Climatic Considerations for Sustainable Design in Auckland, New Zealand
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This presentation discusses the climatic conditions of Auckland, New Zealand and provides design strategies for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. It covers topics such as temperature, precipitation, winds, sunshine, and more.
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CLIMATIC FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
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Introduction
• Auckland, New Zealand experiences a
subtropical climate with the region lying
about 13⁰ of latitude south of Tropic of
Capricorn. does not experience any
extreme temperatures
• Summers are often warm
• have high humidity
• winters tend to be mild and damp.
• Rainfall is received throughout the year
• Auckland, New Zealand experiences a
subtropical climate with the region lying
about 13⁰ of latitude south of Tropic of
Capricorn. does not experience any
extreme temperatures
• Summers are often warm
• have high humidity
• winters tend to be mild and damp.
• Rainfall is received throughout the year
Temperatures
• Mean daily temperature during summer is
23⁰C
• Mean daily temperature during winter is
14⁰C
• Warmest month is February with temp
19.8⁰C
• Coldest month is July with temperature of
10.6⁰C
• Mean daily temperature during summer is
23⁰C
• Mean daily temperature during winter is
14⁰C
• Warmest month is February with temp
19.8⁰C
• Coldest month is July with temperature of
10.6⁰C
Temperatures
Monthly sea surface temperatures
Monthly sea surface temperatures
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Precipitation
• Mean annual rainfall is about 1240 mm.
• Heaviest rainfalls are experienced during
depression to the northwest or north
associated with strong winds blowing from
north to northeast over the city.
• There be variations in wind direction and
cloud cover as a result if minor causes
however fine weather is predominant in
the region (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• Mean annual rainfall is about 1240 mm.
• Heaviest rainfalls are experienced during
depression to the northwest or north
associated with strong winds blowing from
north to northeast over the city.
• There be variations in wind direction and
cloud cover as a result if minor causes
however fine weather is predominant in
the region (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
Precipitation
Monthly/yearly rainfall normals
Monthly/yearly rainfall normals
Frosts
• Region Auckland experiences mild and
frosts
• mild and frosts are often light and not
frequent
• frosts mainly taking place under quite
stable conditions are often accompanied by
shallow inversions
• Two frost types are recorded:
• air frosts
• ground frosts
• Ground frosts are frequent in this region
• Region Auckland experiences mild and
frosts
• mild and frosts are often light and not
frequent
• frosts mainly taking place under quite
stable conditions are often accompanied by
shallow inversions
• Two frost types are recorded:
• air frosts
• ground frosts
• Ground frosts are frequent in this region
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Winds
• The flow of air over Auckland is mostly from
the southwest direction
• mostly experienced in winter and summer
• the amount of winds are observed to
increase during summer from the northwest
as a result of the variation in the location of
high pressure belt (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• The coastal regions of the city tend to be
more windy that the sheltered inland
regions.
• The flow of air over Auckland is mostly from
the southwest direction
• mostly experienced in winter and summer
• the amount of winds are observed to
increase during summer from the northwest
as a result of the variation in the location of
high pressure belt (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• The coastal regions of the city tend to be
more windy that the sheltered inland
regions.
Winds
Mean monthly/yearly wind speeds (km/hr)
• Spring season tends to be the windiest
• The largest number of light wind days
is recorded in summer and autumn
Mean monthly/yearly wind speeds (km/hr)
• Spring season tends to be the windiest
• The largest number of light wind days
is recorded in summer and autumn
Sunshine & Solar radiation
• Central and eastern parts
receive relatively more
bright sunshine in
comparison with the
southern and western
regions and the islands.
• The least levels of
sunshine are received in
the Pukekohe regions.
• Central and eastern parts
receive relatively more
bright sunshine in
comparison with the
southern and western
regions and the islands.
• The least levels of
sunshine are received in
the Pukekohe regions.
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Fog
• The frequency of fog
changes all over the
region.
• Advection fogs that
result from warm moist
masses of air moving
over the cool regions
are often experienced in
summer and autumn
• The frequency of fog
changes all over the
region.
