nation always makes effective policies to maintain securities and development of
the country so that number of tourist can be increased in Australia. Australian government plays
the role of builder, it develops infrastructure such as roads, hotels etc. so that whenever travelers
come to that place they find attractive facilities (Amerta, 2017). Local government works as
service provider which ensures that unique image of place can be made in the mind of

consumers. Authorities ensures that people feel happy by coming in the destination as they do
not find any trouble related to security etc. The reason of government intervention is to
understand needs of local people and tourist and make plan accordingly so that their basic needs
can be fulfilled.
Role of local people
They are another important stakeholder in tourism planning. When many tourist come to
particular place then local public faces huge troubles but also it helps them in getting more
income generation option. They are the face value of destination whenever traveler come to any
place and local people don’t treat them well then that individual will not prefer to come to that
location again in the future (Saito and Ruhanen, 2017). Local people show their culture and
values to tourists that makes them feel good hence this thing spreads the values of destination
across the world and attract people towards the country.
Role of investors
Investors of company play the role of innovator, they give innovative ideas to authorities, that
helps in making proper plan. These plan will support the company in managing issue of climate
change and maintaining tourism activities in the country. Investors spend their money on the
projects of tourism companies so that they can earn lump-sum amount from earned profits of
company.
Employee and other professional
Employees those who work in tourism sector are essential stakeholder, they communicate
necessary information to user and provide them essential services so that tourist can enjoy their
journey and make plan next time as well. People those who work in hotels, buses, trains and rest
places always work to resolve quarries of travelers and encourage them to get amazing
experience.
Reasons for government intervention in tourism planning
Government has to get involved in tourism development planning, as climate change has
become the major issue in the Australia hence there is requirement of intervention of government
because they can understand the situation and can make correct policies to control over this
problem. Government continuously regulate business activities and ensure that no external
threats create problem to tourism activities (Dredge and Jamal, 2015). It provides funds to
private business so that they can make activities of infrastructure development. Intervention of

government is helpful in maximizing social welfare. It gives development opportunities to
private sector and they can gain more benefit. By this way amount of tax collected by
government can be further used for future development of country. Intervention aids in making
development planning and finding correct ways to maintain climate changes or control over
climate issue due to increasing tourism activities.
SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PLAN
Identification of possible policy approaches and instruments that the plan or policy will consider
Tourism plan should be such that it should serve as a broad scope for the country which
can help in minimising the impact of the climatic change within the country. In order to develop
a plan it is important to identify the possible policy approaches as well as instruments which a
tourism plan have to consider. One of the major policy which is needed to consider is Handling
the Footloose industries, it is the policy which will put control on the Australian industries which
produce lots of waste products like chemical industries and metal industries (Boniface, Cooper
and Cooper, 2016). Taking this policy into consideration can help to prevent the shifting of
tourism from Australia to somewhere else. So, it is important to shift such factories and plants to
other remote place which can result in minimising the impact of climatic changes in the country.
Also,adoption of this policy will prevent traveling of people to somewhere or identifying the new
tourism destination. Another policy which is need to consider is Emission Trading Scheme
(ETS), it is important to introduce within the tourism plan but by adopting this policy will result
in the rise in the input price for the tourism firms but on the other hand can prove a successful for
reducing the impact of climatic change on the tourism sector. With the help of ETS, it can result
in establishing the standards of emission by expanding the scope of ETS within the country
which may include small, medium and large firms as well. It should be made compulsory for the
industries and companies to qualify for the inclusion in the ETS.
Target setting is the best approach which can be used in the plan which should involves
what are the targets which are to be achieved and what are prime tourism destinations which are
badly effected from the climate change (Bello, Carr and Lovelock, 2016). By setting the tight
targets could result in the imposing of the tourism policies within the country. Also, it is vital to
consider and determine the mix of general and specific polices which that support in minimising
the climatic changes that negatively have an impact the tourism sector of the country. Also,
special measures should be imposed on the specific sectors such as GGE reduction measures

