Clinical Guidelines on Urinary Tract Infection

Running head: CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Clinical Guidelines on Urinary Tract Infection
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CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION1
Abstract
The following report entails a brief discussion of the pathological conditions associated with
urinary tract infection. Several clinical guidelines have been developed to improve the treatment
methods of this bacterial infection, most common among women and young children. Based on
evidences till date, these clinical guidelines have been constantly regulated to suit and enhance
the treatment methods to an advanced level. Health officials and nurses are constantly adapting
themselves with the new guidelines and bringing about improvements in their execution of
strategies. The report discusses the clinical guidelines with reference to NICE on UTI; it also
analyses the guidelines with respect to its efficacy and presents a personal evaluation on the
same.
Keywords: UTI, clinical practice guidelines, efficacy, NICE, strength, analysis, evaluation

CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION2
Introduction
Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most prevalent severe health problem among
public population with increasing rate of morbidity and mortality affecting women candidates in
young as well as old age. Young boys are also victims to these microbial infections;
approximately 150 million cases are reported globally with 10 million affected in United States.
Urinary tract infections, as justified by National Institute for Health Care and Excellence (NICE),
are bacterial infections which are majorly manifested as complicated form with clinical
variability in symptoms and corresponding interpretation and resultant treatment. Various
clinical guidelines are developed to promote better practice in clinical handling of patients in
both primary as well as secondary care settings. The guidelines are being updated with changing
evidences and requirements to improve patient handling.
Epidemiology of UTI
Urinary tract infections are caused by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, the
most prevalent uropathogenic bacteria being Escherichia coli. Enterococcus and Klebsiella
pneomoniae have shown a significant incidence in infection. Candida albicans show a near
prevalence to cause urinary tract infection (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). Indwelling catheters and
structural abnormalities of the tract are common in complicated UTI.
Pathophysiology of UTI
UTI affects both upper and lower tracts with a change in micro biome of the tract.
Bcaterial colonization ascends through the ureters limiting the flow of urine and reaches the

CLINICAL GUIDELINES ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION3
urinary bladder where they replicate and generate a biofilm production on the bladder wall
(Walsh & Collyns, 2017).
Morbidity and Mortality
UTIs are the most prevalent and significant cause of infant morbidity and also among
people of old age. United States have been reported with increased societal burden with millions
of cases reported in the last 5 years (Schaeffer & Nicolle, 2016). Recurrences of bacterial
infections with renal damage and septic shock are common if left untreated and undiagnosed.
Discussion
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Heterogeneity in clinical symptoms of urinary tract infection necessitates development of
treatment guidelines to prevent the increase in colonization by antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Primary care clinical guidelines have been developed and implemented with better approach in
patient handling. Clinical practice guidelines have majorly contributed to all sectors of health
care industry. These guidelines are developed with the goal of promoting and improving the
quality of patient care. These guidelines are developed on the basis of symptomatic interpretation
of clinical manifestations (Kang et al., 2018). Clinical practice guidelines undergo modifications
based on their previous applications and results. Practice guidelines are beneficial in regulating
the economic costs in health care settings. Guidelines are revised and updated in compliance
with previous evidences of its applications. Guidelines introduce technological applications
aimed to reach efficient patient care. Realistic clinical guidelines provide better ways to measure
the efficacy of primary health care.