• Advection fogs that
result from warm moist
masses of air moving
over the cool regions
are often experienced in
summer and autumn
Design Consideration for Subtropical
Climate
• Ensuring a balance between the various
conflicting needs
• Finding solar radiation gain in winter and
offering solar shading in summer
• Providing protection of wind during winter
and proper ventilation during summer
(Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016)
• Construction of properly natured houses
having moderate heat capacity of storage
• Use of windows of medium
Climate
• Ensuring a balance between the various
conflicting needs
• Finding solar radiation gain in winter and
offering solar shading in summer
• Providing protection of wind during winter
and proper ventilation during summer
(Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016)
• Construction of properly natured houses
having moderate heat capacity of storage
• Use of windows of medium
Recommended design specifications
• Layout: Building orientation should be in
North to south direction having compact
courtyard planning (Kennedy, 2017)
• Spacing: Open spacing should be provided
to allow for penetration of breeze
• Movement of air: The rooms should be
single blanked with permanent provision
for movement of air
• Layout: Building orientation should be in
North to south direction having compact
courtyard planning (Kennedy, 2017)
• Spacing: Open spacing should be provided
to allow for penetration of breeze
• Movement of air: The rooms should be
single blanked with permanent provision
for movement of air
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• Opening
• Opening should be large
• occupying between 40% to 80% of the total
wall area
• Aligned in the North and south walls at
body heights mostly on windward side
• Walls
• Light and of low thermal capacity.
• Roofs
• Roofing materials used should be
cavity, light as well as reflective
• Opening should be large
• occupying between 40% to 80% of the total
wall area
• Aligned in the North and south walls at
body heights mostly on windward side
• Walls
• Light and of low thermal capacity.
• Roofs
• Roofing materials used should be
cavity, light as well as reflective
• Outdoor sleeping: There should be
provided spaces for outdoor sleeping to
be used especially during summer
(Khoshbakht et al., 2018).
• Rain protection: Proper and enough
rainwater drainage should be provided
to ensure proper drainage during the
rainy months.
provided spaces for outdoor sleeping to
be used especially during summer
(Khoshbakht et al., 2018).
• Rain protection: Proper and enough
rainwater drainage should be provided
to ensure proper drainage during the
rainy months.
Design Strategies
Street layout
• Affects the accessing of wind & sun
• Wind is needed to
• bring about cooling
• removal of excess heat from the streets (Lee et
al., 2019).
• aid in cross ventilation.
• A north south direction is recommended
from the view point of not blocking the
solar radiation.
• Street orientation to be in angle of
between 20 and 30 degrees on each of
Street layout
• Affects the accessing of wind & sun
• Wind is needed to
• bring about cooling
• removal of excess heat from the streets (Lee et
al., 2019).
• aid in cross ventilation.
• A north south direction is recommended
from the view point of not blocking the
solar radiation.
• Street orientation to be in angle of
between 20 and 30 degrees on each of
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Street layout factoring sun and wind
movement
• Breadth of the streets
should be such that it
avoids the intense
radiation during
summer during late
morning as well as
early afternoon (Tan,
Lau and Ng, 2016)
movement
• Breadth of the streets
should be such that it
avoids the intense
radiation during
summer during late
morning as well as
early afternoon (Tan,
Lau and Ng, 2016)
Planning and Form
• Open settlement pattern is ideal response
to the climate
• Buildings are supposed to be separated
using large and free spaces between each
of them (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• Airflow in the building may be maximized
using street & open spaces and funnel
effect.
• Buildings on stilts may be adopted to
• enhance ventilation
• Open settlement pattern is ideal response
to the climate
• Buildings are supposed to be separated
using large and free spaces between each
of them (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• Airflow in the building may be maximized
using street & open spaces and funnel
effect.
• Buildings on stilts may be adopted to
• enhance ventilation
• Extended settlements that are organized in
a line across the direction of the prevailing
winds provide low air movement resistance
(Tan, Lau and Ng, 2017).
• protected buildings &protected walls and
the use of large overhanging roofs & wide
shaded veranda may adopted in regulation
intense diffuse solar radiation
a line across the direction of the prevailing
winds provide low air movement resistance
(Tan, Lau and Ng, 2017).