which can be applied within the specific sectors of the country that contribute to higher climatic
change. It is also vital to implement the strongest chosen polices within the plan that can be
easily imposed within the broad scope of the tourism sector of Australia which can help in make
it one of the best tourism destinations of the world. Also, the tourism policy such that it can
cover various aspects of the climatic factors which can result in healthy environment and for the
tourist attractions as well. This policies adopted can provide a proper direction like what are the
policies to be implemented and what is the approach to be followed that can help in addressing
the issue.
Tourism planning process
Outline of proposed planning procedures involving details of consultation, implementation and
review
Tourism planning can be defined as a procedure of identifying the needs and demands of
people who plan a trip and have interest in visiting tourism places. While making planning, it is
important to consider some factors on which basis people select their tourist destination. For
making an effective conventional planning in tourism, there is a requirement to focus on
consultation, implementation and review process such as:
Consultation: Public consultation or stakeholders consultation involve experts, suppliers,
government department and local council that takes the result into consideration. The main aim
of consultation step is all stakeholders contribute during the environmental protection security of
tourism policy. They also suggest about the best features and ways of improving the plan.
Implementation: Implementation is the main step in the process of tourism planning,
There is a requirement to verifyBoniface, Cooper and Cooper, 2016 and add all the contents and
resources that can attract wider range of tourists. Infrastructure analysis, tourists attraction
activities, committee structure are some contents and resources that need to be added in
implementation (Lew, 2017).
Review: After completing all steps of tourism planning process, it is also important to
take reviews about tourism destination. It is not possible to make changes in whole planning after
implementation. For making planning process more successful it is important to know about
advantages and limitation of the planning.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Karangasem regency. International journal of social sciences and humanities. 1(2).
pp.20-28.
Bello, F.G., Carr, N. and Lovelock, B., 2016. Community participation framework for protected
area-based tourism planning. Tourism Planning & Development. 13(4). pp.469-485.
Craig, C. A. and Feng, S., 2018. A temporal and spatial analysis of climate change, weather
events, and tourism businesses. Tourism Management. 67. pp.351-361.
Dredge, D. and Jamal, T., 2015. Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural
perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management. 51. pp.285-297.
Fang, Y., Yin, J. and Wu, B., 2018. Climate change and tourism: a scientometric analysis using
CiteSpace. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.26(1). pp.108-126.
Hall, C. M and et.al.,2015. On climate change skepticism and denial in tourism.Journal of
Sustainable Tourism.23(1). pp.4-25.
Hall, C. M., 2016. Heritage, heritage tourism and climate change. Journal of Heritage
Tourism.11(1). pp.1-9.
Kaján, E., Tervo-Kankare, K. and Saarinen, J., 2015. Cost of adaptation to climate change in
tourism: Methodological challenges and trends for future studies in
adaptation.Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism.15(3). pp.311-317.
Lew, A. A., 2017. Tourism planning and place making: place-making or placemaking?. Tourism
Geographies. 19(3). pp.448-466.Boniface, B., Cooper, R. and Cooper, C.,
2016. Worldwide destinations: The geography of travel and tourism. Routledge.
Michailidou, A. V., Vlachokostas, C. and Moussiopoulos, Ν., 2016. Interactions between climate
change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess mitigation
and adaptation options in tourism areas. Tourism Management.55. pp.1-12.
Moyle, C. L. J and et.al., 2018. Have Australia's tourism strategies incorporated climate
change?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.26(5). pp.703-721.
Peeters, P. M., 2017. Tourism's impact on climate change and its mitigation challenges: how can
tourism become'climatically sustainable'?.
Saito, H. and Ruhanen, L., 2017. Power in tourism stakeholder collaborations: Power types and
power holders. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31. p.189-196.
Semenza, J. C. and Ebi, K. L., 2019. Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel
destinations and the tourism industry: Implications for public health. Journal of travel
medicine.
Steiger, R and et.al., 2019. A critical review of climate change risk for ski tourism. Current
Issues in Tourism.22(11). pp.1343-1379.
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