• protected buildings &protected walls and
the use of large overhanging roofs & wide
shaded veranda may adopted in regulation
intense diffuse solar radiation
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Orientation of the building
• Should be done in such a way that solar
heat gain is minimized and flow of wind is
facilitated (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• Longest wall should face north and south
direction
• Short walls face the west and east
• This is intended to minimize the exposure
of wall area to the intense evening and
morning sun.
• Should be done in such a way that solar
heat gain is minimized and flow of wind is
facilitated (Tan, Lau and Ng, 2016).
• Longest wall should face north and south
direction
• Short walls face the west and east
• This is intended to minimize the exposure
of wall area to the intense evening and
morning sun.
Optimum orientation of building
Structure of Building
• Auckland needs adequate cooling throughout the
year.
• The large thermal conditions range needs the
use of the wind effects alongside protection from
radiation.
• Building design ought to be of open structure
having large openings that would offer cross
ventilation (Vecchi, Cândido and Lamberts,
2016).
• The entire building ought to be lightweight to
enable rapid cooling at night
• Auckland needs adequate cooling throughout the
year.
• The large thermal conditions range needs the
use of the wind effects alongside protection from
radiation.
• Building design ought to be of open structure
having large openings that would offer cross
ventilation (Vecchi, Cândido and Lamberts,
2016).
• The entire building ought to be lightweight to
enable rapid cooling at night
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• Storage of heat and time lag being kept
as minimal as possible (Lee et al.,
2019).
• Thermal insulation would not be as
effective not unless on surfaces that are
subjected to direct sunlight and the
materials used should be permeable air.
as minimal as possible (Lee et al.,
2019).
• Thermal insulation would not be as
effective not unless on surfaces that are
subjected to direct sunlight and the
materials used should be permeable air.
Roof design
• Summer horizontal radiation tends to
be quite high in Auckland
• Extended sunshine hours imparts heat
flux coming from the roof.
• Roof material should be
• lightweight
• have low thermal capacity
• high reflectivity (Vecchi, Cândido and
Lamberts, 2016).
• The reflectivity may be enhanced
• Summer horizontal radiation tends to
be quite high in Auckland
• Extended sunshine hours imparts heat
flux coming from the roof.
• Roof material should be
• lightweight
• have low thermal capacity
• high reflectivity (Vecchi, Cândido and
Lamberts, 2016).
• The reflectivity may be enhanced
CONCLUSION
• Climate affects design and planning of
a building.
• Sustainable & energy efficient design
strategies should be incorporated as
integral parts of design. Incorporating
the climate early enough in planning
• Specific design and planning ideas of
buildings for Auckland as borrowed
from a case study of a region have
similar climatic conditions that may
• Climate affects design and planning of
a building.
• Sustainable & energy efficient design
strategies should be incorporated as
integral parts of design. Incorporating
the climate early enough in planning
• Specific design and planning ideas of
buildings for Auckland as borrowed
from a case study of a region have
similar climatic conditions that may
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References
• Lee, P., Chan, E.H., Qian, Q.K. and Lam, P.T., 2019.
Development of a user-friendly regression model
to evaluate carbon emissions of office buildings
design in the subtropics. Facilities
• Tan, Z., Lau, K.K.L. and Ng, E., 2016. Urban tree
design approaches for mitigating daytime urban
heat island effects in a high-density urban
environment. Energy and Buildings, 114, pp.265-
274
• Tan, Z., Lau, K.K.L. and Ng, E., 2017. Planning
strategies for roadside tree planting and outdoor
comfort enhancement in subtropical high-density
urban areas. Building and Environment, 120,
• Lee, P., Chan, E.H., Qian, Q.K. and Lam, P.T., 2019.
Development of a user-friendly regression model
to evaluate carbon emissions of office buildings
design in the subtropics. Facilities
• Tan, Z., Lau, K.K.L. and Ng, E., 2016. Urban tree
design approaches for mitigating daytime urban
heat island effects in a high-density urban
environment. Energy and Buildings, 114, pp.265-
274
• Tan, Z., Lau, K.K.L. and Ng, E., 2017. Planning
strategies for roadside tree planting and outdoor
comfort enhancement in subtropical high-density
urban areas. Building and Environment, 120,
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